Assignment 1
Instructions:
1. Submit the questions and answers by clicking on the assignment link and then
2. Upload your document into TurnItIn. Answers should be in your own words, not a
copy/paste of some other source. The format DOES NOT need to be in APA format,
rather it should be concise and professional. I use Turnitin to help check that answers
are original. When needed, citations validating your answers should be in a standard
format that can be checked. Take care to use well recognized and reputable sites;
Wikipedia may be a decent start of a search but is not acceptable as a reference.
3. In general, the assignments will be graded with feedback within 48 hours of the due
date. During this grading period, the gradebook will not show your grade for this
assignment (will be "muted").
Assignment # 1 - Ankle swelling and fatigue in a 60yo
A 60yo male teacher from the local high school presents to you with complaints of
swelling in the feet/ankles by the end of the day, frequent urination at night and
increasing fatigue/shortness of breath upon light exercise like taking the steps to a
different floor. He does not sleep well at night and feels that breathing while in bed
seems to be a bit harder than when sitting or standing. Use of added pillows seems to
help. He has a history of heart disease in the family and he has previously been
diagnosed with mild atrial fibrillation, which is only being monitored.
Upon examination, you find BP 170/110, pulse rate 70-75, normal temperature and mild
pitting edema at the ankles bilaterally. Chest exam reveals light crackles (rales) upon
respiration and no abnormal heart sounds. There is no dullness upon listening to the
heart. Rectal exam reveals normal sized prostate and no bleeding/blood in the
stool. Abdominal exam reveals only mildly enlarged liver, normal spleen and no areas
of tenderness. The jugular vein appears distended when in a reclined position to 30
degrees, but not when upright. Central venous pressure measured by JVD is 9cm H2O.
1. Considering the Starling forces (not cardiac Frank-Starling law) affecting fluid
movement in a capillary, describe two ways to promote an increase in net fluid
movement into the interstitium (i.e. increase/decrease in a given force that is part
of calculating net fluid movement). (2pts) (MO 2,3; i.e. Relates to Module
Objectives 2 & 3 as found under Module 1 Overview)
2. Given the Starling forces that can promote movement describe above, list three
organs that need to be evaluated because of their ability to promote such edema
and why (i.e. how is the Starling forces altered by dysregulation of that organ).
(6pts) (MO 1,2,3)
3. Describe why he is having shortness of breath using Starling forces
terminology. (2pts) (MO 2,3)
4. Describe how interstitial fluid compares to plasma. Is interstitial fluid
intracellular or extracellular? (2pts) (MO 1,2)
Bloodwork reveals a normal ESR (a non-specific measure of inflammation), normal
hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count/distribution, albumin and blood glucose
levels. Chest X ray show some shadowing of lung tissues more prominently in the base,
confirming the presence of edema. The ventricles of the heart are enlarged. No other
abnormality noted. A 24 hour urine collection revealed no abnormalities.
5. Given the above information, you diagnose him with congestive heart failure.
You consider various medications for his treatment, which aim to improve his
cardiac function by slowing the rate and increasing contractility. Digoxin is one
such drug (though it does appear to have a 20% higher all-cause mortality rate in
atrial fibrillation patients, so it is not given without careful consideration). How
does digoxin work in terms of altering movement of Na+, K+ and Ca++ and how
does that relate to the improvement in cardiac function (increased contractility
and slower heart rate)? (5pts) (MO 1,2)
A 15yo girl presents with a sore throat and headache x 5 days. She has been treating it
with Advil. Examination reveals slightly elevated heart rate, oral temperature of 99.7
degrees, and sore neck on palpation with enlarged lymph nodes. Rapid Strep test is
positive.
6. In general, what is the most common cause of sore throat in children 15yo and
younger? (2pts) (MO 9)
7. Why is it important to treat strep throat within the first nine days or so? What is
the mechanism for damage beyond the throat area (rare, serious complications) if
left untreated? (6pts) (MO 9)
8. During alkalosis, as can occur from vomiting and or diarrhea, causes what kind
of shift in K+ concentrations occur (regarding fluid compartments, i.e.
extracellular (plasma and interstitial) vs intracellular) and thus may show up in
blood chemistry readings? (1pt) (MO 1,3,4)
Answers
1. To promote an increase of fluid movement into the interstitium is by increasing the capillary
hydrostatic pressure especially the blood pressure which is elevated in this particular patient.
According to Starling hypothesis, the fluid movement as a result of filtration on the wall of a
capillary depend upon the balance between hydrostatic pressure gradient and oncotic pressure
across capillaries. Another method is to decrease the plasma oncotic pressure. This is as a result
of a decrease in plasma albumin which attracts water, if plasma albumin is decreased, it attracts
a significant amount of water which is causing the fluid retention. The signs and symptoms can
be a result of things like liver protein malnutrition, glomerular kidney disease and liver diseases
such as cirrhosis of the liver (Huether & McCance, 2017).
2. The kidneys and liver affects the plasma oncotic pressure which is a part of osmotic pressure as
plasma proteins are wasted as a result of kidney disease and cirrhosis of the liver and this can
cause a decrease in plasma oncotic plasma which in turn leads to accumulation of water in the
interstitium causing edema.
The heart. Liver and kidney will be evaluated because of their association with water and salt
retention which might result to plasma overload and possible edema. The heart is evaluated
because it causes the back up of blood into the venous system which helps increases the
capillary hydrostatic pressure and in turn blocks the fluid from filtering into the vascular space.
The kidney is also evaluated as a result of its protein waste. The Liver, however, is evaluated for
its ability to produce proteins, which could cause a decrease in capillary oncotic pressure leading
to accumulation of water in the interstitium and edema.
The shortness of breathe the patient is experiencing can be a result of the increase in capillary
hydrostatic pressure and decrease in plasma oncotic pressure. In this scenario, the heart is unable to
pump effectively leading to the return of fluid back to the heart and the lungs.
Interstitial fluids are extracellular fluids that are found in the tissues or in between the cells and they
make up about 15tti of the extracellular fluids. Both interstitial fluid and plasma are extracellular fluid
and contains similar electrolyte concentration. On the other hand, plasma contains higher protein level
while interstitial fluid contains fewer proteins.
Digoxin inhibits the cellular and binds to the Na+/K+ and calcium pump. This process results in a
decrease heart rate and leads to an increase in intracellular sodium which will result to influx of calcium
through sodium-calcium exchange pump (Blackwood).
Most of the common causes of sore throat in children is a virus infection.
Strep throat should be treated early because it is an infection that is caused by group A Streptococcus
bacteria. When the body makes antibodies against strep, the antibody does not have the ability to
differentiate between the bacteria and normal antigens. Strep infection can cause itchiness, and sore in
the throat, so if left untreated, the bacteria can spread to the tonsils, the heart and blood streams.
So early intervention of this health problems could cause other pathogen that could be prevented like
rheumatic fever or kidney inflammations.
During ECF, hypokalemia can occur as a result of shift in potassium from the extracellular to the
intracellular as hydrogen ions moves out of the cells to maintain acid-base balance (Huether & McCanes,
2017).
Reference
Blackwood. B, Digoxin and Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity. Retrieved from
https://www.acep.org/how-we-serve/sections/toxicology/news/august-2016/digoxin-and-calciumchannel-blocker-toxicity/
Huether.S. E & McCance.K.L (2016). Understanding Pathophysiology.6th. ed.St Louis,MO
Assignment 2
Assignment 2 Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems
Ms. J.S., a 52 yo white female with two children (16 and 14 yo) presents with history of
fatigue, weight gain and muscle weakness over past two years. She initially thought it was
caused by work stress and busy family life but has also noticed that she bruises more easily
than in the past. She also noted purple lines (stretch marks) that you identified
as striae (Links to an external site.). All of the above symptoms have been getting
worse. Blood pressure is 170/110, respirations 12/min and some ankle edema (non-pitting)
was noted. The limbs seem relatively thin and the trunk thickened, especially between the
upper shoulder blades. Diagnosis was made of Cushing disease/syndrome. How could you
differentiate between the two? Elevated levels of cortisol has two effects of plasma leading to
increased volume: 1) up-regulation of receptors for aldosterone and 2) an increased
effectiveness of ADH (either by centrally increasing ADH release or peripherally by
increasing the cellular responsiveness).
1). What effects would these two changes (increased responsiveness to aldosterone and ADH)
have on Na+, K+ and water levels in the plasma? (Endocrine Mod 3: MO2, MO3, CO2, CO3,
CO4)
2). Where does cortisol secretion occur, and thus is a potential site of an over-secreting tumor?
How else could someone develop Cushing syndrome if not by a tumor in that area? (Endocrine
Mod 3: MO1, MO2, MO3, CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5)
3). What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome in the United States? (Endocrine
Mod 3: MO1, MO2, MO3, CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5)
A. Adrenal tumors
C. Infections
B. Pituitary tumors
D. Glucocorticoids prescribed by healthcare worker
Mr. M.S., an overweight, 55 yo white male presents to your clinic with chest pains. He has a
history of hypertension, alcohol use and does not restrict his diet. He is currently taking
nitroglycerin tablets as needed for angina. This pain is worse and is not controlled by
nitroglycerin. The pain is radiating down his left arm. The pain in the chest feels like
pressure or heartburn. You hear inspiratory rales, consistent with pulmonary edema. His
blood pressure is 100/75. He begins to have difficulty breathing, especially when lying
down. EKG and serum enzymes suggest a left ventricular wall myocardial
infarction. Cardiac catheterization reveals a pulmonary wedge pressure of 30 mm Hg
(normal, 5 mm Hg) and two-dimensional echocardiography measured an ejection fraction of
0.35 (normal, 0.55). In the Coronary ICU, he was treated with thrombolytic agents (tPA),
digitalis (a positive inotropic agent) and furosemide (Lasix, a loop diuretic)
4). What measures above helped you determine that the stroke volume (considering the
measures that factor into it) was reduced? (Cardiovascular Alterations Mod 5: MO7, MO9,
MO10, MO12, MO17, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5)
5). Describe the mechanism of how digitalis (AKA Oubain) works at a molecular level to
increase contractility (positive inotrope)? Discuss the ion gradients, how they were
created/maintained for a cell at resting membrane potential and the effects of this drug that
lead to its action (rise in what ion and where) on muscle contraction. (Cardiovascular Structure
and Function Mod4: MO2, MO6, MO7, MO9, MO11, CO1, CO2, CO3)
6). Statins are commonly used to treat cardiovascular disease. Describe their effect and the
mechanism of how that effect is brought about. Explain if men and women with similar
cholesterol profiles are at similar risk for cardiovascular disease (i.e. are they equally predictive
of cardiovascular risk for men and women). Supply a link to an article that supports your
assertion and in a sentence or two, describe the “take home point(s)” of the
article (Cardiovascular Structure and Function Mod 5: MO1, MO5, MO7, MO8, MO9 CO1,
CO2, CO3)
7). Supply one link/web address/citation to an article (different from above article) that
describes differences in either gender or race in the treatment or assessment of risk for
cardiovascular disease and a statement of how that information will affect your
assessment/treatment of patients in practice.
Answers
1. What effects would these two changes (increased responsiveness to aldosterone and
ADH) have on Na+, K+ and water levels in the plasma? (Endocrine Mod 3: MO2, MO3,
CO2, CO3, CO4)
Increased responsiveness to aldosterone will increase the action of Na/k pumps. Aldosterone
conserves sodium by increasing the productiveness of the sodium pump of epithelial cells
(Huether & McCane,2017). Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convolution
tubule as well as the collecting duct of the nephrons in the kidney. Aldosterone also helps
increase the secretion of potassium by the kidney resulting in its decrease in the blood and
increase in the urine. While ADH acts by increasing the reabsorption of water in the distal
convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons in the kidney. ADH also stimulates thirst
which results in an increase in water intake and lowers blood osmolarity and in turn restores
hemostasis.
2. Where does cortisol secretion occur, and thus is a potential site of an over-secreting
tumor? How else could someone develop Cushing syndrome if not by a tumor in
that area? (Endocrine Mod 3: MO1, MO2, MO3, CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5)
Cortisol secretion occur at the adrenal glands in response to circadian and stress induced
which is the stimulation by the adrenocorticotropic hormone in the pituitary gland. A
tumor of the adrenal glands tends to secrete too many cortisol which can result to
Cushing syndrome. Cushing syndrome can also occur as a result of using long term
medications such as glucocorticoid which can lead to high levels of cortisol in the body.
3. What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome in the United States?
Glucocorticoids prescribed by healthcare worker
4. What measures above helped you determine that the stroke volume (considering
the measures that factor into it) was reduced? (Cardiovascular Alterations Mod 5:
MO7, MO9, MO10, MO12, MO17, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5)
Reduced Ejection fraction from its normal of 0.55 to 0.35 helped to determine the stroke
volume. According to Huether & McCane (2017), stroke volume is the volume of blood
ejected per beat during systole or with the beat of the left ventricles. Ejection Fraction is
the result of stroke volume divided by the end of diastolic volume. When the stroke
volume is reduced, it will lead to a decrease in the ejection fraction.
5. Describe the mechanism of how digitalis (AKA Oubain) works at a
molecular level to increase contractility (positive inotrope)? Discuss the
ion gradients, how they were created/maintained for a cell at resting
membrane potential and the effects of this drug that lead to its action (rise
in what ion and where) on muscle contraction. (Cardiovascular Structure
and Function Mod4: MO2, MO6, MO7, MO9, MO11, CO1, CO2, CO3)
Digitalis are potent inhibitors of cellular Na+/K+ATPase. It increases contractility by inhibiting
the sodium-potassium exchange in the sodium-potassium ATPase pump leading to an increase of
sodium in the myocytes. This increase can result to the activation of actin and myosin in addition
to other contractile proteins. This process can also lead to decreased heart rate and increase
intracellular sodium concentrations which enhances the sodium-calcium exchange within the
cell. The goal of this inotrope is to strengthen and enhance the actual pump of the heart muscle.
This will help reduce the heart rate and enable the muscle to rest to prevent difficulty in blood
reaching the entire body.
Klabunde.R.E (2015). Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis Compounds). Retrieved from
https://www.cvpharmacology.com/cardiostimulatory/digitalis
Statins are commonly used to treat cardiovascular disease. Describe their effect and the
mechanism of how that effect is brought about. Explain if men and women with similar
cholesterol profiles are at similar risk for cardiovascular disease (i.e. are they equally
predictive of cardiovascular risk for men and women). Supply a link to an article that
supports your assertion and, in a sentence, or two, describe the “take home point(s)” of
the article
Statin have been used in the prevention of cardiovascular (CVD) as a result of its favorite effect on lipid
metabolism and patient survival rate. Statins inhibit the rate limiting enzyme of the hepatic synthetic
pathway HMG-CoA reductase which converts HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. (Ward, Watts & Eckel 2019).
They also inhibit HMG-CoA reductase function through competitive inhibition which can lead to
decreased cholesterol production. According to Wick, (2018), the risk factors that increases the
likelihood of systematic heart problems are similar for men and women. In both sex, risk factors double
the likelihood of death as individuals with one risk factor or the other have twice the risk of heart
disease as those who do not. This article stated that addressing the modifiable risk factors helps to slow
down or stop the progression of heart diseases and women’s hearts respond better to healthy changes
than men’s do. https://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2018/June2018/affairs-of-theheart-cardiovascular-disease-in-women-vs-men.
7). Supply one link/web address/citation to an article (different from above article) that describes
differences in either gender or race in the treatment or assessment of risk for cardiovascular disease and
a statement of how that information will affect your assessment/treatment of patients in practice.
According to Maarten, Ewort, Kavousi, Deckers & Daan (2014), men and women have similar lifetime
risks of cardiovascular diseases. As a provider during assessment, the most importance on both genders
will be to treat , ensure and maintain adequate control of the risk factors. This can be achieved with
medications such as the statins and educations on lifestyles changes in both men and women.
Maarten.L.G, Bart.F, Ewort.S.W, Kavousi.M, Deckers.J.W & Daan. N (2014). Sex Differences in
Lifetime Risk and First Manifestation of Cardiovascular Disease Prospective Population Based Cohort
Study. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5992
Reference
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology. St. Louis, MO:
Elsevier.
Maarten.L.G, Bart.F, Ewort.S.W, Kavousi.M, Deckers.J.W & Daan. N (2014). Sex Differences in
Lifetime Risk and First Manifestation of Cardiovascular Disease Prospective Population Based Cohort
Study. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5992
Klabunde.R.E (2015). Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis Compounds). Retrieved from
https://www.cvpharmacology.com/cardiostimulatory/digitalis
Wick. J (2018). Affairs of the Heart: Cardiovascular Disease in Women Vs Men. Retrieved from
https://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2018/June2018/affairs-of-the-heartcardiovascular-disease-in-women-vs-men
Extra Credit 2
Create and post two exam style / level questions on exam 2 material and post to this discussion board
by the due date, midnight (end of day) EST. This will be worth 3 points if completed. The intent of
this assignment is to help one another test their knowledge prior to the final exam and offer
time/awareness to improve. As such, provide the answers below the questions so that it is not readily
apparent unless they are looking to check their answer. Do not make the answers too easy or obvious
as that will not help, nor should you make it so hard that it does not help the learning
process. Questions could include functions of key mediators, how processes are regulated, what is the
role of ___in ___. If you were to make a test, what do you think your classmates should know to
allow them to progress into clinical practice? What do they need to understand to make sense of how
these systems work, and don't work in disease? Base them on the PowerPoint material presented.
Answer2- Choose any 2 questions and submit

.) Where in the body are the major sites of hormone degradation and excretion?
A. Liver & Spleen
B. Kidneys & Pancreas
C. Liver & Kidneys
D. Pancreas & Liver
2.) Regulation of cortisol secretion is controlled primary though _________
released from the __________
A. ACTH (adrenal corticothrophin hormone), Anterior pituitary
B. CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone, Hypothalamus
C. Chromaffin cells, peptide hormones
D. Diurnal rhythm, Posterior Pituitary
1- C. Liver & Kidneys
2.-A. ACTH (adrenal corticothrophin hormone), Anterior pituitary
o
Kayce Daugherty
Kayce Daugherty
Apr 1, 2020Apr 1, 2020 at 2:39pm
Manage Discussion Entry
1. Which statement is true about Antidiuretic Hormone
A. It is released in response to high sodium concentrations.
B. It is released in response to low sodium concentrations.
C. It regulates electrolytes.
D. It causes kidneys to excrete water.
2. Acromegaly is caused by which of the following?
A. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children and adolescents.
B. Hyposecretion of growth hormone in children and adolescents.
C. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood.
D. Hyposection of growth hormone in adulthood.
Answers:
1. A. ADH is secreted in response to high sodium or low water. It does
not affect electrolytes, and it causes the kidneys to retain water.
2. C. Acromegaly is the hypersecretion of GH during adulthood.
Giantism is hypersecretion in children and adolescents.
o
Kim Huff
Kim Huff
Apr 2, 2020Apr 2, 2020 at 1:55pm
Manage Discussion Entry
1. The hormone__________ causes smooth muscle cells in the
uterus to contract during the process of labor and childbirth.
This hormone will also cause Post-partum contraction of the
uterus to prevent excess bleeding.
a. oxytocin
b. FSH
c. ACTH
d. Glycogen
2. The Anterior Pituitary produces which of the following
hormone(s)?
a. Epinephrine
b. oxytocin and ADH
c. TSH
d. Growth hormone and Prolactin
Answers:
3. Oxytocin (a)
4. Growth hormone and Prolactin (d)
Edited by Kim Huff on Apr 2, 2020 at 1:59pm
o
Ashley Wilhoite
Ashley Wilhoite
Apr 2, 2020Apr 2, 2020 at 3:38pm
Manage Discussion Entry
1. Excess cortisol secretion leads to the clinical condition known as
__________ syndrome.
a. Addison's
b. Diabetes
c. Cushing's
d. Hyperthyroidism
2. Absence of cortisol leads to __________ disease.
a. Addison's
b. Diabetes
C. Giantism
D. Dwarfism
Answers:
1. Cushing's syndrome
2. Addison's disease

Collapse SubdiscussionCornelius Onyekelu
Cornelius Onyekelu
Apr 3, 2020Apr 3, 2020 at 12:36am
Manage Discussion Entry
Which control mechanism will a patient’s target cells implement in order to adapt
to high hormone concentrations?
a. Negative feedback
b. Positive feedback
c. Down regulation
d. Up regulation
A patient who has elevated thyroxine production should be assessed for which
accompanying condition?
a. Increased thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
b. Increased anterior pituitary stimulation
c. Decreased T4
d. Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Answers:
C; Down regulation
D; Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
o
Cadie Grayson
Cadie Grayson
Apr 3, 2020Apr 3, 2020 at 12:54am
Manage Discussion Entry
1. The anterior pituitary is comprised of 3 regions. The following are all
regions in the pituitary gland EXCEPT:
a. pars distalis
b. pars media
c. pars tuberalis
d. pars intermedia
2. Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is an insufficiency of ADH activity, leading to
_____ and ______.
a. hyperglycemia; excitability
b. hypoglycemia; fatigue
c. oliguria; hypotension
d. polydipsia; polyuria
Answers
1. (B) pars media - it is made up!
2. (D) polydipsia (frequent drinking); polyuria (frequent urination)

Tabatha Hawkins
Tabatha Hawkins
Apr 3, 2020Apr 3, 2020 at 11:10am
Manage Discussion Entry
1.
The circulatory system is composed of the right and left sides of
the heart work simultaneously. Each side has different functions. The
right side is responsible for _______ and the left side is responsible for
______.
0. Receives blood from the aorta; pumps blood throughout
the body
1. Pumps blood to the lungs; sends blood throughout the
remainder of the body
2. Sends blood throughout the body except lungs; pumps
blood to the lungs
3. None of the above
A neurotransmitter from the adrenal medulla that dialates
vessels of the liver and skeletal muscle and causes an increase in
myocardial contractility is:
0. Catecholamines
1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Epinephrine
Answers:
1. pumps blood to the lungs; sends blood throughout the remainder of the
body
2. norepinephrine

Maria Truss
Maria Truss
Apr 3, 2020Apr 3, 2020 at 3:12pm
Manage Discussion Entry
1.) What is the major difference between water soluble and lipid soluble
hormones?
A. Water soluble hormones attach directly to the plasma membrane
B. Lipid soluble hormones attach directly to the plasma membrane
C. Water soluble hormones require a carrier or transport protein
D. Water soluble hormones attach directly to the nucleus
2.) What is released from the thyroid gland?
A. Vitamin D
B. Growth hormone
C. Calcitonin
D. ACTH
Answers:
1- A Water soluble hormones attach directly to the plasma membrane
2. C- Calcitonin

Allison Bauer
Allison Bauer
Apr 3, 2020Apr 3, 2020 at 3:39pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Enlargement of the thyroid gland as a response to increase stimulation by the
Parathyroid Gland?
A. Sheehan Syndrome
B. Goiter
C. Pretibial Myxedema
D. None of the above
Insulin will have what effect on proteins
A. Enhance protein synthesis and decrease protein breakdown
B. Decrease protein breakdown and decrease protein breakdown
C. Increase protein breakdown and decrease synthesis
D. Increase protein synthesis and increase protein breakdown
0. B
1. A

Alissa Williams
Alissa Williams
Apr 3, 2020Apr 3, 2020 at 8:19pm
Manage Discussion Entry
1. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is it when the ventricles are contracting and
because the aortic valve is closed there is no volume change and pressure continue
to rise?
A. Ejection phase
B. Ventricular systole
C. Isovolumetric contraction phase
D. Isovolumetric relaxation phase.
ANSWER: C. Isovolumetric contraction phase- in this phase the blood is in the
ventricles and not moving with the ventricles contracting and the pressure in the
ventricles is increasing and blood cannot flow back because the aortic valve is
closed.
2. Why do pain sometimes with a myocardial infarction travel to the jaw or the
arms?
ANSWER: Pain from a MI can travel and radiate to the jaw and arms because the
sympathetic outflow and nerves associated with the heart start in the cervical
vertebrae and go down through the thoracic region.

Krista Johnson
Krista Johnson
Apr 4, 2020Apr 4, 2020 at 1:54am
Manage Discussion Entry
0. Does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) have a direct effect on electrolytes
levels. True or False?
2. (Select all that apply) Cortisol secretion is regulated by?
a.Thalamus b. posterior pituitary gland c. anterior pituitary
gland
d. hypothalamus
e. pineal gland
f. thyroid gland
3. ______________ is commonly called congestive heart failure. This type
of heart failure is associated with a reduced ejection fraction less than
40% and an inadequate cardiac output?
1) FALSE.
ADH doesn’t have a direct effect on the level but by increasing
water reabsorption by the kidneys, water is reabsorbed into the blood thus causing
a diluted serum concentration. Has an indirect effect
2) c & d (anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus)
3) Systolic Heart Failure
Extra credit 3
Create and post two exam style / level questions, one on renal and one on pulmonary to this
discussion board by the due date, midnight (end of day) EST. This will be worth 3 points if
completed. The intent of this assignment is to help one another test their knowledge prior to the
final exam and offer time/awareness to improve. As such, provide the answers below the questions so
that it is not readily apparent unless they are looking to check their answer. Do not make the
answers too easy or obvious as that will not help, nor should you make it so hard that it does not help
the learning process. Questions could include functions of key mediators, how processes are
regulated, what is the role of ___in ___. If you were to make a test, what do you think your
classmates should know to allow them to progress into clinical practice? What do they need to
understand to make sense of how these systems work, and don't work in disease? Base them on the
PowerPoint material presented.
When an area of the lung is being adequately ventilated, but no perfusion is occurring, that is
termed:
a) Respiratory Failure
b) Pneumotorax
c) Shunting
d) Alveolar Dead Space
Nephrotic Syndrome occurs when which of the following is excreted in significantly high
amounts:
a) Red Blood Cells
b) Autoantibodies
c) Protein
d) Epithelial Cells
Answers:
Question 1: d
Questions 2: c
1. What is the process where carbon dioxide (CO2)
is exchanged for oxygen?
a. ventilation
b. respiration
c. breathing
d. perfusion
2. Which receptors in the human body monitor pH,
PaCO2, and PaO2 of arterial blood?
a. j receptors
b. pain receptors
c. chemoreceptors
d. irritant receptors
Answers:
1. b. respiration
2. c- chemoreceptors
What is the difference between hypoxemia and hypoxia?
A. Hypoxemia is low oxygen to the tissues, and hypoxia is low oxygen in the blood.
B. Hypoxemia is low oxygen in the lungs, and hypoxia is low oxygen in the body.
C. Hy Hypoxemia is high CO2 in the lungs, and hypoxia is low oxygen in the lungs.
D. Hypoxemia is high CO2 in the blood, and hypoxia is low oxygen in the blood.
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of glomerulonephritis?
A. Hematuria with red blood cell casts.
B. Proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day.
C. Oliguria
D. Hypotension
Answers:
1. A
2. D
1. The region where the renal vessels and the ureter exit can be referred to as ------------------
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ptosis
Papilla
Hilium
Cayles
Answer: C
2. As the Oxygen binds to hemoglobin, ------------------ is able to bind up to four
oxygens per hemoglobin molecule.
3. Alveoli
4. Hemoglobin
5. Frail chest
6. Carbondioxide
Answer B
I did not do EXtra Credit one because I didn’t feel like it but I passed the class.