SCIENCE
115
•
Organism (unicellular)
•
Microscope (Zacharias Janssen, Robert Hooke, cellula, Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek)
•
Discovery of the Cell (Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Theodor Schwann)
•
Postulates of Cell Theory (basic unit of life is cell)
•
Spontaneous Generation of Cells (Theory of …, Francesco Redi, John
116
Needham, Lazzaro Spallanzi, Louis Pasteur)
•
Animal Cell (Eukaryotic cells, organelles, cell membrane, semipermeable,
microvilli, cytoplasm, cytosol, electrolytes)
117
•
(Glycolysis, Cytoskeleton, Microfilament, Microtubule, Intermediate filament,
Centrioles, Centrosome, Spindle fibers, Nucleus, Nucleoplasm, Chromatin, DNA,
Nuclear pore)
•
Parts of a Cell (Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough, Smooth, Golgi
Bodies)
118
•
(Lysosome, Hydrolytic enzymes, phagosomes, mitochondrion, ATP, Flagella and
Cilia, Axoneme)
•
Parts of an Animal Cell (illustration)
•
Parts of a Plant Cell (Cell wall, Cytosol, Nucleus, Chloroplast, Vacuoles,
119
Ribosomes, Golgi body, Endoplasmic reticulum, Peptidoglycan, Chitin)
120
•
(Root’s hairs, Stroma, Thylakoids, Chlorophyll)
SCIENCE
•
Vacuole (Plant cell's, Animal cell's, Biological system requires buffers; is a group
of organs, Metabolic reactions, Phospholipids)
•
Two Kinds of Transport Mechanisms (Active and Passive Transport, Osmosis,
Diffusion)
121
•
(Facilitated diffusion, Concentration, Carrier changes shape)
•
Two Faces of Golgi Body (Cis face, Trans face, Fluid Mosaic model, Seymour
Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson; published a paper)
•
Phospholipid (Head phosphate, tail lipids, RBC Glycolipids, Rhesus factor)
•
(Agglutination, O Rh D negative, AB Rh D positive, Blood Donation Chart)
•
Blood Types and Personalities (Type A, B, AB, O)
•
Two Types of Cellular Respiration (Turgid, increase the rate of Photosynthesis,
122
Aerobic, Anaerobic)
•
Three Stages of Aerobic Respiration (Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron
Transport Chain, Transcription, base sequence of DNA; RNA, Eukaryotic cells,
Prokaryotes, Hierarchy of organisms)
123
•
Three Domains of Life (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, Robert Whittaker;
five-kingdom scheme, Plantae)
124
•
(Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Phylum, Animalia,
Fungi, Protista, Monera, Viruses, Vascular tissues, )
•
(Cilia, Echinoderms, Gibberellins)
•
Parts of a Flower
125
126
SCIENCE
•
Parts of a Heart
•
Respiratory System
•
(Oogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Tubular Secretion, Filtration, Selective
127
128
reabsorption, Coevolution, Genetic drift, Stabilizing and Convergent evolution,
Unicellular heterotrophs, Asexual reproduction)
•
Biomes (Taiga)
•
(Tundra, Deciduous Forest, Five Levels of the Biosphere)
•
Cell Cycle (interphase, Centromere, Centrosome, Gap 1, Synthesis phase, Gap 2)
•
Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis)
•
Meiosis (Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and
129
130
Cytokinesis)
131
•
Molecular Composition of Cells (biomolecules, Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides,
Aldose, Ketose, Disaccharides, Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Polysaccharides,
Lactase, Pectin, Lipids, Triglycerides, Fatty acids, Dehydration synthesis, Steroids,
Atherosclerosis)
132
•
(Waxes, Hydrocortisone)
•
Sex Hormones and Acids (Testosterone, Estrogen, Proteins, Myosin and actin,
Collagen, Amino acid)
•
Scientific Name of Some Animals
SCIENCE
133
•
LIFE, ENERGY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT (Living things, food web, protons and
neutrons,)
134
•
(Radiant, Electrons, Electric current, Energy, Potential, Kinetic, Thermal, Electrical,
Chemical, Nuclear, Work Done, Resistance, Current, Voltage, Insulators)
135
•
(The Ohm, Ampere or amp, Volt, Watt, Electric Field, Temperature, Crust, Fossils,
Climate, Acid Rain, Condensation, Evaporation)
136
•
(Heat Energy, Pharynx, Larynx, Density, Loam, Mineral)
137
•
(Fault, Seismic waves, Primary, Secondary, Love Waves, Seismograph,
Richter Scale, Tidal wave, Ovary, Ovules, Gills, Parallel Circuit)
138
•
White Light
•
Fr. Georges Lemaitre
•
Humidity; Typhoon
•
nebular hypothesis: Nebula
•
Emphysema
•
Planetesimal
•
Capillaries
•
Immanuel Kant and Simon Laplace
•
Eardrum
•
Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Ray
•
Pericardium
•
Big Bang Theory
Moulton
•
Tidal Theory
SCIENCE
139
•
James H. Jeans and Harold Jeffrey
•
Protoplanet Theory – nebula ceased to rotate
•
Rene Descartes – Theory of Vortices
•
Stellar Collision Theory – collision of stars
•
Planetary Collision Theory – collided with a small planet
•
Accretion Theory – small chunks formed themselves
•
Capture Theory – Planets were captured by the gravity
•
Fission Theory – sun burst one day
•
Interface – interaction of Earth’s material and Sun
•
Accretion – particles clumping together
•
Fusion – increasing temperature and pressure
•
Fission – action of dividing or splitting
•
Nucleosynthesis – formation of new atomic nuclei
•
Cosmic microwave background – radiation from all parts of the sky; evidence for Big
Bang theory; Penzias and Wilson in 1964.
140
•
Doppler Effect – how fast stars and astronomical objects move
•
Redshift – track the rotation of our galaxy
•
Solar wind – continuous flow of charged particles
•
Jovian planets – group of four planets in the solar system
•
Jupiter have 79 known moons
•
Terrestrial planets, telluric planets, or rocky planet – planet composed of silicate
rocks or metals
•
Oort Cloud – extended shell of icy objects; Jan Oort
•
Kuiper belt – region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune
•
Properties of Minerals – up to page 142
SCIENCE
143
•
Magnetism
•
Tenacity
•
Solubility Property of the Mineral
•
Acid reaction, feel, presence of
•
Cations and anions
•
Crystalline Structure of a Mineral
•
Laurasia
•
Microcrystalline and
•
Tethys
•
Alexander Du Toit – owner of the
striations
cryptocrystalline
144
•
Gondwana
•
Process of Comminution
•
Concentration
•
Continental Drift
•
Atlantic Ocean
•
Origin of Continents and Oceans
•
Alfred Wegener
•
Harold Jeffrey – opponent on
Divergent, Convergent, and
Wegener’s theory
Transform Plate Boundaries
map
•
Thin oceanic crust and Thick
continental crust
•
Continental Crust and Oceanic
Crust
•
Kinds of plate tectonic boundaries:
145
•
Divergent Plate Boundary – move
•
away from each other
•
Subduction zone – where plates
meet
Convergent Boundary – move
•
Oceanic crust meets oceanic
toward one another
•
Oceanic crust meets continental
Transform fault – slide pass each
•
Continental crust meets oceanic
other
•
Plates
•
Compressive stress – convergent
•
Kinds of Plates – Major: greater
•
Tensional stress – divergent
•
Shear stress – transform
•
African Rift Valley – tension in
•
divergent plate
than 20 million km squared,
Minor: Less than 20m but
greater than 1m km squared
SCIENCE
146
•
Major and Minor Plates
•
Plutonism – formation of extrusive igneous rock
•
Types of Rocks – Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
•
Magma, Lava
•
Weathering
•
Three types of weathering – Physical or mechanical
147
•
Three types of weathering – Chemical, Biotic weathering
•
Three types of Physical weathering – Block disintegration, Exfoliation, Frost Action
•
Four types of Chemical weathering – Oxidation, Hydration, Solution, Carbonation
•
Types of Biotic weathering – Plant roots, burrowing, Human Being, Erosion,
Lithification, Metamorphic Rocks, Aphanite, Phanerite
•
Types of Faults
148
•
Reverse Fault – hanging wall rises
•
relative to the footwall
•
Normal fault – hanging wall has
another
•
moved downward
•
•
Transform fault – slide past one
Strike-slip fault – moved
horizontally
Graben fault – depressed block of
•
Deformation
the Earth’s crust
•
Elasticity
Horst fault – raised block of the
Earth’s crust
149
•
Types of Folds – Monocline, Anticline, Syncline, Recumbent, Chevron, Isoclinal,
Plunging, Domes, Ptygmatic fold
•
Volcanism; Volcano
•
Parts of a Volcano – Magma, Parasitic Cone, Sill, Vent, Flank, Lava....
SCIENCE
150
•
Crater, Conduit, Pyroclastic Materials, Throat, Ash, Ash Cloud, Caldera
•
Three types of Volcanoes – Active, Dormant, Extinct
•
Four Principal Types of Volcanoes – Shield: shield in the middle with long gentle
slopes, Composite: conical volcano built with many layers (strata), Cinder: circular or
oval cones
•
Lava domes; Fissure
•
Two Types of explosion – Quiet; small amount of silica, Explosive: release in silica and
pyroclastic materials
•
Magma and the Three Products of Eruption – Gasses and Vapors
•
Pyroclastic Materials, Volcanic
151
•
ashes, Intrusive and Extrusive rocks
Basaltic magma: low in silica;
higher melting point
•
Processes that form Magma
•
•
Environments of Magma Formation
•
Mantle Plume
•
Hotspot
•
Factors that Affect the
•
Coal
Characteristics of Magma –
•
Fossil Fuels, Natural Gas, Coal and
Granitic magma – high in silica; low
melting point
Oil
152
•
Geothermal energy – heat from the earth
•
Permeability – allowing liquids, gases to pass thru
•
Porous Rocks – small holes
•
Geothermal Reservoir – natural collection of hot water
•
Hot Spring/Geyser – geothermal energy that reached the surface
•
Three types of Geothermal Power Plant – Dry Steam: oldest, Flash plants: placing hot
into cooler water, Binary plants: placing hot water to a secondary fluid producing
vapor
•
Hydroelectric energy
SCIENCE
•
Dam; Intake system – where engrs control the water; Spillway – connecting dam to
river
•
Nuclear energy
•
Fossil fuel combustion
•
Earth’s water is part of hydrosphere
•
4 great oceans
•
Four Properties of Water – Cohesion, Adhesion....
•
Surface Tension, Capillarity,
•
Transpiration; Crop rotation
Groundwater
•
Green building
Geological Formation of Ground
•
Mono-cropping; No till planting;
153
•
water – Aquifers: can hold and
•
No-till Farming
transmit, Aquitards: cannot hold
•
Soil conservation
and transmit water
•
Cover crop
Surface water; Spring; Infiltration,
Runoff
154
•
Five Factors that Affect Soil
Transported, Cumulose, Soil,
formation – Parent material,
Gravel, Soil profile
Climate, Topography, Biological
•
•
Horizons of Soil – Humus or
Factors, Time
organic, Topsoil, Subsoil, Parent
Broad Classification of Soil Parent
material, Bedrock
Material – Residual or sedentary,
155
•
Four Kinds of Soil – Alluvial,
cropping, Terracing, Waterways,
Volcanic, Shale and Sandstone,
Windbreak
Limestone
•
Conservation and Protection of
Soil – Contour farming, Strip
•
Waste Management – Solid Waste,
Tailing, Mining waste sources
SCIENCE
•
Agricultural waste, Industrial
waste, Municipal waste
156
•
•
Waste Disposal Methods – Landfill,
•
Mass wasting – Sliding, Slumping
Incineration, Mulch and Compost,
movement, Rockfalls, Talus,
Source reduction, Recycling
Rockslides, Debris flows, Earthflow
Two Geomorphic Processes –
Exogenic: driven by gravity,
Endogenic: located within the Earth
157
•
Mudflow, Creep – slow, gradual
•
movement of soil, Slump – moved
as a unit along a curved surface
•
Biosphere
•
energy
•
Earth’s time rotation – 23 hours, 56
minutes and 4.0916 seconds
Subsystems of Earth – Lithosphere,
Hydrosphere, Atmosphere,
Sidereal day; Solar day; Solar
•
Melanin; Weather; Climate; 365.25
days
Earth’s Revolution and Rotation
158
•
Natural Gas is a hydrocarbon
•
Steam Coal
•
Carbon forms Diamond and Coal found in organisms
•
Grades of Coal – Lignite: lowest in the coal family, Sub Bituminous: more heat than
lignite, Bituminous: soft coal, Anthracite: hardest coal and great amount of heat
•
Layers of Earth – Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle, Crust
•
Dr. Inge Lehmann; Lehmann Discontinuity: abrupt increase of P-wave and S-wave
velocities
•
Beno Gutenberg; Gutenberg Discontinuity – separates mantle from outer core
•
Mohorovicic Discontinuity or “Moho” – boundary between crust and mantle
SCIENCE
159
•
Andrija Mohorovicic
•
80% radioactive decay, 20% leftover
FeCr2O4. Belonging to the spinel
heat from the Earth’s formation
group
•
Magmatism – activity of magma
•
Fluidity of magma – due to high
temperature and low pressure
•
•
Chromite – iron chromium oxide:
Inclusion – pieces of rocks
contained within another
•
Intrusion – process of forcing a
•
Tension
body of igneous rock between
•
Pointers on Geology –
existing formations
•
Law of Cross-cutting relations –
•
•
•
cut is much younger,
two groups of unconformable
Law of Original Horizontality –
strata
layers of sediment were horizontal,
•
Geology – study of nonliving things
Law of Superposition – youngest
•
Index fossils – identify geologic
periods or faunal stages
on top and oldest on bottom
•
•
Unconformity – contact between
Bauxite – not a mineral. One of
•
Risks and Hazards
aluminum
•
Areas around Volcanoes
•
Thunderstorm – with thunder and
Chalcocite – important copper one
mineral.
160
•
Downburst – very fast and
vertically dropping blast of wind
lightning
•
Tornado – violently rotating winds
•
Hail – pellets of frozen rain
•
Cyclone – system of winds rotating
•
Storm Surge – rising of the sea
inward to an area of low
•
Fire triangles – simple model for
•
•
Monsoon – due to reversing wind
directions
atmospheric pressure
understanding the ingredients for
Hurricane – storm with a violent
most fires; illustrates the 3
wind
elements a fire needs to ignite:
SCIENCE
heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent
•
Five Types of Hazards – Physical,
(usually oxygen)
Chemical, Biological, Psychological,
•
Preparedness Aspects
Radiation
•
National Disaster Risk Reduction &
•
•
•
Theory of Uniformitarianism –
Management Council (NDRRMC)
work today had been working in
Hazard – threat to life, health,
the past and will continue in the
environment or property
future.
Disaster – event of serious
destruction
161
•
Four Key Elements of Disaster Preparedness – Preparedness, Response, Recovery,
Mitigation
•
Four Layers of the Atmosphere – Troposphere: lowest layer, Stratosphere: From the
top of the tropo to about 50km, Mesosphere: extends upward up to 85km,
Thermosphere: Absorbs high energy X-rays and UV radiation from the sun
•
Composition of Atmosphere: Nitrogen (78%) Oxygen (21%) Argon (0.9%) Mixture of
Carbon Dioxide, vapor, and other gases (0.1%)
•
Water Vapor – produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water
162
•
Heat Transfer
•
Three methods – Conduction in
•
Altitude increase, air pressure will
decrease
solids, Convection of fluids (liquid or
•
Wind
gases), Radiation through anything
•
Three Factors Which Cause the Air
that will allow
to Move – Pressure Gradient Force,
•
Air Pressure – force of air
Coriolis effect, Friction of the
•
Density – as density increases, air
ground and molecules
pressure will also increase
SCIENCE
163
•
Global and Local Wind Pattern
•
Global winds – large air masses created mainly as a result of the Earth’s rotation
•
Sea breezes and Land breezes – higher pressure over the water to lower pressure
over the land causing the sea breeze. At night, the roles reverse.
•
Mountain and Valley breezes – similar to sea and land
•
Wind Systems in the Philippines
•
Northeast Monsoon (Amihan) – Dec to middle of Feb; cold
•
Southwest Monsoon (Habagat) – March to Nov; Warm humid season
•
Humidity – amount of water vapor in the air
•
Amount of water vapor – can hold depends on the temperature
•
Warm air carries more moisture
•
Relative Humidity – amount of water vapor expressed as a percentage of the
amount
•
Transpiration – loss of water vapor along the surface of the plant
164
•
Branches of Chemistry –
•
Analytical – quantification and identification of chemical substances or analytes.
•
Physical – deals with the physical properties of chemical substances using Physics
•
Organic – deal with carbon compounds.
•
Inorganic – deals with compounds without C and H.
•
Biochemistry – chemical reactions within living things.
•
Three States of Matter – Solid: definite shape, Liquid: conforms to shape of
container, Gas: occupies the whole space
•
Properties of Matter – Physical and Chemical
•
Chemical Classification of Matter – Mixtures and Pure Substances
•
Homogenous: singular characteristic and Heterogenous: multiple characteristic
SCIENCE
•
Pure substances – with fixed chemical composition
•
Elements – cannot be broken down
•
Compounds – two or more elements bounded together
•
Law of Chemical Combinations –
•
Law of Mass Conservation – total mass of substances combined does not change and
thus conserved
•
Law of Definite Proportions – a chemical compound is always made up of same
elements
•
Law of Multiple Proportions – when two elements are combined, fixed masses can
be expressed as simple ratio
165
•
Significant Figures
•
The Atomic Models
166
•
Periodic Table of Elements
167
•
Chemistry Formulas (Ideal Gas Law, Charle’s Law, Avogadro’s Law, Molarity,
Concentration, Boyle’s Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law, Combined Gas Law, Molality,
Pressure)
•
Physical Quantity
•
7 Fundamental Quantities – Length, Time, Mass, Temperature, Electric Current,
Amount of Substance, Luminous Intensity
•
Prefixes for SI Units
168
•
Scalars – describes the magnitude of an object
•
Vectors – magnitude and direction of an object
•
The ∆ Symbol – Delta; change of variable
SCIENCE
•
Motion
•
Distance: total length of the route travelled vs. Displacement: distance from initial
position to the final position of an object
•
Average Velocity: average of the initial and final velocities vs. Instantaneous Velocity:
exact velocity at a certain time
•
Average Acceleration vs. Instantaneous Acceleration
•
4 Kinematic Equations – useful for finding either the displacement, initial velocity,
final velocity, acceleration, or time.
169
•
Free fall
•
Projectile Motion
•
Force
•
Types of Forces: Contact Forces, Action-at-a-Distance Forces
•
Mass vs. Weight
170
•
Equilibrium
•
Inertia
•
Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law
•
Free Body Diagram (FBD)
of Inertia)
•
Friction
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
•
Kinetic friction
•
Centripetal Force – inward force;
•
•
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
(Law of Interaction)
(Law of Acceleration)
171
•
Static Friction
•
Uniform Circular Motion
•
Centripetal Acceleration (Radial
•
Gravitation
Acceleration) – Inward
•
Law of Universal Gravitation
acceleration applied to a moving
object
Centrifugal Force – outward force
(Gravitational Force)
SCIENCE
172
•
Acceleration due to Gravity
•
Escape Speed
•
Closed orbits: Circular, Elliptic vs. Open orbits: Paraboloid, Hyperboloid
•
Orbital Speed; Orbital Period
•
Kepler’s 1st Law (Law of Orbits)
•
Kepler’s 2nd Law (Law of Areas)
•
Kepler’s 3rd Law (Law of Periods)
•
Perihelion: Earth’s orbit is nearest to the sun
•
Aphelion: Earth’s orbit is farthest to the sun
173
174
•
Work, Energy, and Power
•
Work – is scalar quantity expressed
•
•
Types of Kinetic Energy: Sound,
Radiant, Thermal, Electrical
in Joules (J)
•
Work-Energy Theorem
Energy – Quantitative property
•
Hooke’s Law – compute the Force
found in objects; ability to do work
exerted by a spring to an object
•
Kinetic Energy – energy of motion
•
•
Work in a Force x Displacement Graph – the total work done on an object is equal to
Work done by a Spring
175
the area below the graph
•
Potential energy – energy stored in an object due to its position
•
Types of Potential energy – Gravitational Potential, Elastic Potential, Nuclear,
Chemical
PHYSICS FORMULAS
•
Density
•
Strain
•
Voltage
•
Pressure
•
Buoyancy
•
Snell’s Law
•
Stress
•
Torque
•
Index of
refraction
•
Velocity of a wave
SCIENCE