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BIOL 2101 Practical 2 Term Sheet
Exercise 8 – Introduction to the Skeletal System and the Axial Skeleton
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Be prepared to identify and know the locations for each of the three types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic
& fibrocartilage)
Know which bone is located in which division (appendicular vs. axial).
Bone classification: Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones, Sesamoid bones
Know the structure of a long bone. Figure 8.3.
o Terms: Compact bone, spongy bone (w/ trabeculae), , diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage,
periosteum, endosteum, yellow marrow, red marrow, Central (Haversian) canal, Osteocytes, Lacunae,
Circumferential Lamellae, Osteon (Haversian system), Canaliculi, Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
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Know the Fig 8.4 Microscopic structure of compact bone. The osteon model will be on the test.
Be able to explain the role of the inorganic salts and organic protein parts of the extracellular matrix.
Endochondral ossification (fig. 8.5): know the order of epiphyseal plate zones and be able to ID them.
o Zones of endochondral ossification: resting zone, proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, and
ossification
Exercise 9- THE AXIAL SKELETON:
SKULL: CRANIAL BONES (8 bones total)
Frontal bone: supraorbital foramen (or notch), coronal suture
Parietal bone (paired): sagittal suture
Temporal bone (paired): squamous suture, external acoustic meatus, zygomatic process, mastoid
process, mandibular fossa, jugular foramen, carotid canal, styloid process, foramen lacerum
Occipital bone: lambdoid suture, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital
protuberance
Sphenoid bone: optic canal, foramen ovale
Ethmoid bone
SKULL: FACIAL BONES (14 bones total)
Mandible bone: mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mandibular foramen, alveolus (bounded
by alveolar margin), mental foramen
Maxilla bone (paired): infraorbital foramen, alveoli
Palatine bone (paired): identify on hard palate only
Zygomatic bone (paired)
Lacrimal bone (paired)
Nasal bone (paired)
Vomer bone
Inferior nasal concha bone (paired)
Paranasal sinuses (fig. 9.11): R & L frontal, R & L ethmoid, R & L sphenoid, R & L maxillary
Hyoid bone
Fetal Skull: know major differences b/w fetal and adult skull; 2 frontal bones, anterior fontanel,
sphenoidal fontanel, mastoid fontanel, posterior fontanel
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Vertebra (typical): body, vertebral foramen, transverse process, spinous process, articular
processes, intervertebral foramen
Cervical vertebra 7 total (typical): transverse foramen, spinous process (bifurcated)
Atlas (C1 vertebra): spinous process absent
Axis (C2 vertebra): odontoid process (dens)
Thoracic vertebra 12 total (typical): body (heart-shaped), spinous process (downward hook),
costal articulate with ribs
Lumbar vertebra 5 total (typical): body (block like), spinous process (horizontal)
-know how many there are of each type of vertebrae
-know irregular spinal curvatures: scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis
-know what a ruptured disc is
Sacrum: median sacral crest, sacral foramina, sacral canal, sacral hiatus
Coccyx
BONY THORAX
Sternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular notch
Ribs (pairs 1-7 = true; pairs 8 - 12 - false, including pairs 11 - 12 = floating), costal cartilage
Rib (typical): head, neck, shaft, tubercle
Exercise 10- The Appendicular Skeleton
(For bones marked *, be able to identify as right or left bone.)
UPPER APPENDICULAR BONES: Shoulder Girdle
Clavicle*
Scapula*: spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa,
subscapular fossa, borders (lateral, medial, & superior), superior & inferior angles
UPPER APPENDICULAR BONES: Upper Extremity
Humerus*: head, anatomical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus, trochlea,
capitulum, olecranon fossa, radial fossa, deltoid tuberosity
Radius: head, neck, styloid process, radial tuberosity
Ulna*: coronoid process, olecranon process, trochlear notch, radial notch, styloid process
Carpals (carpus = wrist = all 8 bones) you do NOT have to know individual carpal bones but if you
want to know for future below is a good tip
Stop Letting Those People (proximal row beginning at the scaphoid, which articulates with the radius
(thumb side)
Touch The Cadaver’s Hand (distal row beginning at the trapezium (thumb side)
Metacarpals (numbers 1-5)
Phalanges (14/hand: sing. = phalanx) digit 1 (thumb)
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LOWER APPENDICULAR BONES: Pelvic Girdle
Coxal bone* -- formed from 3 bones
Ilium: iliac crest, iliac fossa, auricular surface (sacroiliac joint), anterior superior spine, anterior
inferior iliac spine, posterior superior spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic
notch
Ischium: ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch
Pubis: pubic symphysis (cartilaginous joint), pubic arch, superior ramus, inferior ramus, obutrator
foramen, acetebulum
Male pelvis vs. Female pelvis: pelvic inlet (brim) and outlet – shape and relative width, sacral
curvature, pubic angle/arch
LOWER APPENDICULAR BONES: Lower Extremity
Femur*: head, fovae capitis, neck, greater & lesser trochanters, linea aspera, lateral & medial condyles,
intercondyler fossa (post.), patellar surface
Tibia*: medial & lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, anterior border, medial malleolus
Fibula: head, lateral malleolus
Tarsals: (tarsus=ankle, 7) talus, calcaneus, (do NOT need to know other 5: navicular, cuboid, medial
cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform)
Exercise 11 – Articulations and Body Movements
Be able to classify a joint structurally, functionally and know the specific type
Structural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Functional: Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses
Synarthroses
Suture (fibrous)
Gomphosis (fibrous)
Synchondrosis (cartilaginous)
Synostosis (or syntosis)
Amphiarthroses
Syndesmosis (fibrous) [Sometimes classified as a synarthrosis]
Symphysis (cartilaginous)
Diathroses
Synovial
Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball and Socket
Synovial Joint Structures (fig. 13.2)
Joint cavity, Articular cartilage, Ligaments, Bursae
Menisci (articular discs), Fat pads
Articular capsule w/ Synovial membrane
Joint Movements (Be able to identify and demonstrate)
Flexion vs Extension, Abduction vs Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction
Pronation vs Supination, Inversion vs Eversion, Dorsiflexion vs Plantar flexion
Joint Disorders
Sprain, Strain, Dislocation
Also know the difference between a tendon and a ligament!
Be able to identify ligaments, tendons and menisci of the knee (fig. 11.7 b)
-anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), tibial/medial collateral ligament,
fibular/lateral cruciate ligament, medial and lateral menisci, patellar ligament, quadriceps tendon