BOURBON, NEAT, BITTERS CHEAT SHEET
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GRID AND
LAYOUT BASICS
GRID CONFIGURATION
Configure your grid in base/_grid-settings.
scss
$column: 40px;
HELPFUL MIXINS
AND FUNCTIONS
BACKGROUNDS & GRADIENTS
@include background(lineargradient(red, green) left
repeat, radial-gradient(red,
$gutter: 44px;
orange) left repeat);
$max-width: em(960);
@include background-image(url("/
$grid-columns: 12;
images/a.png"),linear-gradient
(white 0, yellow 50%,
STYLE YOUR OUTER CONTAINER(S)
outer-container marks the items that
contain our columns. These items shall be
constrained to the grid’s max-width (amongst
other things that outer-container provides).
.element {
}
@include outer-container();
row makes sure that floats are cleared
and a clean “block” display is applied.
@include span-columns(8);
}
@include shift(2);
borders
margins and other spacings
_GRID-SETTINGS.SCSS
@include linear-gradient(to top,
breakpoints
for media queries
#8fdce5, #3dc3d1);
MEDIA QUERIES
ANIMATIONS & TRANSITIONS
@include animation(scale 1.0s
_TYPOGRAPHY.SCSS
h1 - h6
a
p
img
blockquote
_LISTS.SCSS
ul
ol
dl
li
ease-in, slide 2.0s ease);
@include transition(opacity 1.0s
.element {
font settings
sizes, weights, line heights
grid configuration
column & gutter sizes, max-width...
.element { @include row(); }
ITEM WIDTH AND POSITION
_VARIABLES.SCSS
transparent 50%));
@include media($breakpoint) {…}
MARK ROWS IN YOUR GRID
BITTERS
STRUCTURE
ease-in 0s, width 2.0s ease-in 2s);
RETINA IMAGES
@include retina-image("../img
logo", 100px 200px);
_BUTTONS.SCSS
button
input
_FORMS.SCSS
input
label
select
textarea
fieldset
Nested items:
@include shift-in-context(1 of 12);
@include span-columns(10 of 12);
CLEAR FLOATS
@include clearfix;
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BOURBON, NEAT, BITTERS CHEAT SHEET
presented by Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
PROJECT
SETUP
INSTALLING THE RUBY GEMS
Ruby is required to install the
components. Execute this in your
Command Line application:
$ sudo gem install bourbon
neat bitters
IMPORTING
COMPONENTS
e
@import “lib/bourbon/bourbon”;
@import “base/grid-settings”;
@import “lib/neat/neat”;
PROJECT SETUP
r Add Bitters to the project:
$ bitters install
t Create a “lib” folder inside of “scss”
and change into it:
bourbon.io
neat.bourbon.io
bitters.bourbon.io
In “base/_grid-settings.scss”, make
sure to have a correct import path:
GETTING STARTED TUTORIAL:
git-tower.com/learn/bourbon-neat-bitters
@import “../lib/neat/neat-helpers”;
into your project’s “scss” folder:
$ cd my-project/scss
OFFICIAL PROJECT WEBSITES
@import “base/base”;
r
e In your Command Line app, change
Create your main stylesheet (e.g.
“styles.scss”) in the “scss” folder and
import the components there:
HELP AND
DOCUMENTATION
t
If you want to use “normalize.css”,
add this as your first line in “styles.
scss”:
@import “lib/normalize-css/
normalize”;
u
Don’t forget to start your
SASS
$ mkdir lib $ cd lib
u Install both Bourbon and Neat:
$ bourbon install $ neat install
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COMMAND LINE CHEAT SHEET
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DIRECTORIES
$ pwd
FILES
$ rm <file>
Display path of current working directory
$ cd <directory>
Change directory to <directory>
$ cd ..
Delete <file>
$ rm -r <directory>
Delete <directory>
$ rm -f <file>
Navigate to parent directory
$ ls
List directory contents
Force-delete <file> (add -r to forcedelete a directory)
$ mv <file-old> <file-new>
Rename <file-old> to <file-new>
$ ls -la
List detailed directory contents, including
hidden files
$ mkdir <directory>
Create new directory named <directory>
OUTPUT
$ cat <file>
Output the contents of <file>
$ less <file>
Output the contents of <file> using
the less command (which supports
pagination etc.)
$ <cmd> > <file>
Direct the output of <cmd> into <file>
$ <cmd> >> <file>
Append the output of <cmd> to <file>
$ <cmd1> | <cmd2>
Direct the output of <cmd1> to <cmd2>
$ clear
Clear the command line window
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$ find <dir> -name "<file>"
Find all files named <file> inside <dir>
(use wildcards [*] to search for parts of
filenames, e.g. "file.*")
$ grep "<text>" <file>
Output all occurrences of <text> inside
<file> (add -i for case-insensitivity)
$ grep -rl "<text>" <dir>
Search for all files containing <text>
inside <dir>
$ mv <file> <directory>
Move <file> to <directory> (possibly
overwriting an existing file)
$ cp <file> <directory>
Copy <file> to <directory> (possibly
overwriting an existing file)
$ cp -r <directory1>
<directory2>
Copy <directory1> and its contents to
<directory2> (possibly overwriting files
in an existing directory)
$ touch <file>
Update file access & modification time
(and create <file> if it doesn’t exist)
$ head <file>
Output the first 10 lines of <file>
SEARCH
PERMISSIONS
NETWORK
$ ping <host>
Ping <host> and display status
$ whois <domain>
Output whois information for <domain>
$ curl -O <url/to/file>
Download <file> (via HTTP[S] or FTP)
$ ssh <username>@<host>
Establish an SSH connection to <host>
with user <username>
$ scp <file>
<user>@<host>:/remote/path
Copy <file> to a remote <host>
PROCESSES
$ chmod 755 <file>
Change permissions of <file> to 755
$ chmod -R 600 <directory>
Change permissions of <directory> (and
its contents) to 600
$ chown <user>:<group> <file>
Change ownership of <file> to <user>
and <group> (add -R to include a
directory’s contents)
$ ps ax
Output currently running processes
$ top
Display live information about currently
running processes
$ kill <pid>
Quit process with ID <pid>
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COMMAND LINE CHEAT SHEET
presented by Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
GETTING HELP
THE “CTRL” KEY
HOME FOLDER
On the command line, help is always
at hand: you can either type man
<command>| or <command> --help to
receive detailed documentation about the
command in question.
Various keyboard shortcuts can assist you
when entering text: Hitting CTRL+A| moves
the caret to the beginning and CTRL+E to
the end of the line.
File and directory paths can get long
and awkward. If you’re addressing a
path inside of your home folder though,
you can make things easier by using
the ~ character. So instead of writing
cd /Users/your-username/projects/, a
simple cd ~/projects/ will do.
FILE PERMISSIONS
On Unix systems, file permissions are
set using three digits: the first one
representing the permissions for the
owning user, the second one for its group,
and the third one for anyone else.
Add up the desired access rights for each
digit as following:
4 — access/read (r)
2 — modify/write (w)
1 — execute (x)
For example, 755 means “rwx” for owner
and “rx” for both group and anyone. 740|
represents “rwx” for owner, “r” for group
and no rights for other users.
COMBINING COMMANDS
If you plan to run a series of commands
after another, it might be useful to
combine them instead of waiting for each
command to finish before typing the
next one. To do so, simply separate the
commands with a semicolon ( ;) on the
same line.
Additionally, it is possble to execute a
command only if its predecessor produces
a certain result. Code placed after the &&|
operator will only be run if the previous
command completes successfully, while
the opposite || operator only continues if
the previous command fails. The following
command will create the folder “videos”
only if the cd command fails (and the
folder therefore doesn’t exist):
$ cd ~/videos || mkdir ~/videos
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In a similar fashion, CTRL+K deletes all
characters after and CTRL+U all characters
in front of the caret.
Pressing CTRL+L clears the screen
(similarly to the clear command). If you
should ever want to abort a running
command, CTRL+C will cancel it.
And in case you should forget your user
name, whoami will remind you.
THE “TAB” KEY
The less command can display and
paginate output. This means that it only
displays one page full of content and then
waits for your explicit instructions. You’ll
know you have less in front of you if the
last line of your screen either shows the
file’s name or just a colon (:).
Whenever entering paths and file names,
the TAB key comes in very handy. It
autocompletes what you’ve written,
reducing typos quite efficiently. E.g. when
you want to switch to a different directory,
you can either type every component of
the path by hand:
$ cd ~/projects/acmedesign/docs/
…or use the TAB key (try this yourself):
$ cd ~/pr[TAB]ojects/
ac[TAB]medesign/d[TAB]ocs/
In case your typed characters are
ambiguous (because “ac” could point to
the “acmedesign” or the “actionscript”
folder), the command line won’t be able
to autocomplete. In that case, you can
hit TAB twice to view all possible matches
and then type a few more characters.
THE ARROW KEYS
The command line keeps a history of the
most recent commands you executed. By
pressing the ARROW UP key, you can step
through the last called commands (starting
with the most recent). ARROW DOWN will
move forward in history towards the most
recent call.
Bonus tip: Calling the history command
prints a list of all recent commands.
OUTPUT WITH “LESS”
Apart from the arrow keys, hitting SPACE|
will scroll one page forward, b will scroll
one page backward, and q will quit the less
program.
DIRECTING OUTPUT
The output of a command does not
necessarily have to be printed to the
command line. Instead, you can decide to
direct it to somewhere else.
Using the > operator, for example, output
can be directed to a file. The following
command will save the running processes
to a text file in your home folder:
$ ps ax > ~/processes.txt
It is also possible to pass output to another
command using the | (pipe) operator,
which makes it very easy to create complex
operations. E.g., this chain of commands
will list the current directory’s contents,
search the list for PDF files and display the
results with the less command:
$ ls | grep ".pdf" | less
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010010100101011010101101001010101001011101011010
Namespace
using Namespace;
Data Types
byte,sbyte,int,uint,short,ushort,long,ulong,float,double,decimal,bool,char,string,
object
Variable Declaration
public | protected internal | protected | internal | private <type> As
<variable_name>
If Else
if(expression)
{
<statement 1>;
}
else
{
<statement 2>;
}
C# version of IIF()
variable == ?true:false;
Type Declaration
public | internal | private <variable><suffix>
For Loop
for(statement)
{
<statement>;
}
Suffixes
f -float, l,L - long, No double suffix, U,u - unsigned
Arrays
<type>[] <name> = new <type>[ArraySize];
Initialize Array
<type>[] <name> = new <type>[ArraySize] {<value1>, <value2>, ... , <valueN>};
Change Size of Array
<type>[] <name> = new <type>[ArraySize];
Array.Resize<type>(ref <name>, <size>);
Comments
//Comment text
Multi-line comments
/* This is commented */
For Each Loop
foreach(<variable> In <object>)
{
<statements>;
[break];
[continue];
}
While Loop
while(<expression>)
{
<statement>
}
XML Comments
Press the / (forward slash) key 3 times.
Do-While Loop
do
{
<statement>;
} while <expression>;
Line Continuation
string strtext = @“To break a long string across multiple lines,
end the string, add the line continuation character
and continue the string on the next line.”;
Arithmetic Operators
+ (Addition), - (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus)
String Concatenation
+
Relational Operators
< (Less Than), <= (Less Than or Equal To), > (Greater Than), >= (Greater Than
or Equal To), == (Equal To),! = (Not Equal To), is, as
Logical Operators
& (And), | (Or), ^ (Xor),&& (AndAlso), || (OrElse)
Assignment Operators
= (Equals), += (Addition), -= (Subtraction), *= (Multiplication), /= (Division), %=
(Modulus), &= (And),|= (OR), ^= (Exclusive OR), <<= (Left Shift), >>= (Right
Shift), ??
String Manipulation
.Substring(<start>,[<length>])
.Trim() <trims from beginning & end of string>
.TrimEnd([<char array>])
.TrimStart([char array])
.ToLower() <to lower case>
.ToUpper() <to upper case>
.Replace(<find>,<replace>)
.Equals(<expression>) <6 available overloads>
.Contains(<string>)
.Join(<seperator>,<value>,[<count>])
.Compare(<string1>,<string2>,[<ignore case>]) <7 overloads available>
.Copy(<string>)
Error Handling
try
{
//<statements that may cause an error>;
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
//<statements to use when an error occurs>;
}
finally
{
//<statements to use no matter what happens>
}
Select Case Statement
switch(<expression>)
{
case <literal or type>:
<statement>;
<break>;
case <literal or type>:
<statement>;
<break>;
'
'
default:
<statement>;
<break>;
}
Function Structure
<private, public, protected, internal> [static] <ReturnType>
<Function_Name>([Parameters])
{
//body of the function;
return <ReturnType>;
}
Sub Procedure Structure
<private, public, protected, internal> void <method_name>([Parameters])
{
//body of the procedure;
}
Class Structure
public class <Class_Name>
{
//body of class
}
public
'method_prototypes
'data_attributes
private
'method_prototypes
'data_attributes
internal
'method_prototypes
static
'method_prototypes
'data_attributes
Download More Reference Sheets & Get Programming Help @
http://www.DreamInCode.net
Edited By:PsychoCoder, Martyr2
Published: October 9, 2007
Boxes
margin *
margin-top
margin-right
margin-bottom
margin-left
padding *
padding-top
padding-right
padding-bottom
padding-left
border
border-top
border-bottom
border-right
border-left
*
*
*
*
*
border-color *
border-top-color
border-right-color
border-bottom-color
border-left-color
border-style *
border-top-style
border-right-style
border-bottom-style
border-left-style
border-width *
border-top-width
border-right-width
border-bottom-width
border-left-width
Positioning
display
position
top
right
bottom
left
float
clear
z-index
direction
unicode-bidi
overflow
clip
visibility
Dimensions
width
min-width
max-width
height
min-height
max-height
line-height
vertical-align
Miscellaneous
content
quotes
counter-reset
counter-increment
marker-offset
list-style *
list-style-type
list-style-image
list-style-position
Shorthand properties
are marked with *
Paging
size
marks
page-break-before
page-break-after
page-break-inside
page
orphans
widows
css
/* Comment */
Color / Background
color
* background
background-color
background-image
background-repeat
background-attachment
background-position
Width
Visible Area
@media type {
selector {
property: values;
}
}
(Media type optional)
Styles apply to:
*
All elements
div
<div>
div *
Elements within <div>
div span
<span> within <div>
div, span
<div> and <span>
div > span
<span> with <div> as
div + span
Height
Border
Padding
Margin
parent
px
Pixels
<span> preceded by
em
1em equal to font size of
<div> ... </div>
parent (same as 100%)
.class
Elements of class "class"
ex
Height of lower case "x"
div.class
<div> of class "class"
%
Percentage
#itemid
Element with id "itemid"
in
Inches
div#itemid
<div> with id "itemid"
cm
Centimeters
a[class]
<a> with class attribute
mm
Millimeters
a[class='x']
<a> when class is "x"
pt
1pt = 1/72in
a[class~='x'] <a> when class is a list
a[lang|='en']
pc
1pc = 12pt
of space-seperated values
#789abc
RGB Hex Notation
and one of those is 'x'
#acf
Equates to "#aaccff"
<a> when lang begins
rgb(0,25,50)
Value (0 to 255) of each
with "en"
of red, green, and blue.
May also be percentages
0
0 requires no unit
Styles apply to:
:first-child
First child of element
:first-line
First line of element
:first-letter
First letter of element
:hover
Element when mouse over
:active
Active element
:focus
Element with focus
:link
Non-active, unvisited
links without mouse over.
:visited
Visited links
:lang(lang)
Element with text of
language "lang"
all
projection
braille
screen
embossed
speech
handheld
tty
print
tv
azimuth
list-style
border-collapse
list-style-image
border-spacing
list-style-position
caption-side
list-style-type
color
orphans
cursor
page
direction
page-break-inside
empty-cells
quotes
font
speak
font-family
speak-header
font-stretch
text-align
font-size
text-indent
font-size-adjust
text-transform
font-style
volume
font-variant
white-space
font-weight
widows
letter-spacing
word-spacing
line-height
Fonts
* font
font-family
font-style
font-variant
font-weight
font-stretch
font-size
font-size-adjust
Text
text-indent
text-align
text-decoration
text-shadow
letter-spacing
word-spacing
text-transform
white-space
Tables
caption-side
table-layout
border-collapse
border-spacing
empty-cells
speak-header
Interface
cursor
* outline
outline-width
outline-style
outline-color
Aural
volume
speak
* pause
pause-before
pause-after
* cue
cue-before
cue-after
play-during
azimuth
elevation
speech-rate
voice-family
pitch
pitch-range
stress
richness
speak-punctuation
speak-numeral
Available free from
ILoveJackDaniels.com
JavaScript Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/7/
Regular Expres​sions Syntax
Pattern Modifiers (cont)
JavaScript Arrays
^
x*
Allow comments and whitespace in
concat()
slice()
pattern
join()
sort()
length
splice()
pop()
toSource()
push()
toString()
reverse()
unshift()
shift()
valueOf()
$
.
Start of string
End of string
Any single character
(a|b)
a or b
(...)
Group section
[abc]
In range (a, b or c)
[^abc]
Not in range
\s
White space
a?
Zero or one of a
a*
Zero or more of a
a*?
Zero or more, ungreedy
a+
One or more of a
a+?
One or more, ungreedy
a{3}
Exactly 3 of a
a{3,}
3 or more of a
a{,6}
Up to 6 of a
a{3,6}
3 to 6 of a
a{3,6}?
3 to 6 of a, ungreedy
\
Escape character
[:punct:]
Any punctu​ation symbol
[:space:]
Any space character
[:blank:]
Space or tab
e*
Evaluate replac​ement
U*
Ungreedy pattern
* PCRE modifier
JavaScript RegExp Object
compile()
lastParen
exec()
leftCO​ntext
JavaScript Numbers and Maths
global
multiline
abs()
min()
ignoreCase
rightC​ontext
acos()
NEGATI​VE_​INF​INITY
input
source
asin()
PI
lastIndex
test()
atan()
POSITI​VE_​INF​INITY
atan2()
pow()
ceil()
random()
cos()
round()
E
sin()
exp()
sqrt()
floor()
SQRT1_2
LN10
SQRT2
LN2
tan()
log()
toSource()
LOG10E
toExpo​nen​tial()
LOG2E
toFixed()
max()
toPrec​ision()
MAX_VALUE
toString()
MIN_VALUE
valueOf()
lastMatch
JavaScript Event Handlers
onabort
onmous​edown
onblur
onmous​emove
onchange
onmouseout
onclick
onmous​eover
ondblclick
onmouseup
ondragdrop
onmove
onerror
onreset
onfocus
onresize
onkeydown
onselect
Pattern Modifiers
onkeypress
onsubmit
g
Global match
onkeyup
onunload
i*
Case-i​nse​nsitive
onload
m*
Multiple lines
s*
Treat string as single line
There's an excellent regular expression tester
at: http:/​/re​gex​pal.com/
NaN
By Dave Child (DaveChild)
Published 19th October, 2011.
Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
cheatography.com/davechild/
Last updated 11th May, 2016.
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JavaScript Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/7/
JavaScript Booleans
toSource()
JavaScript Strings
valueOf()
toString()
JavaScript Dates
charAt()
slice()
charCo​deAt()
split() x
concat()
substr()
fromCh​arC​ode()
substr​ing()
Date()
setMonth()
indexOf()
toLowe​rCase()
getDate()
setFul​lYear()
lastIn​dexOf()
toUppe​rCase()
getDay()
setHours()
length
toLoca​leL​owe​rCase()
getMonth
setMin​utes()
locale​Com​pare()
toLoca​leU​ppe​rCase()
getFul​lYear
setSec​onds()
match() x
toSource()
getYear
setMil​lis​eco​nds()
replace() x
valueOf()
getHours
setTime()
search() x
getMinutes
setUTC​Date()
getSeconds
setUTC​Day()
getMil​lis​econds
setUTC​Month()
getTime
setUTC​Ful​lYear()
getTim​ezo​neO​ffset()
setUTC​Hours()
decode​URI()
isNaN()
getUTC​Date()
setUTC​Min​utes()
decode​URI​Com​pon​ent()
Number()
getUTC​Day()
setUTC​Sec​onds()
encode​URI()
parseF​loat()
getUTC​Month()
setUTC​Mil​lis​eco​nds()
encode​URI​Com​pon​ent()
parseInt()
getUTC​Ful​lYear()
toSource()
escape()
String()
getUTC​Hours()
toString()
eval()
unescape()
getUTC​Min​utes()
toGMTS​tring()
isFinite()
getUTC​Sec​onds()
toUTCS​tring()
getUTC​Mil​lis​eco​nds()
toLoca​leS​tring()
parse()
UTC()
setDate()
valueOf()
String object methods with an x support regular
expres​sions.
JavaScript Functions
By Dave Child (DaveChild)
Published 19th October, 2011.
Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
cheatography.com/davechild/
Last updated 11th May, 2016.
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Python Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/19/
Python sys Variables
Python Class Special Methods
Python String Methods (cont)
argv
Command line args
__new_​_(cls)
__lt__​(self, other)
istitle() *
title() *
builti​n_m​odu​le_​names
Linked C modules
__init​__(​self, args)
__le__​(self, other)
isupper() *
transl​ate​(table)
byteorder
Native byte order
__del_​_(self)
__gt__​(self, other)
join()
upper() *
check_​int​erval
Signal check
__repr​__(​self)
__ge__​(self, other)
ljust(​width)
zfill(​width)
frequency
__str_​_(self)
__eq__​(self, other)
lower() *
exec_p​refix
Root directory
__cmp_​_(self, other)
__ne__​(self, other)
executable
Name of executable
Methods marked * are locale dependant for 8-
__inde​x__​(self)
__nonz​ero​__(​self)
bit strings.
exitfunc
Exit function name
modules
Loaded modules
path
Search path
platform
Current platform
stdin, stdout, stderr
File objects for I/O
__dela​ttr​__(​self, name)
versio​n_info
Python version info
__call​__(​self, args, kwargs)
winver
Version number
__hash​__(​self)
Python File Methods
__geta​ttr​__(​self, name)
__geta​ttr​ibu​te_​_(self, name)
__seta​ttr​__(​self, name, attr)
Python List Methods
Python sys.argv
append​(item)
pop(po​sition)
sys.ar​gv[0]
foo.py
count(​item)
remove​(item)
sys.ar​gv[1]
bar
extend​(list)
reverse()
sys.ar​gv[2]
-c
index(​item)
sort()
sys.ar​gv[3]
qux
insert​(po​sition, item)
sys.ar​gv[4]
--h
close()
readli​nes​(size)
flush()
seek(o​ffset)
fileno()
tell()
isatty()
trunca​te(​size)
next()
write(​string)
read(size)
writel​ine​s(list)
readli​ne(​size)
Python Indexes and Slices
len(a)
6
a[0]
0
a[5]
5
sys.argv for the command:
Python String Methods
a[-1]
5
$ python foo.py bar -c qux --h
capita​lize() *
lstrip()
a[-2]
4
center​(width)
partit​ion​(sep)
a[1:]
[1,2,3​,4,5]
count(sub, start, end)
replac​e(old, new)
a[:5]
[0,1,2​,3,4]
decode()
rfind(sub, start ,end)
a[:-2]
[0,1,2,3]
encode()
rindex​(sub, start, end)
a[1:3]
[1,2]
endswi​th(sub)
rjust(​width)
a[1:-1]
[1,2,3,4]
expand​tabs()
rparti​tio​n(sep)
b=a[:]
Shallow copy of a
find(sub, start, end)
rsplit​(sep)
Indexes and Slices of a=[0,1​,2,​3,4,5]
index(sub, start, end)
rstrip()
isalnum() *
split(sep)
isalpha() *
splitl​ines()
today()
fromor​din​al(​ord​inal)
isdigit() *
starts​wit​h(sub)
now(ti​mez​one​info)
combin​e(date, time)
islower() *
strip()
utcnow()
strpti​me(​date, format)
isspace() *
swapcase() *
fromti​mes​tam​p(t​ime​stamp)
Python os Variables
altsep
Altern​ative sep
curdir
Current dir string
defpath
Default search path
devnull
Path of null device
extsep
Extension separator
linesep
Line separator
name
Name of OS
pardir
Parent dir string
pathsep
Patch separator
sep
Path separator
Registered OS names: "​pos​ix", "​nt",
"​mac​", "​os2​", "​ce", "​jav​a", "​ris​cos​"
Python Datetime Methods
utcfro​mti​mes​tam​p(t​ime​stamp)
By Dave Child (DaveChild)
Published 19th October, 2011.
Sponsored by ApolloPad.com
cheatography.com/davechild/
Last updated 12th May, 2016.
Everyone has a novel in them. Finish Yours!
www.getpostcookie.com
Page 1 of 2.
https://apollopad.com
Python Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/19/
Python Time Methods
replace()
utcoff​set()
isofor​mat()
dst()
__str__()
tzname()
strfti​me(​format)
Python Date Formatting
%a
Abbrev​iated weekday (Sun)
%A
Weekday (Sunday)
%b
Abbrev​iated month name (Jan)
%B
Month name (January)
%c
Date and time
%d
Day (leading zeros) (01 to 31)
%H
24 hour (leading zeros) (00 to 23)
%I
12 hour (leading zeros) (01 to 12)
%j
Day of year (001 to 366)
%m
Month (01 to 12)
%M
Minute (00 to 59)
%p
AM or PM
%S
Second (00 to 61⁴)
%U
Week number¹ (00 to 53)
%w
Weekday² (0 to 6)
%W
Week number³ (00 to 53)
%x
Date
%X
Time
%y
Year without century (00 to 99)
%Y
Year (2008)
%Z
Time zone (GMT)
%%
A literal "​%" character (%)
¹ Sunday as start of week. All days in a new year preceding the
first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.
² 0 is Sunday, 6 is Saturday.
³ Monday as start of week. All days in a new year preceding the
first Monday are considered to be in week 0.
⁴ This is not a mistake. Range takes account of leap and double​leap seconds.
By Dave Child (DaveChild)
Published 19th October, 2011.
Sponsored by ApolloPad.com
cheatography.com/davechild/
Last updated 12th May, 2016.
Everyone has a novel in them. Finish Yours!
www.getpostcookie.com
Page 2 of 2.
https://apollopad.com
Regular Expressions Cheat Sheet
by Dave Child (DaveChild) via cheatography.com/1/cs/5/
Anchors
Assertions
^
Start of string, or start of line in multi-line
?=
Lookahead assertion
.
Any character except new line (\n)
pattern
?!
Negative lookahead
(a|b)
a or b
?<=
Lookbehind assertion
(...)
Group
?!= or ?<!
Negative lookbehind
(?:...)
Passive (non-c​apt​uring) group
?>
Once-only Subexp​ression
[abc]
Range (a or b or c)
?()
Condition [if then]
[^abc]
Not (a or b or c)
?()|
Condition [if then else]
[a-q]
Lower case letter from a to q
?#
Comment
[A-Q]
Upper case letter from A to Q
[0-7]
Digit from 0 to 7
\x
Group/​sub​pattern number "​x"
\A
Start of string
$
End of string, or end of line in multi-line
pattern
\Z
End of string
\b
Word boundary
\B
Not word boundary
\<
Start of word
\>
End of word
Character Classes
\c
Control character
\s
White space
\S
Not white space
\d
Digit
\D
Not digit
\w
Word
\W
Not word
\x
Hexade​cimal digit
\O
Octal digit
Groups and Ranges
Quanti​fiers
*
0 or more
{3}
Exactly 3
+
1 or more
{3,}
3 or more
?
0 or 1
{3,5}
3, 4 or 5
Add a ? to a quantifier to make it ungreedy.
Escape Sequences
Pattern Modifiers
g
Global match
i*
Case-i​nse​nsitive
m*
Multiple lines
\
Escape following character
s*
Treat string as single line
\Q
Begin literal sequence
x*
Allow comments and whitespace in
\E
End literal sequence
pattern
"​Esc​api​ng" is a way of treating characters
e*
Evaluate replac​ement
which have a special meaning in regular
U*
Ungreedy pattern
expres​sions literally, rather than as special
POSIX
Ranges are inclusive.
charac​ters.
[:upper:]
Upper case letters
[:lower:]
Lower case letters
[:alpha:]
All letters
^
[
.
$
[:alnum:]
Digits and letters
{
*
(
\
[:digit:]
Digits
+
)
|
?
[:xdigit:]
Hexade​cimal digits
<
>
[:punct:]
Punctu​ation
The escape character is usually \
[:blank:]
Space and tab
[:space:]
Blank characters
[:cntrl:]
Control characters
[:graph:]
Printed characters
[:print:]
Printed characters and spaces
[:word:]
Digits, letters and underscore
* PCRE modifier
String Replac​ement
Common Metach​ara​cters
$n
nth non-pa​ssive group
$2
"​xyz​" in /^(abc​(xy​z))$/
$1
"​xyz​" in /^(?:a​bc)​(xyz)$/
$`
Before matched string
$'
After matched string
$+
Last matched string
Special Characters
$&
Entire matched string
\n
New line
Some regex implem​ent​ations use \ instead of $.
\r
Carriage return
\t
Tab
\v
Vertical tab
\f
Form feed
\xxx
Octal character xxx
\xhh
Hex character hh
By Dave Child (DaveChild)
Published 19th October, 2011.
Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com
cheatography.com/davechild/
Last updated 12th May, 2016.
Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
www.getpostcookie.com
Page 1 of 1.
http://crosswordcheats.com
Rails 4 Cheat Sheet
by entaro via cheatography.com/4988/cs/931/
Activer record queries
Match routes
Post.w​her​e(a​uthor: 'admin')
match '/item​s/:​id/​pur​chase', to:
​ ​execute 'CREATE INDEX comics​_pr​ope​rties
Post.w​her​e(a​uthor: 'admin​').last
'items​#pu​rch​ase', via: :post
ON comics USING gin(pr​ope​rties)'
match '/item​s/:​id/​pur​chase', to:
end
Post.f​ind​_by​(title: 'Rails 4', author: 'admin')
Post.f​ind​_or​_in​iti​ali​ze_​by(​title: 'Rails 4')
Post.f​ind​_or​_cr​eat​e_b​y(t​itle: 'Rails 4')
@post.u​pd​ate​(po​st_​params) - preferred
@post.u​pd​ate​_co​lum​ns(​pos​t_p​arams) executes directly in databa​se(skip valida​tion)
Scopes
scope :sold, ->{ where(​state: 'sold') }
defaul​t_scope ->{ where(​state: 'avail​able') }
scope :recent, ->{ where(​pub​lis​hed_at:
2.week​s.ago) }
scope :recen​t_red, ->{ recent.wh​ere​(color: 'red')
}
Post.w​her​e.n​ot(​author: author)
'items​#pu​rch​ase', via: :all
Collection form helpers
Using the store_​acc​essor macro style method
in Active Record models, we can add read/write
end
accessors to key/value hstore proper​ties:
class Item < Active​Rec​ord​::Base
class Comic < Active​Rec​ord​::Base
​ ​bel​ongs_to :owner
​ ​sto​re_​acc​essor :prope​rties, :story_arc
end
end
collec​tio​n_s​ele​ct(​:item, :owner_id, Owner.all,
comic = Comic.c​reate
:id, :name)
comic.p​ro​perties # => nil
collec​tio​n_r​adi​o_b​utt​ons​(:item, :owner_id,
comic.s​to​ry_arc = 'Throne of Atlantis'
Owner.all, :id, :name)
comic.save
collec​tio​n_c​hec​k_b​oxe​s(:​item, :owner_id,
To query against hstore data in Active Record,
Owner.all, :id, :name)
use SQL string conditions with the where query
<%= f.date​_select :retur​n_date %>
method:
Comic.w​he​re(​"​pro​perties -> 'story​_arc' =
Post.i​ncl​ude​s(:​com​men​ts).wh​ere​(co​mments: {
To get started, first setup your database to use
the hstore extension:
Post.i​ncl​ude​s(:​com​men​ts).wh​ere​('c​omm​ent​s.na
class AddHst​ore​Ext​ension <
me' => 'foo')
Active​Rec​ord​::M​igr​ation
e')
def up
​ ​execute 'CREATE EXTENSION hstore'
end
def down
Flash types
​ ​execute 'DROP EXTENSION hstore'
class Applic​ati​onC​ont​roller <
end
Action​Con​tro​lle​r::Base
end
​ ​add​_fl​ash​_types :grunt, :snarl
Inde​xes
end
If you are doing any queries on an hstore
flash[​:grunt] = 'braaa​ins...'
property, be sure to add the approp​riate index.
redire​ct_to @user, grunt: 'braaa​ins...'
When adding an index, you will have to decide
<div id="​gru​nt">​<%= grunt %><​/di​v>
to use either GIN or GiST index types. The
distin​gui​shing factor between the two index
types is that GIN index lookups are three times
Concerns
concern :sociable do |options|
​ ​res​ources :comments, options
​ ​res​ources :categ​ories, options
end
resources :messages, concerns: :sociable
resources :items do
​ ​con​cerns :sociable, only: :create
end
end
​ ​has​_many :items
Postgres support
Post.i​ncl​ude​s(:​com​men​ts).or​der​('c​omm​ent​s.n​am
def down
​ ​execute 'DROP INDEX comics​_pr​ope​rties'
class Owner < Active​Rec​ord​::Base
User.o​rde​r(:​name, create​d_at: :desc)
name: 'foo' })
Postgres support (cont)
faster than GiST indexes, however they also
take three times longer to build. Checkout the
docume​nta​tion, which goes into detail about
the differ​ences.
'Throne of Atlant​is'​")
Array support
class AddTag​sTo​Art​icles <
Active​Rec​ord​::M​igr​ation
def change
​ ​cha​nge​_table :articles do |t|
​ ​ ​t.s​tring :tags, array: true
end
end
articl​e.tags = ['rails']
articl​e.save
Another example
def due_da​te_​params
​par​ams.re​qui​re(​:du​e_d​ate​).p​ermit(
​ ​:name { :tags => [] },
​ ​:da​y_o​f_m​onth, :day_o​f_week, :frequency
)
end
class DueDate < Active​Rec​ord​::Base
​ ​sto​re_​acc​essor :recur, :frequency
​ ​sto​re_​acc​essor :recur, :day_o​f_week
​ ​sto​re_​acc​essor :recur, :day_o​f_month
end
class AddInd​exT​oCo​mic​sPr​ope​rties <
Active​Rec​ord​::M​igr​ation
def up
end
By entaro
Published 5th April, 2013.
Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com
cheatography.com/entaro/
Last updated 2nd June, 2014.
Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
Page 1 of 1.
http://crosswordcheats.com
Flash ActionScript
Quick Reference
Author: Jialong He
Jialong_he@yahoo.com
http://tiger.la.asu.edu
Introduction
Using Flash to create animations on the web is popular because the flash
player is installed on most computers and the published flash file (SWF
file) is small. Flash has a powerful scripting language called ActionScript.
You can use write script to manipulate and control objects on the stage. Its
syntax is similar to JavaScript (or C++).
Note: this quick reference is based on ActionScript 2.0 language reference.
if (condition){
statement(s);
} else {
statement(s);
}
if (age>=18) {
trace("welcome, user");
}
else {
trace("sorry, junior");
}
for (init; condition; next) {
statement(s);
}
for (Cnt = 1; Cnt<10; Cnt++) {
trace(Cnt);
}
switch (expression){
caseClause:
[defaultClause:]
}
Switch (myChar) {
case "A" :
case "a" :
trace("you pressed A or a");
break;
default :
trace("you did not press A");
}
Script Example
A script can be associated with a keyframe or with an object. To test the
following script, copy it to the action panel. Press “Ctrl + Enter” to start the
flash file.
//====================
// A simple ActionScript
//====================
for (Cnt=1; Cnt<10; Cnt++) {
trace(Math.random());
}
trace ("Hello, World!");
Operator
+, -, *, /, %
+=, -=, *=, =/, =%
Add, Subtract, Multiply, Division, Remainder
Combine with assignment operator
++, --, []
Increase, decrease, Array access
==, !=, <, <=, >, >=
Comparison, equal, not equal, less than, …
!, &&, ||
Logical NOT, AND, OR
<<, >>, >>>
Bit shift, left, right, right unsigned
~, &, |, ^
Bitwise NOT, AND, OR, XOR
new, delete
Allocate (delete) an object
typeof, instanceof
get expression type, test an instance
//, /* */
One line and multiple line comments
Constants and Compiler Directives
true, false, undefined,
null, NaN, Infinity
newline
Predefined constants
#initclip
statements(s)
#endinitclip
Initialization actions are executed only once
when a SWF file is played
for (var in object) {
statement(s);
}
while(condition) {
statement(s);
}
\\========= Example=========
var intervalId:Number;
var count:Number = 0;
var maxCount:Number = 10;
var duration:Number = 20;
function myCallback():Void {
trace(count);
if(count >= maxCount) {clearInterval(intervalId);}
count++;
}
intervalId = setInterval(this, "myCallback", duration);
escape, unescape
Converts the parameter to a string and
encodes it in a URL-encoded format, where
all nonalphanumeric characters are replaced
with % hexadecimal sequences (e.g, @ to
%40).
getProperty, setProperty
Get (set) movie clip property
for (var prop in myObject) {
trace(myObject[prop]);
}
getURL
Load a web page in browser
on (event) {
var Cnt:Number = 0;
while (Cnt < 20) {
trace(Cnt);
i += 3;
}
}
Mouse/ket event handler
Press, release, releaseOutside, rollOut,
rollOver, dragOut, dragOver, keyPress
var myObject:Object = {Name:"Tara",
age:27, city:"San Francisco"};
do { statement(s) } while
(condition)
var myVar:Number = 0;
do {
trace(myVar);
myVar++;
} while (myVar < 5);
function FName(P){
statement(s)
}
function mySquared(x:Number) {
return Math.pow(x, 2);
}
class, interface, implement,
dynamic, extend, private,
public, intrinsic
Define custom class related statements
e.g.; on (press) { startDrag(this); }
onClipEvent(movieEvent: Movie clip event handler. load, unload,
enterFrame, mouseMove, MouseDown,
Object) {
MouseUp, KeyDown, KeyUp, Data.
statements;
}
onClipEvent (keyDown) {
if (Key.getCode() == Key.RIGHT) {
this._parent.nextFrame();
} else if (Key.getCode() == Key.LEFT) {
this._parent.prevFrame();
}
}
startDrag, stopDrag
play, stop, nextFrame, prevFrame Main timeline movie clip play head
control
gotoAndPlay, gotoAndStop
nextScene, prevScene
Loads (unload) a SWF, JPEG, GIF,
or PNG file from local disk or web
server into a movie clip
Makes the target movie clip draggable while
the movie plays.
my_mc.onPress = function () {
startDrag(this);
}
my_mc.onRelease = function() {
stopDrag();
}
Global Functions
loadMovie, loadMovieNum
unloadMovie, unloadMovieNum
#include “filename.as" Include external ActionScript
setInterval, clearInterval
Repeatly execute a function (or an object).
Program Flow Control
fscommand
loadVariables, loadVariablesNum Reads data from an external file
either on local disk or on web server
Lets the SWF file communicate with either
Flash Player or the program that is hosting
Flash Player, such as a web browser.
e.g, fscommand("fullscreen", true);
isFinite, isNaN
Test number
Miscellaneous functions.
getVersion , targetPath,
trace, getTimer,
removeMovieClip
duplicateMovieClip
Math
Mouse
Properties E, LN10, LN2, LOG10E, LOG2E, PI, SORT1_2, SORT2
Methods
Global Properties
Example
abs, acos, asin, atan, atan2, ceil, cos, exp, floor, log, max, min,
pow, random, round, sin, sqrt, tan
A reference to the global object that holds the
core ActionScript classes, such as String,
Object, Math, and Array.
_parent
Specifies or returns a reference to the movie clip
or object that contains the current movie clip
or object.
String
_root
Specifies or returns a reference to the root movie
clip Timeline.
Methods
This
References an object or movie clip instance.
charAt, charCodeAt, concat, fromCharCode, indexOf,
lastIndexOf, slice, split, substr, substring, toLowerCase,
toString, toUpperCase, valueOf
Example
var my_str:String = new String("Hello world");
var mySubstring:String = new String();
Properties
constructor, _proto_, prototype, _resolve,
Methods
addProperty, hasOwnProperty, isPropertyEnumerable,
isPrototypeOf, registerClass, toString, unwatch, valueOf,
watch
mySubstring = my_str.substr(6,5);
trace(mySubstring); // output: world
trace (mySubstring.toUpperCase()); //WORLD
Stage
Properties align, height, scaleMode, showMenu, width
Event
onResize
Array
Methods
addListener, removeListener
Properties CASEINSENSITIVE, DESCENDING, length, NUMRIC,
RETURNINDEXEDARRAY, UNIQUESORT
Example
Stage.scaleMode = "noScale"
var myListener:Object = new Object();
myListener.onResize = function () {
trace("Stage size is now " + Stage.width + " by " +
Stage.height);
}
Stage.addListener(myListener);
Methods
concat, join, pop, push, reverse, shift, slice, sort, sortOn, splice,
toString, unshift.
Example
var myA:Array = new Array("a","b","c");
var myN:Array = new Array(1,2,3);
var myAN:Array =myA.concat(myN);
trace(myAN.length);
// Creates array [a,b,c,1,2,3].
addListener, hide, removeListener, show
Example
var mouseListener:Object = new Object();
mouseListener.onMouseDown = function() {
trace("Mouse down");
};
mouseListener.onMouseMove = function() {
trace(_xmouse);
trace(_ymouse);
};
mouseListener.onMouseUp = function() {
trace("Mouse up");
};
Mouse.addListener(mouseListener);
Properties length
Common Classes
Object
Object
onMouseDown, onMouseMove, onMouseUp, onMouseWheel
Methods
trace(Math.log(0)); // output: -Infinity
trace(Math.atan(-1)); // output: -0.785398163397448
_global
constructor
Events
Button
Properties _alpha, blendMode, cacheAsBitmap, enabled, filters,
_focusrect, _height, _highquality, menu, _name, _parent,
_quality, _rotation, scale9Grid, _soundbuftime, tabEnabled,
tabIndex, _target, trackAsMenu, _url, useHandCursor,
_visible, _width, _x, _xmouse, _xscale, _y, _ymouse, _yscale
Events
onDragOut, onDragOver, onKeyDown, onKeyUp,
onKillFocus, onPress, onRelease, onReseaseOutside,
onRollOut, onRollOver, onSetFocus
Methods
getDepth
Example
myBtn1_btn.enabled = true;
myBtn2_btn.enabled = false;
myBtn1_btn.onRelease = function() {
trace( "you clicked : " + this._name );
};
myBtn2_btn.onRelease = function() {
trace( "you clicked : " + this._name );
};
Key
Date
Properties BACKSPACE, CAPSLOCK, CONTROL, DELETEKEY,
DOWN, END, ENTER, ESCAPE, HOME, INSERT, LEFT,
PGDN, PGUP, RIGHT, SHIFT, SPACE, TAB, UP, _listeners
Properties Only have properties inherited from Object.
Events
onKeyDown, onKeyUp
Constructor TextFormat
Methods
addListener, getAscii, getCode, isAccessible, isDown,
isToggled, removeListener
Properties
Example
var myListener:Object = new Object();
myListener.onKeyDown = function () {
trace ("You pressed a key.");
}
myListener.onKeyUp = function () {
trace ("You released a key.");
}
Key.addListener(myListener);
align, blockIndent, bold, bullet, color, font, indent, italic,
kerning, leading, leftMargin, letterSpacing, rightMargin,
size, tabStops, target, underline, url
Methods
getTextExtent
Example
var my_fmt:TextFormat = new TextFormat();
my_fmt.bold = true; my_fmt.font = "Arial";
my_fmt.size = 12; my_fmt.color = 0xFF0000;
Methods
Example
getDate, getDay, getFullYear, getHours, getMilliseconds,
getMinutes, getMonth, getSeconds, getTime,
getTimezoneOffset, getYear, setDate, setFullYear, setHours,
setMilliseconds, setMinutes, setMonth, setSeconds, setTime,
setYear, toString, valueOf, (most functions have UTC ones)
var my_date:Date = new Date(2004,4,25);
trace(my_date.getYear()); // output: 104
trace(my_date.getFullYear()); // output: 2004
my_date.setYear(99);
trace(my_date.getYear()); // output: 99
trace(my_date.getFullYear()); // output: 1999
TextFormat
this.createTextField("stats_txt", 5000, 10, 0, 530, 22);
stats_txt.setNewTextFormat(my_fmt);
TextField
Properties _alpha, antiAliasType, autoSize, background,
backgroundColor, border, borderColor, bottomScroll,
condeseWhite, enbedFonts, filter, gridFitType, _height,
_highquality, hscroll, html, htmlText, length, maxChars,
maxhscroll, maxscroll, menu, mouseWheelEnabled, multiline,
_name, _parent, password, _quality, restrict, _rotation, scroll,
selectable, sharpness, _soundbuftime, styleSheet, tabEnabled,
tabIndex, _target, text, textColor, textHeight, textWidth,
thickness, type, _url, variable, _visible, _width, wordWrap, _x,
_xmouse, _xscale, _y, _ymouse, _yscale
Event
onChanged, onKillFocus, onScroller, onSetFocus
Methods
addListener, getDepth, getFontList, getNewTextFormat,
getTextFormat, removeLisener, removeTextField, replaceSel,
replaceText, setNewTextFormat, setTextFormat
Example
my_txt.border = true;
my_txt.type = "input";
my_txt.onChanged = function(textfield_txt:TextField) {
trace(textfield_txt._name+" changed");
};
var txtListener:Object = new Object();
txtListener.onChanged = function(textfield_txt:TextField) {
trace(textfield_txt._name+" changed and notified
myListener");
};
my_txt.addListener(txtListener);
Video
XMLNode
Properties _alpha, deblocking, _height, height, _name, _parent, _rotation,
smoothing, _visible, _width, width, _x, _xmouse, _xscale, _y,
_ymouse, _yscale
Constructor XMLNode
Methods
attachVideo, clear
Example
var my_video:Video;
var my_nc:NetConnection = new NetConnection();
my_nc.connect(null);
var my_ns:NetStream = new NetStream(my_nc);
my_video.attachVideo(my_ns);
my_ns.play("video1.flv");
Sound
Properties
duration, id3, position
Events
onID3, onLoad, onSoundComplete
Methods
attachSound, getBytesLoaded, getBytesTotal, getPan,
getTransform, getVolume, loadSound, setPan,
setTransform, setVolume, start, stop
Example
var my_sound:Sound = new Sound();
my_sound.attachSound("logoff_id");
my_sound.onSoundComplete = function() {
trace("mySoundID completed");
};
my_sound.start();
attributes, childNodes, firstChild, lastChild,localName,
namespaceURI, nextSibling, nodeName, nodeType,
nodeValue, parendNode, prefix, previousSibling
Methods
appendChild, cloneNode, getnamespaceForPrefix,
getPrefixForNamespace, hasChildNodes, removeNode,
toString
MovieClip
XML
Properties _alpha, blendMode, cacheAsBitmap, _currentframe,
_droptarget, enabled, filters, focusEnabled, _focusrect,
_framesloaded, _height, _highquality, hitArea, _lockroot,
menu, _name, opaqueBackground, _parent, _quality, _rotation,
scale9Grid, scrollRect, _soundbuftime, tabChildren,
tabEnabled, tabIndex, _target, _totalframes, trackAsMenu,
transform, _url, useHandCursor, _visible, _width, _x,
_xmouse, _xscale, _y, _ymouse, _yscale
Constructor XML
Methods
Sound
constructor
Properties
Events
Example
Properties
contenttype, docTypeDecl, idMap, ignoreWhite, loaded,
status, xmlDecl
Events
onData, onHTTPStatus, onLoad
Methods
addRequestHeader, createElement, createTextNode,
getBytesLoaded, getBytesTotal, load, parseXML, send,
sendAndLoad
attachAudio, attachBitmap, attachMovie, beginBitmapFill,
beginFill, beginGradientFill, clear, createEmptyMovieClip,
createTextField, curveTo, duplicateMovieClip, endFill,
getBounds, getBytesLoaded, getBytesTotal, getDepth,
getInstanceAtDepth, getNextHightsDepth, getRect,
getSWFVersion, getTextSnapshot, getURL, globalToLocal,
gotoAndPlay, gotoAndStop, hitTest, lineGradientStyle,
lineStyle, lineTo, loadMoive, loadVariables, localToGlobal,
moveTo, nextFrame, play, prevFrame, removeMovieClip,
setMask, setMask, startDrag, stop, stopDrag, swapDepths,
unloadMovie
Example
var myXML:XML = new XML();
myXML.ignoreWhite = true;
onData, onDragOut, onDragOver, onEnterFrame,
onKeyDown, onKeyUp, onKillFocus, onLoad, onMouseDown,
onMouseMove, onMouseUp, onPress, onRelease,
onReleaseOutside, onRollOut, onRollOver, onSetFocus,
onUnload
XMLsocket
this.createEmptyMovieClip("triangle",
this.getNextHighestDepth());
triangle.beginFill(0x0000FF, 100);
triangle.moveTo(10, 10);
triangle.lineTo(10, 100);
triangle.lineTo(100, 10);
triangle.lineTo(10, 10);
triangle.onRollOver = function() {
this._alpha = 50;
};
triangle.onRollOut = function() {
this._alpha = 100;
};
myXML.onLoad = function () {
trace(this.childNodes);
}
myXML.load ("flute.xml");
Constructor XMLSocket
Events
onClose, onConnect, onData, onXML
Methods
close, connect, send
Example
var socket:XMLSocket = new XMLSocket()
socket.onConnect = function (success:Boolean) {
if (success) {
trace ("Connection succeeded!")
} else {
trace ("Connection failed!")
}
}
if (!socket.connect(null, 2000)) {
trace ("Connection failed!")
}
Gimp Quick Reference Card v.1.0
File Management
Ctr+N
Ctr+O
Ctr+S
Ctr+W
Create new image
Open existing image
Save current image
Close current image
Image Editing
Ctr+Z
Ctr+R
Ctr+X
Ctr+C
Ctr+V
Shift+Ctr+X
Undo last change
Redo last change
Cut current image/selection
Copy current image/selection
Paste current image/selection
Cut current image/selection into named
buffer
Shift+Ctr+C Copy current image/selection into
named buffer
Shift+Ctr+V Paste current image/selection from
named buffer
Ctr+K
Clear image/selection with current
background color
Ctr+, (comma) Fill current image/selection with
current background color
Ctr+. (dot)
Fill current image/selection with current
foreground color
Image Selection
Ctr+I
Ctr+A
Shift+Ctr+A
Shift+Ctr+L
Shift+Ctr+F
Shift+Ctr+H
Invert current selection
Select all image
Remove all selections
Create floating selection
Feather selection
Sharpen selection
Image Viewing
= (equal)
- (minus)
1
Shift+Ctr+I
Shift+Ctr+N
Ctr+T
Shift+Ctr+R
Shift+Ctr+S
Shift+Ctr+T
Ctr+E
Zoom in image
Zoom out Image
Zoom 1:1 scale
Open info window
Open zoom navigation window
Toggle selection on/off
Toggle rullers on/off
Toggle status bar on/off
Toggles
Shrink wrap window to image size
Image Manipulation
Alt+R
Alt+G
Alt+I
Shift+Ctr+O
Ctr+D
Switch image to RGB mode
Switch image to grayscale mode
Switch image to indexed (GIF) mode
Offset image
Duplicate image
Layers Manipulation
Ctr+H
Ctr+M
Anchor layer
Merge visible layers
Tools
D
X
O
T
Default colors
Swap colors
Color picker
Text tool
Rectangular Selection Tools
Shift+Left Mouse Button
Square selection
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Rectangle selection
with begining in the
middle of the rectangle
Shift+Ctr+Left Mouse Button Square selection with
begining in the middle
of the square
Ellipse Selection Tools
Shift+Left Mouse Button
Circle selection
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Elipse selection with
begining in the middle
of the ellipse
Shift+Ctr+Left Mouse Button Circle selection with
begining in the middle
of the circle
Zoom In/Out Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Flip Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Selection
R
E
F
Z
B
I
Select Rectangle tool
Select Ellipse tool
Select Freehand tool
Select Magic Wand (Fuzzy) tool
Select Bezier tool
Select Intelligent Scissors tool
Transform
M
Select Move tool
Shift+M
Select Magnify tool
Shift+C
Select Crop & Resize tool
Shift+T
Select Transform tool
Shift+F
Select Flip tool
Painting
Shift+B
Bucket Fill tool
L
Blending tool
Shift+P
Pencil tool
P
Paintbrush tool
Shift+E
Eraser tool
A
Airbrush tool
C
Clone tool
V
Convolve tool
I
Ink tool
Shift+D
Dodge/Burn tool
Shift+S
Smudge tool
Bucket Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Toggle flip
horizontaly/vertically
Erase Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Shift+Left Mouse Button
Cloning Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Left Mouse Button
Convolve Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Dodge/Burn Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Keyboard keys pressed before Mouse button with
Rectangular, Ellipse, Freehand and Magic Wand Shift+Left Mouse Button
Selection tools
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Subtract selection
Smudge Tool
Shift+Left Mouse Button
Add selection
Shift+Left Mouse Button
Shift+Ctr+Left Mouse Button Intersect selection
Measurement Tool
Keyboard keys pressed after Mouse key
Horizontal distance
Duble click add guide
Dialogs
Ctr+L
Shift+Ctr+B
Shift+Ctr+P
Ctr+G
Ctr+P
Open Layers, Channels & Path Dialog
Open Brushes Dialog
Open Patterns Dialog
Open Gradients Dialog
Open Pallette Dialog
Help
F1
Shift+F1
Help
Context help
Add a key as a shortcut to the menu item Open
menu, place cursor over item, press desired
shortcut key
Useful Links
Toggle fill
foreground/backgroun
d colors
Pencil, Brush, Airbrush Tool
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Pick colors from the
image
Shift+Left Mouse Button
Draw a line
Shift+Left Mouse Button
Tools + Mouse Manipulation
Toggle zoom in/out
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
Ctr+Left Mouse Button
http://www.gimp.org/
Main gimp web site
http://manual.gimp.org/
Gimp manual
http://gimp-savvy.com/BOOK/ Grokking the Gimp
book
http://registry.gimp.org/
Gimp plugin registry
Anti erase image
Erase a line
Sets the source point in
the image
Sets the destination
point, hold to draw
with clone
Toggle blur/sharpen
image
Blur/Sharpen in line
Toggle dodge/burn
image
Dodge/Burn in line
Smudge in line
Copyright © Ilia Tyker 2002 ityker@hotmail.com
Designed for Gimp version 1.2.2
Permission is granted under General Public License (GPL) to distribute
and make a copies of this card provided the copyright notice and this
permission notice preserverd on all copies
fournova
GIT CHEAT SHEET
presented by Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
CREATE
Clone an existing repository
$ git clone ssh://user@domain.com/repo.git
Create a new local repository
$ git init
LOCAL CHANGES
Changed files in your working directory
$ git status
Changes to tracked files
$ git diff
Add all current changes to the next commit
$ git add .
Add some changes in <file> to the next commit
BRANCHES & TAGS
List all existing branches
$ git branch -av
Switch HEAD branch
$ git checkout <branch>
Create a new branch based
on your current HEAD
$ git branch <new-branch>
Create a new tracking branch based on a
remote branch
$ git checkout --track <remote/branch>
Delete a local branch
$ git branch -d <branch>
Mark the current commit with a tag
$ git tag <tag-name>
$ git add -p <file>
Commit all local changes in tracked files
$ git commit -a
Commit previously staged changes
$ git commit
Change the last commit
Don‘t amend published commits!
$ git commit --amend
COMMIT HISTORY
Show all commits, starting with newest
$ git log
Show changes over time for a specific file
$ git log -p <file>
Who changed what and when in <file>
$ git blame <file>
UPDATE & PUBLISH
List all currently configured remotes
$ git remote -v
Show information about a remote
$ git remote show <remote>
Add new remote repository, named <remote> $ git remote add <shortname> <url>
Download all changes from <remote>,
but don‘t integrate into HEAD
$ git fetch <remote>
Download changes and directly
merge/integrate into HEAD
$ git pull <remote> <branch>
Publish local changes on a remote
$ git push <remote> <branch>
Delete a branch on the remote
$ git branch -dr <remote/branch>
Publish your tags
MERGE & REBASE
Merge <branch> into your current HEAD
$ git merge <branch>
Rebase your current HEAD onto <branch>
Don‘t rebase published commits!
$ git rebase <branch>
Abort a rebase
$ git rebase --abort
Continue a rebase after resolving conflicts
$ git rebase --continue
Use your configured merge tool to
solve conflicts
$ git mergetool
Use your editor to manually solve conflicts
and (after resolving) mark file as resolved
$ git add <resolved-file>
$ git rm <resolved-file>
UNDO
Discard all local changes in your working
directory
$ git reset --hard HEAD
Discard local changes in a specific file $ git checkout HEAD <file>
Revert a commit (by producing a new commit
with contrary changes) $ git revert <commit>
Reset your HEAD pointer to a previous commit
…and discard all changes since then
$ git reset --hard <commit>
…and preserve all changes as unstaged
changes
$ git reset <commit>
…and preserve uncommitted local changes
$ git reset --keep <commit>
$ git push --tags
30-day free trial available at
www.git-tower.com
The best Git Client for Mac & Windows
fournova
VERSION CONTROL
BEST PRACTICES
COMMIT RELATED CHANGES
A commit should be a wrapper for related
changes. For example, fixing two different
bugs should produce two separate commits.
Small commits make it easier for other developers to understand the changes and roll
them back if something went wrong.
With tools like the staging area and the ability to stage only parts of a file, Git makes it
easy to create very granular commits.
COMMIT OFTEN
Committing often keeps your commits small
and, again, helps you commit only related
changes. Moreover, it allows you to share your
code more frequently with others. That way
it‘s easier for everyone to integrate changes
regularly and avoid having merge conflicts.
Having few large commits and sharing them
rarely, in contrast, makes it hard to solve
conflicts.
DON‘T COMMIT HALF-DONE WORK
You should only commit code when it‘s completed. This doesn‘t mean you have
to complete a whole, large feature before
committing. Quite the contrary: split the
feature‘s implementation into logical chunks
and remember to commit early and often.
But don‘t commit just to have something in
the repository before leaving the office at the
end of the day. If you‘re tempted to commit
just because you need a clean working copy
(to check out a branch, pull in changes, etc.)
consider using Git‘s «Stash» feature instead.
30-day free trial available at
www.git-tower.com
TEST CODE BEFORE YOU COMMIT
Resist the temptation to commit something that you «think» is completed. Test it
thoroughly to make sure it really is completed
and has no side effects (as far as one can tell).
While committing half-baked things in your
local repository only requires you to forgive
yourself, having your code tested is even more
important when it comes to pushing/sharing
your code with others.
WRITE GOOD COMMIT MESSAGES
Begin your message with a short summary of
your changes (up to 50 characters as a guideline). Separate it from the following body
by including a blank line. The body of your
message should provide detailed answers to
the following questions:
› What was the motivation for the change?
› How does it differ from the previous
implementation?
Use the imperative, present tense («change»,
not «changed» or «changes») to be consistent
with generated messages from commands
like git merge.
VERSION CONTROL IS NOT
A BACKUP SYSTEM
Having your files backed up on a remote
server is a nice side effect of having a version
control system. But you should not use your
VCS like it was a backup system. When doing
version control, you should pay attention to
committing semantically (see «related changes») - you shouldn‘t just cram in files.
USE BRANCHES
Branching is one of Git‘s most powerful
features - and this is not by accident: quick
and easy branching was a central requirement
from day one. Branches are the perfect tool
to help you avoid mixing up different lines
of development. You should use branches
extensively in your development workflows:
for new features, bug fixes, ideas…
AGREE ON A WORKFLOW
Git lets you pick from a lot of different workflows: long-running branches, topic branches, merge or rebase, git-flow… Which one
you choose depends on a couple of factors:
your project, your overall development and
deployment workflows and (maybe most
importantly) on your and your teammates‘
personal preferences. However you choose to
work, just make sure to agree on a common
workflow that everyone follows.
HELP & DOCUMENTATION
Get help on the command line
$ git help <command>
FREE ONLINE RESOURCES
http://www.git-tower.com/learn
http://rogerdudler.github.io/git-guide/
http://www.git-scm.org/
The best Git Client for Mac & Windows
GIT FOR SUBVERSION USERS
presented by
TOWER — the best Git client for Mac and Windows
Creating a New Repository
Committing Local Changes
With gitinit, an empty repository is created in the current folder of
your local hard drive. The gitadd command then marks the current
contents of your project directory for the next (and in this case:
first) commit.
Inspecting your current local changes is very similar in both systems.
$ svnadmin create /path/to/repo
$ svn import /path/to/local/project http://
example.com/svn/ trunk -m "Initial import"
SUBVERSION
GIT
$ git init
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "Initial commit"
Cloning a Remote Repository
Getting a copy of the project from a remote server seems almost
identical. However, after performing gitclone, you have a fullblown local repository on your machine, not just a working copy.
$ svn checkout
svn+ssh://svn@example.com/svn/trunk
$ git clone
ssh://git@example.com/path/to/git-repo.git
SUBVERSION
GIT
SUBVERSION
$ svn status
$ svn diff | less
GIT
$ git status
$ git diff
In case you’ve created new files or deleted old ones, you should
tell Git with the gitadd and gitrm commands. You’ll be pleased to
hear that it’s safe to inform Git after deleting or moving a file or
even a folder. This means you should feel free to delete or move
even complete directory structures in your favorite editor, IDE,
or file browser and later confirm the action with the add and rm|
commands.
SUBVERSION
$ svn add <file>
$ svn rm <file>
GIT
$ git add <file>
$ git rm <file>
In its simplest form, committing can feel just like in Subversion.
With the -a option, you tell Git to simply add all current local
changes to the commit.
$ svn commit -m "message"
Inspecting History
$ git commit -a -m "message"
To inspect historic commits, both systems use the log command.
Keep in mind, however, that gitlog doesn’t need to ask the remote
server for data: your project’s history is already at hand, saved in
your local repository.
$ svn log | less
$ git log
SUBVERSION
GIT
GIT
Although short-circuiting Git’s staging area like this can make
sense, you’ll quickly begin to love it once you understand how
valuable it is:
You can add selected files to the staging area and even limit this to
certain parts (or even lines) of a file by specifying the -p option. This
allows you to craft your commits in a very granular way and only
add changes that belong to the same topic in a single commit.
$ git add <file1> <file2>
$ git add -p <file3>
30-day free trial available at
www.git-tower.com
SUBVERSION
GIT
The best Git Client for Mac & Windows
GIT FOR SUBVERSION USERS
Branching & Tagging
In contrast to Subversion, Git doesn’t use directories to manage
branches. Instead, it uses a more powerful and lightweight approach.
As you might have already noticed, the gitstatus command also
informs you about which branch you are currently working on. And
in Git, you are always working on a branch!
$ svn copy http://example.com/svn/trunk/
http://example.com/svn/branches/<new-branch>
SVN
GIT
$ git branch <new-branch>
To switch to a different branch and make it active (then also
referred to as the HEAD branch), the gitcheckout command is
used. Because switching can take some time in Subversion, it’s
not unusual to instead have multiple working copies on your disk.
In Git, this would be extremely uncommon: since operations are
very fast, you only keep a single local repository on your disk.
Everything else is taken care of for you: you can merge two
branches as often as you like, don’t have to specify any revisions
and can expect the operation to be blazingly fast if you’re merging
two local branches.
If a merge conflict should occur, Git will already update the rest
of the working copy to the new state. After resolving a conflicted
file, you can mark it using the gitadd command.
SUBVERSION
$ svn resolved <file>
GIT
$ git add <file>
Sharing & Collaborating
To download & integrate new changes from a remote server, you
use the gitpull command.
SUBVERSION
$ svn update
SUBVERSION
$ svn switch
http://example.com/svn/branches/<branch>
GIT
$ git checkout <branch>
Listing all available local branches just requires the gitbranch|
command without further arguments.
GIT
$ git branch
Creating tags is just as quick & cheap as creating branches.
SVN
$ svn copy http://example.com/svn/trunk/
http://example.com/svn/tags/<tag-name>
GIT
$ git fetch
In Subversion, data is automatically uploaded to the central server
when committing it. In Git, however, this is a separate step. This
means you can decide for yourself if and when you want to share
your work. Once you’re ready, the gitpush command will upload
the changes from your currently active branch to the remote
branch you specify.
GIT
$ git push <remote> <branch>
GIT
$ git tag -a <tag-name>
Merging Changes
Like in newer versions of SVN, you only need to provide the branch
you want to integrate to the gitmerge command.
SUBVERSION
$ svn merge -r REV1:REV2
http://example.com/svn/branches/<other-branch>
$ svn merge
(or in newer SVN versions)
http://example.com/svn/branches/<other-branch>
30-day free trial available at
www.git-tower.com
If you only want to download & inspect remote changes (before
integrating them), you can use gitfetch. Later, you can integrate
the downloaded changes via gitmerge.
SVN
$ svn list http://example.com/svn/branches/
$ git merge <other-branch>
GIT
$ git pull
Your teammates, too, will publish their work like this on a remote
(with the gitpush command). If you want to start working on such
a branch, you need to create your own local copy of it. You can
use the gitcheckout command with the --track option to do just
that: create a local version of the specified remote branch. You can
later share the additional commits you’ve made at any time with
the gitpush command, again.
SUBVERSION
$ svn switch
http://example.com/svn/branches/<branch>
$ git checkout --track <remote>/<branch>
GIT
GIT
The best Git Client for Mac & Windows
Python3 Cheat Sheet
by ordowe (hahahaha) via cheatography.com/80914/cs/19454/
Lists
Logic and Math Operators (cont)
Create an empty list
newlist=[]
Bitwise Exclusive Or
Assign value at index
alist[​index]= value
Access value at index
alist[​index]
Add item to list
alist.a​pp​end(new item)
Insert into list
alist.i​ns​ert(at position, new item)
Count # of an item in list
alist.c​ount( item )
Delete 1 matching item
alist.r​em​ove(del item)
Remove item at index
del alist[​index]
a^b
xor(a, b)
Converting Data Types
Covert
Syntax
Example
Result
Num -> string
str(number)
str(100)
'100'
int, float or long
str(3.14)
'3.14'
str(tx​t,e​nco​ding)
str(da​ta,​"​utf​8")
string
Encoded bytes ->
string
with
data
Looping
int("string",base)
int("42​")
42
For loop 0 thru 9
for x in range(10):
Num String -> int
default base is
int("101",2)
5
For loop 5 thru 10
for x in range(​5,11):
10
int("ff​", 16)
255
For each char in a string
for char in astring:
hex(in​teger)
hex(255)
'0xff'
hex(10)
'0xa'
bin(5) bin(3)
'0b101'
For items in list
for x in alist:
For indexe​s/v​alues in a list
for index,value in
int -> hex string
integer -> binary string
bin(in​teger)
'0b11'
enumerate(alist):
For each key in a dict
for x in adict.keys():
For all items in dict
for key,value in adict.items():
while <logic test>
do:
Exit loop immedi​ately
break
Skip rest of loop and do loop
continue
float -> integer
int or str -> float
String -> ASCII
int(float)
int(3.1​4159)
3
drops decimal
int(3.9)
3
float(int or str)
float(​"​3.4​")
3.4
float(3)
3.0
ord("A") ord("1")
65
ord(str)
49
again
int -> ASCII
Logic and Math Operators
chr(in​teger)
chr(65)
'A'
chr(49)
'1'
bytes -> string
<bytes>.decode()
b'ABC'.decode()
'ABC'
string -> bytes
<str>.encode()
'abc'.e​nc​ode()
b'abc'
Math Operator
Exam​ple
X=7, Y=5
Addition
X+Y
12
Subtra​ction
X-Y
2
Useful OS functions
Multip​lic​ation
X*Y
35
import os
Division
X/Y
1.4
Executing a shell command
os.sys​tem()
Floor
X // Y
1
Rename the file or directory src to dst
os.ren​ame​(src, dst)
Exponent
X ** Y
16807
Change working directory
os.chd​ir(​path)
Modulo
X%Y
2
Get the users enviro​nment
os.env​iron()
Returns the current working directory
os.get​cwd()
Equality
X == Y
False
Greater Than
X>Y
False
Less Than
X<Y
True
Less or Equal
X <= Y
True
Not Equal
X !=Y or X<>Y
True
Logic Operator
By ordowe (hahahaha)
Published 23rd April, 2019.
Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com
cheatography.com/hahahaha/
Last updated 24th April, 2019.
Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
Page 1 of 2.
http://crosswordcheats.com
Python3 Cheat Sheet
by ordowe (hahahaha) via cheatography.com/80914/cs/19454/
Dictio​naries
Misc (cont)
Create an empty dict
dict={}
Initialize a non-empty dictionary
dict= {
​ ​ ​ ​ ​#code block here will execute
​ ​ ​ ​ ​#when logic test 1 is True
“key”:”value”,”key2”:”value2”}
elif <logic test 2>:
​ ​ ​ ​ ​#code block executes if logic test 1 is
Assign a value
dict[“key”]=”value”
Determine if key exists
"​key​" in dict
Access value at key
dict[“key”], dict.get(“key”)
Iterable View of all keys
dict.k​eys()
Iterable View of all values
dict.v​alues()
python3 shebang
Iterable View of (key,v​alue)
dict.i​tems()
#!/usr​/bi​n/env python3
​ ​ ​ ​ ​#False and logic test 2 is True
else:
​ ​ ​ ​ ​#else has no test and executes when if
​ ​ ​ ​ #and all elif are False
tuples
Printing
Slicing and Indexing
Standard print
print(​'{}​'.f​orm​at(​STR​ING))
x[st​art​:st​op:​step]
x=[4​,8,​9,3​,0]
x=”4​8930”
Print string variable
print ("I am %s" % name)
x[0]
4
‘4’
Print int variable
print ("I am %d" % number)
x[2]
9
'9'
Print with +
print ("I am " + name)
x[:3]
[4,8,9]
'489'
x[3:]
[3,0]
'30'
String Operations
x[:-2]
[4,8,9]
'489'
Make lowercase
"​Ab".l​ow​er(​)="a​b"
x[::2]
[4,9,0]
‘490’
Make UPPERCASE
"​Ab".u​pp​er(​)="A​B"
x[::-1]
[0,3,9​,8,4]
‘03984’
Make Title Format
"hi world".t​it​le(​)="Hi World"
len(x)
5
5
Replace a substring
"​123​".re​pla​ce(​'2'​,'z')= "​1z3​"
sorted(x)
[0,3,4​,8,9]
['0','​3',​'4'​,'8​','9']
Count occurr​ences of substring
"​112​3".c​oun​t("1​")=2
Get offset of substring in string
"​123​".in​dex​("2")=1
Detect substring in string
“is” in “fish” == True
Misc
Adding Comments to code:
#Comments begin the line with a pound sign
Adding Multi-line Comment to code
"​"​"
Multi-Line Comment
"​"​"
Get user input from keyboard
name = input(​"What is your name? ")
Func​tions
def add(num1, num2):
​ ​ ​ ​ ​#code blocks must be indented
​ ​ ​ ​ ​#each space has meaning in python
​ ​ ​ ​ ​myr​esult = num1 + num2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​return myresult
if then else statem​ents
if <logic test 1>:
By ordowe (hahahaha)
Published 23rd April, 2019.
Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com
cheatography.com/hahahaha/
Last updated 24th April, 2019.
Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
Page 2 of 2.
http://crosswordcheats.com
HTML 5
Browser
Support
Desktop
11.0
38.0
43.0
8.0
15.0
Mobile
2.3
8.0
29.0
7.0
35.0
43.0
43.0
Below is a table showing the individual browser support specifications for each of the
major web browsers in both desktop and mobile. We have given an over all percentage
score on each browser, based on scores gathered by html5test.com
Fully Supported
Partially Supported
Not Supported
HTML Cheatsheet
Basic Tags
<html> </html>
Creates an HTML document
<head> </head>
Sets off the title & other info that isn't displayed
<body> </body>
Sets off the visible portion of the document
<title> </title>
Puts name of the document in the title bar; when
bookmarking pages, this is what is bookmarked
Body attributes (only used in email newsletters)
<body bgcolor=?>
Sets background color, using name or hex value
<body text=?>
Sets text color, using name or hex value
<body link=?>
Sets color of links, using name or hex value
<body vlink=?>
Sets color of visited links, using name or hex value
<body alink=?>
Sets color of active links (while mouse-clicking)
Text Tags
<pre> </pre>
Creates preformatted text
<h1> </h1> --> <h6> </h6>
Creates headlines -- H1=largest, H6=smallest
<b> </b>
Creates bold text (should use <strong> instead)
<i> </i>
Creates italicized text (should use <em> instead)
<tt> </tt>
Creates typewriter-style text
<code> </code>
Used to define source code, usually monospace
<cite> </cite>
Creates a citation, usually processed in italics
<address> </address>
Creates address section, usually processed in italics
<em> </em>
Emphasizes a word (usually processed in italics)
<strong> </strong>
Emphasizes a word (usually processed in bold)
<font size=?> </font>
Sets size of font - 1 to 7 (should use CSS instead)
<font color=?> </font>
Sets font color (should use CSS instead)
<font face=?> </font>
Defines the font used (should use CSS instead)
Links
<a href="URL">clickable text</a>
Creates a hyperlink to a Uniform Resource Locator
<a href="mailto:EMAIL_ADDRESS">clickable text</a>
Creates a hyperlink to an email address
<a name="NAME">
Creates a target location within a document
<a href="#NAME">clickable text</a>
Creates a link to that target location
page 1 of 2
Formatting
<p> </p>
Creates a new paragraph
<br>
AInserts a line break (carriage return)
<blockquote> </blockquote>
Puts content in a quote - indents text from both sides
<div> </div>
Used to format block content with CSS
<span> </span>
Used to format inline content with CSS
Lists
<ul> </ul>
Creates an unordered list
<ol start=?> </ol>
Creates an ordered list (start=xx,
where xx is a counting number)
<li> </li>
Encompasses each list item
<dl> </dl>
Creates a definition list
<dt>
Precedes each defintion term
<dd>
Precedes each defintion
Graphical elements
<hr>
Inserts a horizontal rule
<hr size=?>
Sets size (height) of horizontal rule
<hr width=?>
Sets width of rule (as a % or absolute pixel length)
<hr noshade>
Creates a horizontal rule without a shadow
<img src="URL" />
Adds image; it is a separate file located at the URL
<img src="URL" align=?>
Aligns image left/right/center/bottom/top/middle (use CSS)
<img src="URL" border=?>
Sets size of border surrounding image (use CSS)
<img src="URL" height=?>
Sets height of image, in pixels
<img src="URL" width=?>
Sets width of image, in pixels
<img src="URL" alt=?>
Sets the alternate text for browsers that can't
process images (required by the ADA)
HTML Cheatsheet
page 2 of 2
Forms
<form> </form>
Defines a form
<select multiple name=? size=?> </select>
Creates a scrolling menu. Size sets the number of
menu items visible before user needs to scroll.
<select name=?> </select>
Creates a pulldown menu
<option>
Sets off each menu item
<textarea name=? cols="x" rows="y"></textarea>
Creates a text box area. Columns set the width;
rows set the height.
<input type="checkbox" name=? value=?>
Creates a checkbox.
<input type="checkbox" name=? value=? checked>
Creates a checkbox which is pre-checked.
<input type="radio" name=? value=?>
Creates a radio button.
<input type="radio" name=? value=? checked>
Creates a radio button which is pre-checked.
<input type="text" name=? size=?>
Creates a one-line text area. Size sets length, in
characters.
<input type="submit" value=?>
Creates a submit button. Value sets the text in the
submit button.
<input type="image" name=? src=? border=? alt=?>
Creates a submit button using an image.
<input type="reset">
Creates a reset button
HTML5 input tag attributes
(not all browsers support; visit http://caniuse.com
for details)
Tables (use only for data layout - use CSS for page layout)
<table> </table>
Creates a table
<tr> </tr>
Sets off each row in a table
<td> </td>
Sets off each cell in a row
<th> </th>
Sets off the table header (a normal cell with bold,
centered text)
Table attributes (only use for email newsletters)
<table border=?>
Sets the width of the border around table cells
<table cellspacing=?>
Sets amount of space between table cells
<table cellpadding=?>
Sets amount of space between a cell's border and
its contents
<table width=?>
Sets width of the table in pixels or as a percentage
<tr align=?>
Sets alignment for cells within the row
(left/center/right)
<td align=?>
Sets alignment for cells (left/center/right)
<tr valign=?>
Sets vertical alignment for cells within the row
(top/middle/bottom)
<td valign=?>
Sets vertical alignment for cell (top/middle/bottom)
<td rowspan=?>
Sets number of rows a cell should span (default=1)
<td colspan=?>
Sets number of columns a cell should span
<td nowrap>
Prevents lines within a cell from being broken to fit
<input type="email" name=?>
Sets a single-line textbox for email addresses
<input type="url" name=?>
Sets a single-line textbox for URLs
<input type="number" name=?>
Sets a single-line textbox for a number
<input type="range" name=?>
Sets a single-line text box for a range of numbers
<input type="date/month/week/time" name=?>
Sets a single-line text box with a calendar
showing the date/month/week/time
<input type="search" name=?>
Sets a single-line text box for searching
<input type="color" name=?>
Sets a single-line text box for picking a color
Objects
Lists
Document Outline
<!DOCTYPE>
Version of (X)HTML
<ol>
Ordered list
<object>
Object
<html>
HTML document
<ul>
Unordered list
<param />
Parameter
<head>
Page information
<li>
List item
<body>
Page contents
<dl>
Definition list
<dt>
Definition term
<dd>
Term description
Comments
<!-- Comment Text -->
Page Information
Forms
<form>
Form
<fieldset>
Collection of fields
Empty Elements
<area />
<img />
<base />
<input />
<br />
<link />
<col />
<meta />
<hr />
<param />
<base />
Base URL
<legend>
Form legend
<meta />
Meta data
<label>
Input label
<title>
Title
<input />
Form input
class
style
<link />
Relevant resource
<select>
Drop-down box
id
title
<style>
Style resource
<optgroup>
Group of options
Script resource
<option>
Drop-down options
Note: Core Attributes may not be used
<script>
<textarea>
Large text input
<button>
Button
Document Structure
<h[1-6]>
Heading
<div>
Page section
<span>
Inline section
<p>
Paragraph
<br />
Line break
<hr />
Horizontal rule
Links
<a href="">
Page link
<a href="mailto:"> Email link
<a name="name"> Anchor
<a href="#name"> Link to anchor
<strong>
Strong emphasis
<em>
Emphasis
<blockquote>
Long quotation
<q>
Short quotation
<abbr>
Abbreviation
<acronym>
Acronym
<address>
Address
<pre>
Pre-formatted text
<dfn>
Definition
<code>
Code
<cite>
Citation
<del>
Deleted text
<ins>
Inserted text
<sub>
Subscript
<sup>
Superscript
<bdo>
Text direction
in base, head, html, meta, param,
script, style or title elements.
Language Attributes
Tables
dir
<table>
Table
<caption>
Caption
<thead>
Table header
<tbody>
Table body
<tfoot>
Table footer
<colgroup>
Column group
<col />
Column
<tr>
Table row
<th>
Header cell
<td>
Table cell
Images and Image Maps
Text Markup
Core Attributes
<img />
Image
<map>
Image Map
<area />
Area of Image Map
Common Character Entities
lang
Note: Language Attributes may not be
used in base, br, frame, frameset, hr,
iframe, param or script elements.
Keyboard Attributes
accesskey
tabindex
Window Events
onLoad
onUnload
Form Events
onBlur
onReset
onChange
onSelect
onFocus
onSubmit
&#34;
"
Quotation mark
&#38;
&
Ampersand
&#60;
<
Less than
onKeydown
&#62;
>
Greater than
onKeypress
&#64;
@
"At" symbol
&#128;
€
Euro
&#149;
•
Small bullet
&#153;
™
Trademark
onClick
onMouseout
&#163;
£
Pound
onDblclick
onMouseover
Non-breaking space
onMousedown
onMouseup
Copyright symbol
onMousemove
&#160;
&#169;
©
Available free from www.ILoveJackDaniels.com
Keyboard Events
onKeyup
Mouse Events
Understanding
the Workflow of
Version Control
presented by Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
The Basics
1
Work on an Existing Project
Start a New Project
$ git clone <remote-url>
$ git init
The “git clone” command is used to
download a copy of an existing repository
from a remote server. When this is done,
you have a full-featured version of the
project on your local computer – including
its complete history of changes.
Executing the “git init” command in the
root folder of your new project creates a
new and empty Git repository. You’re ready
to start getting your files under version
control!
2
File Status
Work on Your Files
Files that aren’t yet under
version control are called
“untracked”…
?
Modify, rename and delete files or add new
ones. Do all of this in your favorite editor
/ IDE / file browser – there‘s nothing to
watch out for in this step!
…while files that your version
control system already knows
about are “tracked” files.
A tracked file can either be
“unmodified” (meaning it wasn’t
changed since the last commit)...
m
...or “modified” (meaning it has
local changes since it was last
committed).
3
$ git status
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#
modified: about.html
#
deleted: robots.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#
login.html
#
no changes added to commit
Keep the Overview
$ git status
The “git status” command tells you what
happened since the last commit: which files
did you change? Did you create any new
ones or delete old ones?
4
$ git add about.html
#
# Changes to be committed:
#
modified: about.html
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#
deleted: robots.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#
login.html
Add Files to the “Staging Area”
$ git add <filename>
Only because a file was changed doesn’t
mean it will be part of the next commit!
Instead, you have to explicitly decide which
changes you want to include. To do this,
you add them to the so-called “Staging
Area” with the “git add” command.
5
Commit all Staged Changes
$ git commit -m "message"
$ git commit -m "Updated about page"
A commit wraps up all the changes you
previously staged with the “git add”
command. To record this set of changes
in Git’s database, you execute the “git
commit” command with a short and
informative message.
[master 9d3f32b] Updated about page
1 file changed, 29 insertions(+)
6
Keep the Overview
$ git status
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#
deleted: robots.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#
login.html
#
no changes added to commit
$ git status
Running the “git status” command right
after a commit proves to you: only the
changes that you added to the Staging
Area were committed.
All other changes have been left as local
changes: you can continue to work with
them and commit or discard them later.
7
Inspect the Commit History
$ git log
$ git log
commit 9d3f32ba002110ee0022fe6d2c5308
Author: Tobias Günther <tg@fournova.c
Date: Mon Jul 8 09:56:33 2013 +0200
The “git log” command lists all the commits
that were saved in chronological order.
This allows you to see which changes were
made in detail and helps you comprehend
how the project evolved.
Updated about page
Branching & Merging
1
Understanding Branches
BUGFIX #32 C4
C1
C3
C5
C7
FEATURE B C2
C6
We often have to work on multiple things in
parallel: feature X, bugfix #32, feature Y…
This makes it all too easy to lose track of
where each change belongs. Therefore, it’s
essential to keep these contexts separate
from each other.
Start a New Feature
$ git branch <new-branch-name>
Whenever you start a new feature, a
new experiment or a new bugfix, you
should create a new branch. In Git, this
is extremely fast and easy: just call “git
branch <new-branch-name>” and you have
a new, separate context.
Grouping related changes in their own
context has multiple benefits: your
coworkers can better understand what
happened because they only have to look
at code that really concerns them. And you
can stay relaxed, because when you mess
up, you mess up only this context.
Don’t be shy about creating new branches:
it costs you nothing.
Branches do just this: they provide a
context that keeps your work and your
changes separate from any other context.
2
HEAD Branch
C6
Switch Contexts
C1
$ git checkout <new-branch-name>
C4
C2
To start working on a different context, you
need to tell Git that you want to switch to
it. You do this by “checking out” the branch
with the “git checkout” command.
C3
feature-b
master
C5
feature-a
C7
HEAD
At each point in time, you can only work in
one context – the context of the currently
checked out branch (which is also called
the “HEAD” branch in Git).
Every commit you make – until you switch
branches again – will be recorded in this
branch and kept separate from your other
contexts.
Your project’s working directory contains
the files that correspond to this branch.
When you check out a different branch
(make it “HEAD”), Git replaces the files in
your working directory with the ones that
match this branch.
3
Integrate Changes
$ git merge <branch-to-integrate>
When your new feature is ready, you might
want to integrate it into another branch
(e.g. your production or testing branch).
First, switch to the branch that is supposed
to receive these changes. Then, call the
“git merge” command with the name of the
branch you want to integrate.
Sharing Work via
Remote Repositories
1
Track a Remote Branch
$ git checkout --track
<remote/branch>
If there’s an interesting remote branch that
you want to work on, you can easily get
your own local copy. Use the “git checkout”
command and tell it which remote branch
you want your new local branch to base off.
2
Publish a Local Branch
$ git push -u <remote>
<local-branch>
To share one of your local branches with
your teammates, you need to publish it
on a remote server with the “git push”
command.
Local & Remote Repositories
MODIFY, ADD &
DELETE FILES
Stay Up-To-Date
About Remote Changes
$ git fetch <remote>
When collaborating with others on a
project, you’ll want to stay informed about
their changes. The “git fetch” command
downloads new changes from a remote
repository – but doesn’t integrate them into
your local working copy. It only informs you
about what happened on the remote, leaving
the decision on what to integrate to you.
3
LOCAL
COMPUTER
LOCAL
REPOSITORY
REMOTE
SERVER
SHARE WORK
COLLABORATE
REMOTE
REPOSITORY
VIEW HISTORY
ADD & DELETE
BRANCHES
As Git is a so-called “decentralized”
version control system, a remote repository
is optional. In fact, everything we did until
now happened on your local machine, in
your local repository – no internet/network
connection was necessary.
However, if you want to collaborate with
others, you need a remote repository on a
server. You don’t have to share all of your
work though: you can decide for each of
your local branches if you want to share it
or not.
Integrate Remote Changes
$ git pull
To integrate new changes from the remote
repository, you simply call “git pull”.
This will update your current HEAD branch
with new data from its counterpart branch
on the remote. The changes will be directly
merged into your local working copy.
4
Upload Local Changes
to the Remote Server
$ git push
To upload the local changes you made in
your current HEAD branch, all you have to
do is call “git push”.
The best Git Client for Mac & Windows
30-day free trial available at
www.git-tower.com
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Java Comments:
Syntax for a standalone application in Java:
class <classname>
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
statements;
————————;
————————;
}
}
Delimiters
//
Use
Used for commenting a single line
/* ————— */
Used for commenting a block of code
/** —————*/
Used for commenting a block of code.
Used by the Javadoc tool for
generating Java documentation.
Primitive datatypes in Java:
Steps to run the above application:
1. Type the program in the DOS editor or notepad. Save the
file with a .java extension.
2. The file name should be the same as the class, which has the
main method.
3. To compile the program, using javac compiler, type the
following on the command line:
Syntax: javac <filename.java>
Example: javac abc.java
4. After compilation, run the program using the Java
interpreter.
Syntax: java <filaname> (without the .java
extension)
Example: java abc
5. The program output will be displayed on the command line.
DataType
Size
byte
(Signed
integer)
8 bits
0
-128
+127
short
(Signed
integer)
16 bits
0
-32,768
+32,767
int
(Signed
integer)
32 bits
0
-2,147,483,648
+2,147,483,647
0
-9, 223, 372,036,854,
775,808,
+9,223,372,036,
854, 775, 807
long
(Signed
Integer)
64 bits
1
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
Default
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Min Value
Max Value
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
3
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Java reserved words:
abstract
boolean
Break
Byte
case
try
continue
Catch
char
class
default
do
double
else
extends
Const
while
final
finally
float
if
implements
import
instanceof
int
for
goto
interface
long
native
package
private
protected
public
return
new
synchronized
short
static
this
throw
throws
transient
null
switch
super
void
volatile
float
(IEEE 754
floating-point)
32 bits
0.0
1.4E-45
3.4028235E38
double
(IEEE 754
floating-point)
64 bits
0.0
4.9E-324
1.7976931348623157E308
char
(Unicode
character)
boolean
Java naming conventions:
16 bits \u0000 \u0000
\uFFFF
1 bit
false
Variable Names: Can start with a letter, ‘$’ (dollar symbol),
or ‘_’ (underscore); cannot start with a number; cannot be a
reserved word.
Variable Declaration:
<datatype> <variable name>
Example: int num1;
Method Names: Verbs or verb phrases with first letter in
lowercase, and the first letter of subsequent words
capitalized; cannot be reserved words.
Example: setColor()
Variable Initialization:
<datatype>
<variable name> = value
Example: double num2 = 3.1419;
Class And Interface Names: Descriptive names
that begin with a capital letter, by convention; cannot be a
reserved word.
Escape sequences:
Literal
\n
\t
\b
\r
Constant Names: They are in capitals.
Example: Font.BOLD, Font.ITALIC
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
2
Represents
New line
Horizontal tab
Backspace
Carriage return
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
4
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
\f
\\
\”
\ddd
\xdd
\udddd
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
5. Switch statement
Syntax:
switch(variable)
{
case(value1):
statements;
break;
case(value2):
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
break;
}
Form feed
Backslash
Double quote
Octal character
Hexadecimal character
Unicode character
Arrays: An array which can be of any datatype, is created in
two steps – array declaration and memory allocation.
Array declaration
<datatype> [] <arr ```````````ayname>;
Examples int[] myarray1;
double[] myarray2;
Memory Allocation
The new keyword allocates memory for an array.
Syntax
<arrayname> = new <array type> [<number of
elements>];
Examples
myarray1 = new int[10];
Myarray2 = new double[15];
Class Declaration: A class must be declared using the
keyword class followed by the class name.
Syntax
class <classname>
{
———— Body of the class
A typical class declaration is as follows:
<modifier> class <classname> extends
<superclass name> implements <interface name>
{
—————Member variable declarations;
—————Method declarations and definitions
}
Multi-dimensional arrays:
Syntax:
<datatype> <arrayname> [] [] = new <datatype>
[number of rows][number of columns];
Example:
int mdarray[][] = new int[4][5];
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
5
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
7
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Flow Control:
Member variable declarations:
1. If……..else statements
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
statements;
}
else
{
statements;
}
<access specifier> <static/final/transient/
volatile> <datatype> <variable name>
Example public final int num1;
Method declarations:
<access specifier> <static/final> <return type>
<method name> <arguments list>
{
Method body;
}
Example public static void main(String args[])
{
}
2. For loop
Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment)
{
statements;
}
Interface declaration: Create an interface. Save the file
with a.java extension, and with the same name as the
interface. Interface methods do not have any implementation
and are abstract by default.
3. While loop
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
statements;
}
Syntax
interface <interface name>
{
void abc();
void xyz();
}
4. Do….While loop
Syntax:
do
{
statements;
}
while(condition);
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
Using an interface: A class implements an interface with the
implements keyword.
6
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
8
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Syntax
class <classname> extends <superclass name>
implements <interface name>
{
class body;
—————————;
}
final
Class
Cannot be subclassed.
Method
Cannot be overridden.
Variable
Value cannot be changed
(Constant)
native
Method
Implemented in a language
other than Java like C,C++,
assembly etc. Methods do not
have bodies.
static
Method
Class method. It cannot refer to
nonstatic variables and methods
of the class. Static methods are
implicitly final and invoked
through the class name.
Variable
Class variable. It has only one
copy regardless of how many
instances are created. Accessed
only through the class name.
Method
A class which has a synchronized
method automatically acts as a
lock. Only one synchronized
method can run for each class.
Creating A Package:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Identify the hierarchy in which the .class files have to
be organized.
Create a directory corresponding to every package, with
names similar to the packages.
Include the package statement as the first statement in
the program.
Declare the various classes.
Save the file with a .java extension.
Compile the program which will create a .class file in
the same directory.
Execute the .class file.
Packages and Access Protection:
Accessed
Public
Protected
Package
Private
From the
same class ?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
From a non
subclass in
the same
package ?
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
synchronized
9
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List of exceptions in Java(part of java.lang package):
From a non
subclass
outside the
package?
From a
subclass
in the same
package?
From a
subclass
outside the
package ?
Essential exception classes include Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Exception
ArithmeticException
Caused by exceptional
conditions like divide by
zero
ArrayIndexOfBounds
Exception
Thrown when an array is
accessed beyond its bounds
No
ArrayStoreException
Thrown when an incompatible
type is stored in an array
ClassCastException
Thrown when there is an invalid
cast
IllegalArgument
Exception
Thrown when an inappropriate
argument is passed to a method
IllegalMonitorState
Exception
Illegal monitor operations such as
waiting on an unlocked thread
No
Attribute modifiers in Java:
Modifier
abstract
Acts on
Class
Description
Contains abstract
methods.Cannot
be instantiated.
Description
Interface
All interfaces are implicitly
abstract. The modifier is
optional.
IllegalThreadState
Exception
Thrown when a requested
operation is incompatible with
the current thread state.
Method
Method without a body.
Signature is followed by a
semicolon. The class must also
be abstract.
IndexOutOfBounds
Exception
Thrown to indicate that an index
is out of range.
NegativeArraySize
Exception
Thrown when an array is created
with negative size.
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NullPointerException
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Invalid use of a null reference.
setPriority()
Changes the priority of the thread
Returns a reference to the
currently executing thread
NumberFormatException
Invalid conversion of a string to a
number.
currentThread()
SecurityException
Thrown when security is violated.
activeCount()
ClassNotFound
Exception
Thrown when a class is not found.
Returns the number of active
threads in a thread group
Exception Handling Syntax:
CloneNotSupported
Exception
Attempt to clone an object that
does not implement the Cloneable
interface.
IllegalAccess
Exception
Thrown when a method does not
have access to a class.
try
{
//code to be tried for errors
}
catch(ExceptionType1 obj1)
{
Instantiation
Exception
Thrown when an attempt is made
to instantiate an abstract class or
an interface.
//Exception handler for ExceptionType1
}
catch(ExceptionType2 obj2)
{
InterruptedException
Thrown when a second thread
interrupts a waiting, sleeping, or
paused thread.
//Exception handler for ExceptionType2
}
finally{
//code to be executed before try block ends.
This executes whether or not an //
exception occurs in the try block.
}
The java.lang.Thread class
I/O classes in Java (part of the java.io package):
The Thread class creates individual threads. To create a thread
either (i) extend the Thread class or (ii) implement the Runnable
interface. In both cases, the run() method defines operations
I/O class name
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Description
BufferedInputStream
Provides the ability to buffer the
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
performed by the thread.
Methods of the Thread class:
BufferedOutputStream
Methods
Description
run()
Must be overridden by
Runnable object; contains code
that the thread should perform
Causes the run method to
execute and start the thread
start()
sleep()
BufferedReader
BufferedWriter
Causes the currently executing
thread to wait for a specified time
before allowing other threads to
execute
interrupt()
Interrupts the current thread
Yield()
Yields the CPU to other runnable
threads
DataInputStream
DataOutputStream
File
getName()
Returns the current thread’s name
getPriority()
Returns the thread’s priority as an
integer
isAlive()
Tests if the thread is alive; returns
a Boolean value
join()
Waits for specified number of
milliseconds for a thread to die
setName()
Changes the name of the thread
FileInputStream
FileOutputStream
ObjectInputStream
ObjectOutputStream
PrintStream
RandomAccessFile
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input. Supports mark() and
reset() methods.
Provides the ability to write bytes
to the underlying output stream
without making a call to the
underlying system.
Reads text from a character
input stream
Writes text to character
output stream
Allows an application to read
primitive datatypes from an
underlying input stream
Allows an application to write
primitive datatypes to an output
stream
Represents disk files and
directories
Reads bytes from a file in a file
system
Writes bytes to a file
Reads bytes i.e. deserializes
objects using the
readObject() method
Writes bytes i.e. serializes
objects using the
writeObject()method
Provides the ability to print
different data values in an
efficient manner
Supports reading and writing to
a random access file
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
StringReader
Character stream that reads
from a string
StringWriter
Character stream that writes to
a StringBuffer that is later
converted to a String
The java.io.InputStream class: The InputStream class is
at the top of the input stream hierarchy. This is an abstract class
which cannot be instantiated. Hence, subclasses like the
DataInputStream class are used for input purposes.
Methods of the InputStream class:
Method
available()
Description
Returns the number of bytes that can be
read
close()
Closes the input stream and releases
associated system resources
mark()
Marks the current position in the input
stream
mark
Supported()
read()
Returns the name of the file and directory
denoted by the path name
isDirectory() Tests whether the file represented by the
pathname is a directory
lastModified() Returns the time when the file was last
modified
l length()
Returns the length of the file represented by
the pathname
listFiles()
Returns an array of files in the directory
represented by the pathname
setReadOnly() Marks the file or directory so that only
read operations can be performed
renameTo()
Renames the file represented by the
pathname
delete()
Deletes the file or directory represented by
the pathname
canRead()
Checks whether the application can read
from the specified file
canWrite()
Checks whether an application can write to
a specified file
getName()
Creating applets:
1.
Returns true if mark() and reset() methods
are supported by the input stream
2.
3.
Abstract method which reads the next byte
of data from the input stream
4.
read(byte b[]) Reads bytes from the input stream and
stores them in the buffer array
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
skip()
The java.io.OutputStream class: The OutputStream class
which is at the top of the output stream hierarchy, is also an
abstract class, which cannot be instantiated. Hence, subclasses
like DataOutputStream and PrintStream are used for
output purposes.
Methods of the OutputStream class:
Description
close()
Closes the output stream, and releases
associated system resources
write(int b)
Writes a byte to the output stream
write(byte b[])
Writes bytes from the byte array to the
output stream
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Skips a specified number of bytes from the
input stream
Method
Write the source code and save it with a .java
extension
Compile the program
Create an HTML file and embed the .class file with the
<applet> tag into it.
To execute the applet, open the HTML file in the browser
or use the appletviewer utility, whch is part of the Java
Development Kit.
The <applet> tag: Code, width, and height are
mandatory attributes of the <applet> tag. Optional attributes
include codebase, alt,name, align, vspace, and
hspace. The code attribute takes the name of the class file as
its value.
Syntax:
<applet code = “abc.class” height=300
width=300>
value= value1 >
<param name=parameterName1
value= value2 >
<param name=parameterName2
</applet>
Using the Appletviewer: Appletviewer.exe is an
application found in the BIN folder as part of the JDK. Once an
HTML file containing the class file is created (eg. abc.html),
type in the command line:
Appletviewer
abc.html
java.applet.Applet class:
flush()
Methods of the java.applet.Applet class:
Flushes the ouput stream, and writes
buffered output bytes
java.io.File class: The File class abstracts information
about files and directories.
Method
Description
init()
Invoked by the browser or the
applet viewer to inform that the
applet has been loaded
Invoked by the browser or the
applet viewer to inform that
applet execution has started
Invoked by the browser or the
applet viewer to inform that
applet execution has stopped
start()
Methods of the File class:
stop()
Method
Description
exists()
Checks whether a specified file exists
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
destroy()
getAppletContext()
getImage()
getDocumentBase()
getCodeBase()
getParameter()
showStatus()
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Invoked by the browser or the
appletviewer to inform that the
applet has been reclaimed by the
Garbage Collector
Determines the applet context or
the environment in which it runs
Returns an Image object that can
be drawn on the applet window
setBackground()
setForeground()
SetSize()
setLocation()
setBounds()
Returns the URL of the HTML page
that loads the applet
Returns the URL of the applet’s
class file
Returns the value of a named
applet parameter as a string
Displays the argument string on
the applet’s status
addFocusListener()
addMouseListener()
addKeyListener()
getGraphics()
java.awt.Graphics class: The Graphics class is an
abstract class that contains all the essential drawing methods
like drawLine(), drawOval(), drawRect() and so on. A
Graphics reference is passed as an argument to the paint()
method that belongs to the java.awt.Component class.
Methods of the Graphics class:
Method
drawLine()
Description
Draws a line between (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2) passed as parameters
drawRect()/fillRect() Draws a rectangle of specified
width and height at a specified
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
update(Graphics g)
Sets the background color of the
component
Sets the foreground color of the
component
Resizes the component
Moves the component to a new
location
Moves the component to specified
location and resizes it to the
specified size
Registers a FocusListener
object to receive focus events
from the component
Registers a MouseListener
object to receive mouse events
from the component
Registers a KeyListener object
to receive key events from the
component
Returns the graphics context of
this component
Updates the component. Calls the
paint() method to redraw the
component.
AWT Components: Many AWT classes like Button,
Checkbox, Label, TextField etc. are subclasses of the
java.awt.Component class. Containers like Frame and
Panel are also subclasses of components, but can additionally
hold other components.
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Label:
location
drawOval()/fillOval() Draws a circle or an ellipse that
fills within a rectangle of specified
coordinates
drawString()
Draws the text given as a
specified string
drawImage()
Draws the specified image onto
the screen
drawPolygon()
/fillPolygon()
Draws a closed polygon defined
by arrays of x and y coordinates
setColor()
setFont()
Sets the specified color of the
graphics context
Constructors
·
Label() - Creates an empty label
·
Label(String s) - Creates a label with left
justified text string
·
Label (String s, int alignment) - Creates
a label with the specified text and specified aligment.
Possible values for alignment could be Label.RIGHT,
Label.LEFT, or Label.CENTER
Methods of the Label class:
Method
Description
getAlignment()
Returns an integer representing
the current alignment of the Label.
0 for left, 1 for center, and 2 for
right alignment.
Sets the alignment of the Label to
the specified one
Returns the label’s text as a
string
Sets the label’s text with the
specified string
Sets the specified font of the
graphics context
setAlignment()
java.awt.Component class: The Component class is an
abstract class that is a superclass of all AWT components. A
component has a graphical representation that a user can
interact with. For instance, Button, Checkbox,
TextField, and TextArea.
getText()
setText()
Methods of the Component class:
Button:
Method
Description
Constructors
paint(Graphics g)
Paints the component. The
Graphics context g is used for
painting.
Button() - Creates a button without a label
Button(String s) - Creates a button with the specified
label
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Methods of the Button class:
Method
addActionListener()
getActionCommand()
Choice() - Creates a new choice menu, and presents a popup menu of choices.
Description
Registers an ActionListener
object to receive action events
from the button
Methods of the Choice class:
Returns the command name of
the action event fired by the
button. Returns the button label
if the command name is null.
GetLabel()
Returns the button’s label
SetLabel()
Sets the button’s label to the
specified string
Method
Description
add()
Adds an item to a choice menu
addItem()
Adds an item to a choice menu
addItemListener()
Registers an ItemListener object
to receive item events from the
Choice object
getItem()
Returns the item at the specified
index as a string
getItemCount()
Returns the number of items in the
choice menu
getSelectedIndex()
Returns the index number of the
currently selected item
getSelectedItem()
Returns the currently selected item
as a string
insert()
Inserts a specified item at a specified
index position
remove()
Removes an item from the choice
menu at the specified index
Checkbox:
Constructors
·
·
Checkbox() - Creates a checkbox without any label
Checkbox(String s) - Creates a checkbox with a
specified label
Checkbox(String s, boolean state) - Creates
a checkbox with a specified label, and sets the specified
state
Checkbox(String s, boolean state,
CheckboxGroup cbg) - Creates a checkbox with a
specified label and specified state, belonging to a
specified checkbox group
·
·
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Methods of the Checkbox class:
TextField:
Method
Description
Constructors
addItemListener()
Registers an ItemListener
object to receive item events from
the checkbox
getCheckboxGroup()
Returns the checkbox’s group
· TextField() - Creates a new text field
· TextField(int cols) - Creates a text field with the
specified number of columns
· TextField(String s) – Creates a text field initialized with
a specified string
· TextField(String s, int cols) - Creates a text field
initialized with a specified string that is wide enough to hold a
specified number of columns
getLabel()
Returns the checkbox’s label
getState()
Determines if the checkbox
is checked or unchecked
setLabel()
setState()
Methods of the TextField class:
Sets the label of the check box
with the specified string
Method
Description
isEditable()
Returns a boolean value indicating
whether or not a text field is
editable
setEditable()
Passing True enables text to be
edited, while False disables
editing. The default is True.
addActionListener()
Registers an ActionListener
object to receive action events
from a text field
getEchoChar()
Returns the character used for
echoing
getColumns()
Returns the number of columns
in a text field
Sets the specified checkbox state
Creating Radio Buttons (Mutually exclusive checkboxes):
·
·
First create a CheckboxGroup instance –
CheckboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
While creating the checkboxes, pass the checkbox group
object as an argument to the constructor - Checkbox
(String s, boolean state, CheckboxGroup
cbg)
Choice:
Constructors
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setEchoChar()
Sets the echo character for a text
field
Returns the text contained in the
text field
Sets the text for a text field
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Methods of the List class:
Method
Description
add()
Adds an item to the end of the
scrolling list
addItemListener()
Registers an ItemListener
object to receive Item events from
a scrolling list
· TextArea() - Creates a new text area
· TextArea(int rows, int cols) - Creates a new
empty text area with specified rows and columns
· TextArea(String s) – Creates a new text area with the
specified string
· TextArea(String s, int rows, int cols) - Creates
a new text area with the specified string and specified rows
and columns.
· TextArea(String s, int rows, int cols, int
scrollbars) - Creates a text area with the specified text,
and rows, columns, and scrollbar visibility as specified.
deselect()
Deselects the item at the specified
index position
getItem()
Returns the item at the specified
index position
getItemCount()
Returns the number of items in the
list
getSelectedIndex()
Returns the index position of the
selected item
Methods of the TextArea class:
getSelectedItem()
Returns the selected item on the
scrolling list
isMultipleMode()
Determines if the scrolling
list allows multiple selection
remove()
Removes a list item from a
specified position
setMultipleMode()
Sets a flag to enable or disable
multiple selection
getText()
setText()
TextArea:
Constructors
Method
Description
getText()
Returns the text contained in the
text area as a string
setText()
Sets the specified text in the text
area
getRows()
Returns the number of rows in the
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Scrollbar:
Constructors
getColumns()
text area
Returns the number of columns in
the text area
selectAll()
Selects all the text in the text area
setEditable()
A True value passed as an
argument enables editing of the
text area, while False disables
editing. It is True by default.
· Scrollbar() - Creates a new vertical scroll bar
· Scrollbar(int orientation) - Creates a new scroll
bar with a particular orientation, which is specified as
Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL or Scrollbar.VERTICAL
· Scrollbar(int orientation, int value,
int visible, int minimum, int maximum)- Creates
a new scroll bar with the specified orientation, initial value,
thumb size, minimum and maximum values
Methods of the Scrollbar class:
List:
Method
Description
Constructors
addAdjustmentListener()
Registers an
adjustmentListener object
to receive adjustment
events from a scroll bar
Returns the block
increment of a scrollbar
as an integer.
Returns the maximum
value of a scrollbar as an
integer
Returns the minimum
value of a scrollbar as an
integer
Returns the orientation of
a scrollbar as an integer
Returns the current value
of a scrollbar as an integer
· List() - Creates a new scrolling list
· List(int rows) - Creates a new scrolling list with a
specified number of visible lines
· List(int rows, boolean multiple) - Creates a
scrolling list to display a specified number of rows. A True
value for Multiple allows multiple selection, while a False
value allows only one item to be selected.
getBlockIncrement()
getMaximum()
getMinimum()
getOrientation()
getValue()
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Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
setOrientation()
setValue()
setMinimum()
setMaximum()
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Sets the orientation of a scrollbar
Sets the current value of a
scrollbar
Sets the minimum value of a
scrollbar
Sets the maximum value of a
scrollbar
Interface method
Description
actionPerformed()
Invoked whenever an ActionEvent
object is generated (button is
clicked)
Frame:
TextListener interface: Implemented by a class to handle
text events. Whenever the text value of a component changes,
an interface method called textValueChanged is invoked,
which must be overridden in the implementing class.
Constructors
Interface method
Description
· Frame() - Creates a new frame without any title
· Frame(String s) - Creates a new frame with the
specified title
textValueChanged()
Invoked whenever a Text
Event object is generated (text
value changes)
Menus:
AdjustmentListener interface: Implemented by a class that
handles adjustment events. The method
adjustmentValueChanged(), overridden by the
implementing class is invoked everytime an AdjustmentEvent
object occurs (when a scrollbar is adjusted).
· Can be added only to a frame
· A MenuBar instance is first created as:
MenuBar mb = new MenuBar();
· The MenuBar instance is added to a frame using the
setMenuBar() method of the Frame class as follows:
setMenuBar(mb);
· Individual menus are created (instances of the Menu class)
and added to the menu bar with the add() method
Interface method
adjustmentValueChanged()
Dialog: Direct subclass of java.awt.Window, which accepts
user input.
Description
Invoked whenever an
AdjustmentEvent object is
generated (when a scrollbar
thumb is adjusted)
ItemListener interface: Implemented to handle state change
events. The method itemStateChanged()must be overridden
by the implementing class.
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Constructors
· Dialog(Frame parent, boolean modal) – Creates a
new initially invisible Dialog attached to the frame object
parent. The second argument specifies whether the dialog
box is Modal or Non-modal.
· Dialog (Frame parent, String s, boolean modal)
– Same as the above. The second argument specifies the title
of the dialog box.
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Method
Description
itemStateChanged() Invoked whenever an ItemEvent
object is generated (a checkbox is
checked, an item is selected from a
choice menu, or an item is selected
from a list)
FileDialog: Direct subclass of Dialog, which displays a dialog
window for file selection.
FocusListener interface: Implemented to receive
notifications whenever a component gains or loses focus. The
two methods to be overridden are focusGained() and
focusLost(). The corresponding adapter class is
FocusAdapter.
Constructors
Method
Description
· FileDialog(Frame f, String s) - Creates a new
dialog for loading files(file open dialog) attached to the frame
with the specified title
· FileDialog(Frame f, String s, int i) - Creates a
file dialog box with the specified title. The third argument
specifies whether the dialog is for loading a file or saving a file.
The value of i can be either FileDialog.LOAD or
FileDialog.SAVE
focusGained()
Invoked whenever a component
gains keyboard focus
Invoked whenever a component
loses keyboard focus
AWT Event Listener interfaces: For every AWT event class
there is a corresponding event-listener interface, which is a part
of the java.awt.event package and provides the eventhandling methods.
ActionListener interface: Implemented by a class that
handles an action event. The method actionPerformed()
must be overridden by the implementing class.
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focusLost()
KeyListener interface: Implemented to handle key events.
Each of the three methods – keyPressed(),
keyReleased(), keyTyped() – receives a KeyEvent
object when a key event is generated.
Method
Description
KeyPressed()
Invoked whenever a key is
pressed
keyReleased()
Invoked whenever a key is
released
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keyTyped()
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Invoked whenever a key is typed
MouseListener interface: Implemented by a class handling
mouse events. It comprises of five methods invoked when a
MouseEvent object is generated. Its corresponding adapter
class is the MouseAdapter class.
Method
Description
mouseClicked()
Invoked when mouse is clicked
on a component
mouseEntered()
Invoked when mouse enters a
component
mouseExited()
Invoked when mouse exits a
component
mousePressed()
Invoked when mouse button is
pressed on a component
mouseReleased()
Invoked when mouse button is
released on a component
Invoked when the window is no
longer the active window i.e. the
window can no longer receive
keyboard events
windowIconified()
Invoked when a normal window is
minimized
windowDeiconified()
Invoked when a minimized
window is changed to normal
state
java.sql.Driver interface:
class.
Implemented by every driver
Methods of the Driver interface:
MouseMotionListener interface: Implemented by a class
for receiving mouse-motion events. Consists of two methods –
mouseDragged() and mouseMoved(), which is invoked
when a MouseEvent object is generated.
MouseMotionAdapter is its corresponding adapter class.
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
windowDeactivated()
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Method
Description
acceptsURL()
Returns a Boolean value indicating
whether the driver can open a
connection to the specified URL
connect()
Tries to make a database connection
to the specified URL
getMajorVersion()
Returns the driver’s major version
number
getMinorVersion()
Returns the driver’s minor version
number
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
jdbcCompliant()
JDBC compliant driver
Method
39
Tests whether the driver is a genuine
Description
mouseDragged()
Invoked when the mouse is pressed on
a component and dragged
java.sql.Connection interface: Represents a session with a
specific database. SQL statements are executed within a session
and the results are returned.
mouseMoved()
Invoked when mouse is moved over
a component
Methods of the Connection interface:
WindowListener interface: Implemented by a class to
receive window events. It consists of seven different methods to
handle the different kinds of window events, which are invoked
when a WindowEvent object is generated. Its corresponding
adapter class is the WindowAdapter class.
Method
Description
windowOpened()
Invoked when the window is
made visible for the first time
windowClosing()
Invoked when the user attempts
to close the window from the
Windows system menu
windowClosed()
Invoked when the window has
been closed as a result of calling
the dispose() method
windowActivated()
Invoked when the window is
made active i.e. the window can
receive keyboard events
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Method
Description
Close()
Immediately releases the database
and JDBC resources
commit()
Makes all changes since the last
commit/rollback permanent, and
releases the database locks held by
the connection
createStatement()
Creates and returns a Statement
object. It is used for sending SQL
statements to be executed on the
database
getMetaData()
Returns a DatabaseMetaData
object that represents metadata
about the database
isReadOnly()
Checks whether the connection is a
read-only connection
prepareCall()
Creates and returns a
Callable Statement object,
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
4
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
prepareCall()
prepareStatement()
rollback()
setAutoCommit()
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Creates and returns a
CallableStatement object
(used for calling database stored
procedures)
Creates and returns a
PreparedStatement
object (used for sending
precompiled SQL statements to
the database)
Discards all the changes made
since the last commit/rollback
and releases database locks held
by the connection
Enables or disables the auto
commit feature. It is disabled by
default
java.sql.DriverManager class: Responsible for managing a
set of JDBC drivers. It attempts to locate and load the JDBC
driver specified by the getConnection() method.
Methods of the DriverManager class:
Method
Description
getConnection()
Attempts to establish a database
connection with the specified
database URL, and returns a
Connection object
getLoginTimeout()
Returns the maximum number of
seconds a driver can wait when
attempting to connect to the
database
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
Java Programming Guide - Quick Reference
registerDriver()
Registers the specified driver with
the DriverManager
setLoginTimeout()
Sets the maximum number of
seconds a driver can wait when
attempting to connect to the
database
getDrivers()
Returns an enumeration of all the
drivers installed on the system
getDriver()
Returns a Driver object that
supports connection through a
specified URL
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
© 1999, Pinnacle Software Solutions Inc.
RubyForBeginners Cheat Sheet
by laurennicoleroth via cheatography.com/26292/cs/7316/
Ruby Variables
local variable
ERB
local_​var​iable
ERB
Condit​ionals
Embedded Ruby for making
if/else
dynamic HTML templates
if input == admin_​pas​sword
instance variable
@insta​nce​_va​riable
class variable
@@clas​s_v​ariable
erb
Sinatra looks in "​vie​ws" folder for
global variable
$globa​l_v​ariable
:hello
hello.erb file
Show
<% if @tweets %> <%
@tweets
@tweet​s.each do |tweet| %>
passwo​rd."​
<p>​<%= tweet %><​/p> <% end %>
end
Ruby Data Types
String
"Se​quence of
charac​ter​s." or
'Sequence of
admin​_lo​gged_in = true
else
puts "​Sorry, wrong
<% end %>
Instance
Any instance variables you declare
Variables
in your routes, will be accessible in
these erb files
charac​ters.'
Useful Ruby Methods
split
Breaks a string into an array.
join
Takes an array and joins into a
Symbol
:a_sy​mbol,
(ident​ifier)
:anoth​er_​symbol, :name
Ruby Expres​sions
Integer
42, 100, 1002, -256
seen_it = "seen
Save string to
upcase
Makes characters capital letters.
Float
again"
variable
1.1, 3.1415926, 5.5, -
reverse
Reverse characters in a string.
(floating
128.6
num = 3
Save integer to
sample
Randomly choose element.
map
Do the same thing to every
+, -, *, /, %
other_num = 5
point)
Numeric
string.
variable
Save another integer
Comparison
element.
to another variable
Methods
==, !=, >, >=, <, <=
Operators
answer = (num +
Save result of
other_num) * 6
adding​/mu​lti​plying.
Cmd+Click (Mac) or
Open links in new
Ctrl+Click
tabs.
ruby-d​oc.org ("The
Ruby coding best
puts "Dogs say #
Ruby Docs")
practices.
"​woo​f!"
{dog_​spe​ak}​"
Stack Overflow
Oops. Research your
or
puts "Dogs say " +
Return
Last line of a ruby
Value
method​/bl​ock​/ex​pre​ssion in IRB
Boolean
true or false
dog_speak =
nil
counts as false in Ruby,
everything counts as true
Array (0
letters = ["a", "​b",
indexed)
"​c"]
lette​rs[2
#returns "​c"
Research
String Interp​olation
dog_speak
error.
Guides and blog posts
Has someone done
this before?
]
lette​rs[1
["a​", "​mon​key​", "​c"]
] =
"​mon​key​"
By laurennicoleroth
cheatography.com/laurennicoleroth/
Published 25th February, 2016.
Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
Last updated 25th February, 2016.
Measure your website readability!
Page 1 of 3.
https://readability-score.com
RubyForBeginners Cheat Sheet
by laurennicoleroth via cheatography.com/26292/cs/7316/
Sinatra
Sinatra
Routing
Array Methods
Framework for building a web
Add to end of array: letters <<
Remove
perso​n.d​ele​te(​:sex) #
server written in Ruby
"​ele​pha​nt" or
value by
returns "​fem​ale​"
Action taken in response to
lette​rs.p​us​h("e​lep​han​t")
request
Path
text and slashes after domain
http:/​/lo​cal​h Sinatra looks for get '/hello'
os​t:4​567​/he
push
<<
Shovel operator. Push to end of
array.
unshift
Add element to beginning of array:
lette​rs.u​ns​hif​t("z​ebr​a")
llo
get '/hello' do
#code to return a
pop
shift
response to the browser
end
String
get '/hello'
Response
Greeting Method
def
Accepts Name
create​_gr​eet​ing​(nam
e)
lette​rs.pop
return "​Wel​come, #
Remove from start of array.
{name​}"
lette​rs.s​hift
end
Call a method with arguments.
Call Greeting
creat​e_g​ree​tin​g("L​a
(​arg​um
Some methods require no
Method
ur​en")
"Hello, friendly web
lette​rs
travel​er!​"
.pop
arguments.
#returns 'Welcome,
Method without arguments.
Hashes
Lauren​"
Upcase On Call
creat​e_g​ree​tin​g("L​a
To Greeting
ur​en").up​case
Method
Instan​tiate
person = {:name =>
Arguments
Input given to methods.
erb :hello
a Hash
"​Lau​ren​", :age => 89,
Parameters
Define what can be
end
rockets)
Response
Get tweets
Methods
.meth​od
e​nts)
get '/hello' do
key.
Remove from end of array.
end
HTML File
Hashes (cont)
get '/' do
route
@tweets =
(hash
method without explicit
"​fem​ale​"}
"​ret​urn​"
(shortcut)
perso​n[:​name] # returns
erb :index
key.
"​Lau​ren​"
route
Returning last line of
"​Lau​ren​", age: 89, sex:
value by
'/'
Implicit Return
a Hash
Access
Get server to run code in get '/'
Output from a function
person = {name:
{ |tweet| tweet.text }
Redirect
Return value
Instan​tiate
$clien​t.u​ser​_ti​mel​ine.map
end
passed to a method.
:sex => "​fem​ale​"}
Update
perso​n[:age] = 12
value by
key.
Command Line
Ruby
Download, install, and use ruby
gems
software packages on your system
$
Get Ruby Version
ruby
Insert key,
perso​n[:​gender] = "cis
value pair.
female​"
-v
$
Load up intera​ctive Ruby
irb
By laurennicoleroth
cheatography.com/laurennicoleroth/
Published 25th February, 2016.
Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
Last updated 25th February, 2016.
Measure your website readability!
Page 2 of 3.
https://readability-score.com
RubyForBeginners Cheat Sheet
by laurennicoleroth via cheatography.com/26292/cs/7316/
Command Line (cont)
$ gem install
Loops
Install sinatra gem
times
sinatra
Twitter API (cont)
10.times do
puts "​Hel​lo!​"
$ gem install
Install twitter gem
twitter
$ ruby
Tell Ruby interp​reter to
server.rb
run code.
Ctrl+C
Stop server from
end
times
Server
each
puts "​#{c​oun​ter​}"
do |config|
end
confi​g.c​ons​ume​r_key =
"​YOU​R_C​ONS​UME​R_K​EY"
letters = ["a", "​b",
config.co​nsu​mer​_secret =
"​c"]
"​YOU​R_C​ONS​UME​R_S​ECR​ET"
requests made by the
lette​rs.each do |letter|
(client) browser
puts "​Letter #{lett​er}​"
"​YOU​R_A​CCE​SS_​TOK​EN"
end
config.ac​ces​s_t​oke​n_s​ecret
clients and servers
map
config.ac​ces​s_token =
= "​YOU​R_A​CCE​SS_​SEC​RET​"
capit​al_​letters =
end
letter​s.map do |letter|
GET, POST, PUT,
PATCH, DELETE
lette​r.u​pcase
Get
Request Tweets​(data)
end
timeline
from Twitter API
POST
variable
Twitte​r::​RES​T::​Cli​ent.new
commun​ication between
GET
global
$client =
protocol enabling
HTTP Verbs
$client
counter
has IP address, processes
HTTP
require twitter
Twitter
loop with
running.
Web and HTTP
10.times do |counter|
Set up
Submit Tweet(​data) to
block
lette​rs.each { |letter|
style
Send
$clie​nt.u​pd​ate​("omg I am
puts "​Upcase #
tweet
tweeting from the command
Twitter API
https:
scheme
twitte​r.com
domain
lauren​_n_​rot​h/s​tat​
path
$clie​nt.u​se​r_t​ime​line
user
{lett​er.u​pc​ase​}!" }
elegant
capitals = letter​s.map {
map
|letter| letter.upcase }
method
line. So cool!")
us/​699​996​428​429​5‐
61856
Params hash
Twitter API
param​s[:​tweet]
Download
bit.ly​/db​c-t​wit​ter​-si​natra
files
Sign Up
apps.t​wit​ter.com
To Use
Twitter
API
Create
1. Create new App 2. Create
New App
Access Tokens 3. Ensure
permis​sions are read/write
By laurennicoleroth
cheatography.com/laurennicoleroth/
Published 25th February, 2016.
Sponsored by Readability-Score.com
Last updated 25th February, 2016.
Measure your website readability!
Page 3 of 3.
https://readability-score.com
Arrays
array_intersect
array_merge
array_pop
array_push
array_reverse
array_walk
count
in_array
Date and Time
date
mktime
strtotime
time
Filesystem
clearstatcache
copy
fclose
fgets
file
filemtime
filesize
file_exists
fopen
fread
fwrite
is_dir
is_file
readfile
^
Start of string
Y
4 digit year
2005
$
End of string
y
2 digit year
05
.
Any single character
F
Long month
January
(a|b)
a or b
M
Short month
Jan
(...)
Group section
m
Month (leading zeros)
01 to 12
[abc]
Item in range (a or b or c)
n
Month
1 to 12
[^abc]
Not in range (not a or b or c)
D
Short day name
Mon
\s
White space
l
Long day name
Monday
a?
Zero or one of a
d
Day (leading zeros)
01 to 31
a*
Zero or more of a
j
Day
1 to 31
a+
One or more of a
a{3}
Exactly 3 of a
h
12 Hour (leading zeros)
01 to 12
a{3,}
3 or more of a
g
12 Hour
1 to 12
a{3,6}
Between 3 and 6 of a
H
24 Hour (leading zeros)
00 to 23
\
Escape character
G
24 Hour
0 to 23
i
Minutes (leading zeros)
00 to 59
s
Seconds (leading zeros)
00 to 59
w
Day of week
0 to 6
z
Day of year
W
Week of year
t
Days in month
[:punct:]
Any punctuation symbol
[:space:]
Any space character
[:blank:]
Space or tab
1
0 to 365
1 to 53
2
28 to 31
i
Case-insensitive
Headers
header
headers_sent
setcookie
s
Period matches newline
a
^ and $ match lines
A
Ungreedy matching
B
Swatch Internet Time
000 to 999
e
Evaluate replacement
S
Ordinal Suffix
st, nd, td, th
Mail
mail
x
Pattern over several lines
GMT
Numbers
ceil
floor
number_format
round
Miscellaneous
define
eval
exit
Network
fsockopen
PHP Options
ini_get
ini_restore
ini_set
phpinfo
Execution
exec
m
U
array_push ( array, element )
in_array ( needle, haystack )
explode ( separator, string )
split ( pattern, string )
preg_split ( pattern, string )
ereg ( pattern, string )
strpos ( haystack, needle )
am or pm
AM or PM
T
Timezone of machine
Z
Timezone offset (seconds)
O
Difference to GMT (hours)
+0200
I
Daylight savings
1 or 0
L
Leap year
1 or 0
U
Seconds since Epoch
c
ISO 8601 (PHP 5)
r
RFC 2822
3
1. date("w"): 0 is Sunday, 6 is Saturday.
str_replace ( search, replace, string )
2. Week that overlaps two years belongs to
year that contains most days of that
week. Hence week number for 1st January
r
Read
r+
Read and write, prepend
w
Write, truncate
w+
Read and write, truncate
a
Write, append
a+
Read and write, append
of a given year can return 53rd week if
week belongs to previous year.
date("W", mktime(0, 0, 0, 12, 28, $year))
always gives correct number of weeks in
$year.
3. The Epoch was the 1st January 1970.
Regex
ereg
eregi
ereg_replace
eregi_replace
split
spliti
preg_match
preg_match_all
preg_replace
preg_split
Sessions
session_destroy
session_id
session_start
Strings
addslashes
crypt
echo
explode
implode
md5
nl2br
sprintf
strip_tags
stripslashes
stristr
strpos
strrev
strstr
strtolower
strtoupper
str_replace
substr
trim
URLs
rawurldecode
rawurlencode
urldecode
urlencode
Variables
empty
is_array
is_int
is_null
is_numeric
is_object
isset
serialize
unserialize
SuperGlobals
$_ENV
$_GET
$_POST
$_COOKIE
$_SESSION
$_SERVER
$_FILES
$_REQUEST
$GLOBALS
Available free from www.ILoveJackDaniels.com
010010100101011010101101001010101001011101011010
Data Types
integer, float, boolean, string, array, object, resource, NULL
Super Globals
$GLOBALS (Access all global variables in script)
$_SERVER (Access web server variables)
$_GET (Values passed to script through URL)
$_POST (Values passed to script through HTTP Post)
$_COOKIE (Values passed by user cookie)
$_FILES (Values
(
passed by HTTP Post File Uploads)
$_ENV (Values passed to script via the environment)
$_REQUEST (Values passed by URL, HTTP Post, or user Cookies)
$_SESSION (Values passed through user's session)
Variable Declarations
$variablename = <value>;
$anothervariable =& $variablename; (Assign by Reference)
Declare Array
$arrayname = array();
Initialize Array
$arrayname = array(<value1>, <value2>, <value3>);
$arrayname = array(<key> => <value>, <key> => <value>); (Define Keys)
$multiarray = array(<key> => array(<value1>,<value2>)); (Multi-dimensional)
If Else
if (<condition 1>)
{ <statement 1>; }
elseif (<condition 2>)
{ <statement 2>; }
else
{ <statement 3>; }
Common Array Functions
sort(<array>); (Sort array assigns new keys)
asort(<array>); (Sort array maintain keys)
rsort(<array>); (Sort array in reverse, new keys)
arsort(<array>); (Sort array in reverse, maintain keys)
count(<array>); (Count elements)
count(<array>,COUNT_RECURSIVE); (Count multidimensional array)
array_push(<array>,<value>); (Push item onto end of array)
array_pop(<array>); (Pop item off end of array)
Inline If (Ternary)
<condition> ? true : false;
For Loop
for (<initialize>;<condition>;<update>)
{
<statements>;
}
Comments
// Comment text
/* Multi-line comment text */
# Comment text
Arithmetic Operators
+ (Addition), - (Subtraction), * (Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus)
Relational Operators
== (Equal), === (Equal with type comparison), != (Not equal), <> (Not equal), !== (Not Equal
with type comparison), < (Less than), > (Greater than), <= (Less than or equal to), >=
(Greater than or equal to)
Logical Operators
! (logical NOT), && (logical AND), || (logical OR), xor (logical XOR)
Assignment Operators
= (Assign), += (Addition), -= (Subtraction), *= (Multiplication), /= (Division), .=
(Concatenation), %= (Modulus), &= (And), |= (Or), ^= (Exclusive Or), <<= (Left Shift), >>=
(Right Shift)
String Concatenation
. (Period)
String Manipulation
substr(<string>,<start>,[<length>]);
strlen(<string>);
trim(<string>);
ltrim(<string>); // Trim left
rtrim(<string>); // Trim right
strtolower(<string>);
strtoupper(<string>);
str_replace(<search>,<replace>,<string>,[<count>]);
strpos(<string>, <search>);
strcmp(<string1>,<string2>); (Binary safe string comparison)
strcasecmp(<string1>,<string2>); (Binary safe case-insensitive comparison)
explode(<delim>,<string>,[<limit>]); (Break string into array)
implode(<delim>,<array>); (Join array into string separated by delim)
Cookies
setcookie (<cookiename>, [<value>],[<expire_time_in_secs_since_epoch>]);
$_COOKIE['cookiename']; (Returns value of cookie)
Sessions
session_start(); (Create session)
$_SESSION['key_name'] = value; (Set session variable)
$variablename = $_SESSION['key_name']; (Retrieve value from session variable)
session_destroy(); (Destroy session)
Error Handling
try {
<statements that may cause error>;
}
catch (<Exception Class> $exception_name)
{
<statements to execute when error is caught>;
}
For Each Loop
foreach (<array> as [<value> |<key> => <value>])
{
<statements>;
[break];
[continue];
}
While Loop
while (<condition>)
{
<statements>;
}
Do-While Loop
do
{
<statements>;
} while (<condition>);
Switch
switch (<expression>)
{
case <literal or type>:
<statements>;
[break;]
case <literal or type>:
<statements>;
[break;]
default:
<statements>;
}
Function Structure
function <function_name>([<parameters>])
{
<statements>;
[return <value>;]
}
Class Structure
class <class_name> [<extends base_class>]
{
[var | <modifiers*>] [<class member variables>];
[<modifiers*>] function <function_name>([<parameters>])
{
<statements>;
}
}
* Modifiers <public | pr ivate | static> are implemented in PHP5
Declare and Use Class
$variable = new class_name();
$variable->function_name();
class_name::function_name(); (Static call)
Download More Reference Sheets & Get Programming Help @
http://www.DreamInCode.net
Edited By: hotsnoj, Martyr2
Published: October 18, 2007
sys Variables
String Methods
Datetime Methods
capitalize() *
lstrip()
today()
fromordinal(ordinal)
builtin_module_names Linked C modules
center(width)
partition(sep)
now(timezoneinfo)
combine(date, time)
byteorder
Native byte order
count(sub, start, end)
replace(old, new)
utcnow()
strptime(date, format)
check_interval
Signal check frequency
decode()
rfind(sub, start ,end)
fromtimestamp(timestamp)
utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)
argv
Command line args
exec_prefix
Root directory
encode()
rindex(sub, start, end)
executable
Name of executable
endswith(sub)
rjust(width)
exitfunc
Exit function name
expandtabs()
rpartition(sep)
modules
Loaded modules
find(sub, start, end) rsplit(sep)
path
Search path
index(sub, start, end)
rstrip()
replace()
utcoffset()
platform
Current platform
isalnum() *
split(sep)
isoformat()
dst()
stdin, stdout, stderr
File objects for I/O
isalpha() *
splitlines()
__str__()
tzname()
version_info
Python version info
isdigit() *
startswith(sub)
strftime(format)
winver
Version number
islower() *
strip()
isspace() *
swapcase() *
istitle() *
title() *
sys.argv for $ python foo.py bar -c qux --h
Time Methods
Date Formatting (strftime and strptime)
isupper() *
translate(table)
%a Abbreviated weekday (Sun)
foo.py
join()
upper() *
%A Weekday (Sunday)
sys.argv[1]
bar
ljust(width)
zfill(width)
sys.argv[2]
-c
lower() *
sys.argv[0]
sys.argv[3]
qux
sys.argv[4]
--h
%b Abbreviated month name (Jan)
%B Month name (January)
%c Date and time
Note
Methods marked * are locale
dependant for 8-bit strings.
%d Day (leading zeros) (01 to 31)
%H 24 hour (leading zeros) (00 to 23)
%I 12 hour (leading zeros) (01 to 12)
os Variables
%j
List Methods
Day of year (001 to 366)
altsep
Alternative sep
curdir
Current dir string
append(item)
pop(position)
defpath
Default search path
count(item)
remove(item)
%p AM or PM
devnull
Path of null device
extend(list)
reverse()
%S Second (00 to 61 4)
extsep
Extension separator
index(item)
sort()
%U Week number
linesep
Line separator
insert(position, item)
name
Name of OS
%W Week number
pardir
Parent dir string
%x Date
pathsep
Patch separator
sep
Path separator
Note
Registered OS names: “posix”, “nt”,
“mac”, “os2”, “ce”, “java”, “riscos”
Class Special Methods
%m Month (01 to 12)
%M Minute (00 to 59)
%w Weekday
File Methods
2
1
(00 to 53)
(0 to 6)
3
(00 to 53)
%X Time
close()
readlines(size)
%y Year without century (00 to 99)
flush()
seek(offset)
%Y Year (2008)
fileno()
tell()
%Z Time zone (GMT)
isatty()
truncate(size)
%% A literal "%" character (%)
next()
write(string)
read(size)
writelines(list)
1.
readline(size)
Sunday as start of week. All days in a
new year preceding the first Sunday
are considered to be in week 0.
__new__(cls)
__lt__(self, other)
__init__(self, args)
__le__(self, other)
__del__(self)
__gt__(self, other)
__repr__(self)
__ge__(self, other)
len(a)
6
__str__(self)
Indexes and Slices (of a=[0,1,2,3,4,5])
2.
0 is Sunday, 6 is Saturday.
3.
Monday as start of week. All days in a
__eq__(self, other)
a[0]
0
__cmp__(self, other) __ne__(self, other)
a[5]
5
new year preceding the first Monday
__index__(self)
a[-1]
5
are considered to be in week 0.
__hash__(self)
a[-2]
4
__getattr__(self, name)
a[1:]
[1,2,3,4,5]
__getattribute__(self, name)
a[:5]
[0,1,2,3,4]
account of leap and double-leap
__setattr__(self, name, attr)
a[:-2]
[0,1,2,3]
seconds.
__delattr__(self, name)
a[1:3]
[1,2]
__call__(self, args, kwargs)
a[1:-1]
[1,2,3,4]
b=a[:]
Shallow copy of a
__nonzero__(self)
4.
This is not a mistake. Range takes
Available free from AddedBytes.com
DEFAULT DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
rails_root
app
apis
controllers
application.rb
helpers
application_helper.rb
models
Methods
Strings
capitalize!
center
chomp!
chop!
concat
count
crypt
delete!
downcase!
dump
each
each_byte
empty?
gsub!
hash
hex
include?
index
intern
length
ljust, rjust
next!
oct
replace
reverse!
rindex
scan
slice!
split
squeeze!
strip!
sub!
sum
swapcase!
tr!
tr_s!
unpack
upcase!
upto
Regex
escape
last_match
new
quote
casefold?
kcode
match
source
Time
asctime
ctime
day
gmt?
gmtime
hour
isdst
localtime
mday
min
mon
month
sec
strftime
tv_sec
tv_usec
usec
utc
utc?
wday
yday
year
zone
views
layouts
components
config
environments
development.rb
production.rb
test.rb
database.yml
environment.rb
routes.rb
db
doc
lib
log
development.log
Methods
PRE-DEFINED VARIABLES
$!
Exception information
$&
String of last match
$`
String left of last match
$'
String right of last match
$+
Last group of last match
$N
Nth group of last match
$=
Case insensitive flag
$/
Input record separator
$\
Output record separator
$,
Output field separator
$.
Current line number of
last file read
$>
Default output for print
$_
Last input line of string
$0
Name of script
$*
Command line arguments
$stderr
Standard error output
$stdin
Standard input
$stdout
Standard output
$-a
True if -a is set.
$-d
Status of -d switch
$-l
True if -l is set
$-p
True if -p is set
$-v
Verbose Flag
production.log
server.log
test.log
public
images
javascripts
controls.js
dragdrop.js
effects.js
prototype.js
stylesheets
.htaccess
404.html
500.html
dispatch.cgi
dispatch.fcgi
dispatch.rb
favicon.ico
index.html
script
test
fixtures
functional
mocks
development
test
unit
test_helper.rb
vendor
METHODS NOTE
! - Denotes where a tailing ! may be
! - used. A colourless ! denotes that the
! - ! is compulsory.
RESERVED WORDS
=begin
elsif
rescue
=end
end
retry
BEGIN
ensure
return
END
false
self
alias
for
super
and
if
then
begin
in
true
break
module
undef
case
next
unless
class
nil
until
def
not
when
defined?
or
while
do
redo
yield
else
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS SYNTAX
^
Start of string
$
End of string
.
Any single character
(a|b)
a or b
(...)
Group section
[abc]
Item in range (a or b or c)
[^abc]
Not in range (not a or b or c)
a?
Zero or one of a
a*
Zero or more of a
a+
One or more of a
a{3}
Exactly 3 of a
a{3,}
3 or more of a
Arrays
assoc
at
clear
collect!
compact!
concat
delete
delete_at
delete_if
each
each_index
empty?
eql?
fill
first
flatten!
include?
index
indexes
join
last
length
nitems
pack
pop
push
rassoc
reject!
replace
reverse!
reverse_each
rindex
shift
slice!
sort!
uniq!
unshift
Validation
condition_block?
create!
evaluate_condition
validate
validate_on_create
validate_on_update
validates_acceptance_of
validates_associated
validates_confirmation_of
validates_each
validates_exclusion_of
validates_format_of
validates_inclusion_of
validates_length_of
validates_numericality_of
validates_presence_of
validates_size_of
validates_uniqueness_of
Enumerable Mixin
collect
each_with_index
entries
find
find_all
grep
include?
max
min
reject
sort
Between 3 and 6 of a
!(pattern) "Not" prefix. Apply rule when
Available free from
ILoveJackDaniels.com
URL does not match pattern.
Ruby on Rails Logo
used with permission.
a{3,6}
http://steve-parker.org/sh/sh.shtml
v1.1 – 7 Aug 2007
UNIX / Linux Shell Cheat Sheet
File Manipulation
Test Operators
Variable Substitution
> file
create (overwrite) file
if [ “$x” -lt “$y” ]; then
${V:-def}
$V, or “def” if unset
>> file
>file 2>&1
append to file
both output and errors to file
fi
${V:=def}
${V:?err}
$V (set to “def” if unset)
$V, or “err” if unset
< file
a|b
read from file
pipe output from 'a' as input to 'b'
Numeric Tests
Conditional Execution
lt
gt
less than
greater than
c1 || c2
c1 && c2
read text
eq
ne
equal to
not equal
Common utilities and switches
echo “Line is $f”
done < file
file line
by line
ge
le
greater or equal
less or equal
$ grep foo myfile
afoo
find
Common Constructs
while read f
do
# do something
run c1; if it fails, run c2
run c1; if it works, run c2
ls -lSr
ls -ltr
ls -lh
list files, biggest last
list files, newest last
human-readable filesizes
File Tests
nt
newer than
du -sk *
sort -n
directory sizes (slow)
sort numerically (not alpha)
foo
foobar
matching
lines
d
f
is a directory
is a file
ps -ef
wget URL
list my commands
download URL
$ cut -d: -f5 /etc/passwd
get field
r
w
readable
writeable
time cmd
touch file
stopwatch on `cmd`
create file
with delimiter
x
executable
read x
cmd | \
read “x” from keyboard
cmd output to stdout and
String Tests
=
equal to
tee file.txt
nice cmd
also to file.txt
run cmd with low priority
z
n
Networking
Dilbert
foo=`ls`
get output
of command
case $foo in
zero length
not zero length
a)
echo “foo is A”
case is a good
way to avoid
Logical Tests
ifconfig -a
netstat -r
list all network interfaces
show routers
;;
b)
echo “foo is B”
iterating
through many
if/elif/elif/elif
&&
||
!
ssh u@host
scp file.txt \
u@host:
log in to host as user “u”
copy file.txt to host as
user “u”
;;
*)
logical AND
logical OR
logical NOT
constructs.
echo “foo is not A or B”
;;
esac
Argument Variables
General Admin
$0
$1
program name
1st argument
less file
alias l='ls -l'
display file, page by page
create “l” as alias for “ls -l”
$2
...
2nd argument
...
tar cf t.tar \
list_of_files
create a tar archive t.tar
from the listed dirs/files
doubleit() {
expr $1 \* 2
function
declaration
$9
$*
9th argument
all arguments
cal 3 1973
df -h
display a calendar (Mar 73)
show disk mounts
}
doubleit 3
and calling
syntax
$#
No. of arguments
truss -p PID
show syscalls of PID
# returns 6
Files: Contents / Attributes
A for loop
for i in *
do
iterates through
its input (which
echo “File is $i”
done
is subject to
globbing)
find . -size 10k -print
files over 10Kb
find . -name “*.txt” -print
find /foo -type d -ls
find text files
ls all directories
three=`expr 1 + 2`
under /foo
simple maths
echo "scale = 5 ; 5121 / 1024” | bc
egrep “(foo|bar)” file
better maths
find “foo” or
“bar” in file
Useful Variables
$IFS
$?
Internal File Separator
return code from last program
awk '{ print $5 }' file
print the 5th word
of each line
$SHELL
LANG
what shell is running this script?
Language; C is US English
sed s/foo/bar/g file
replace “foo” in
file with “bar”
A full PDF and online tutorial is available at http://steve-parker.org/sh/sh.shtml







SQL Facts
SQL stands for Structured Query Language
SQL is pronounced “sequel”
SQL is declarative language
SQL is used to access & manipulate data in databases
Top SQL DBs are MS SQL Server, Oracle, DB2, and MySQL
Database Definitions
RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) –
Software that stores and manipulates data arranged in
relational database tables.
Table – A set of data arranged in columns and rows. The
columns represent characteristics of stored data and the
rows represent actual data entries.
How to select data from a table
SQL Commands Categories
Data Query Language (DQL)
 SELECT - Retrieve data from table(s)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 INSERT - Insert data into db table
 UPDATE - Update data in db table
 DELETE - Delete data from table
Data Definition Language (DDL)
 CREATE - Create db object (table, view, etc.)
 ALTER - Modify db object (table, view, etc.)
 DROP - Delete db object (table, view, etc.)
Data Control Language (DCL)
 GRANT - Assign privilege
 REVOKE - remove privilege
How to insert data in a table
SELECT <Column List>
FROM <Table Name>
WHERE <Search Condition>
Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, OrderDate
FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate > '10/10/2010'
INSERT INTO <Table Name>
(<Column List>) VALUES (<Values>)
Example:
INSERT INTO Orders
(FirstName, LastName, OrderDate) VALUES
('John', 'Smith', '10/10/2010')
How to update data in a table
How to delete data from a table
UPDATE <Table Name>
SET <Column1> = <Value1>, <Column2> = <Value2>, …
WHERE <Search Condition>
Example:
UPDATE Orders
SET FirstName = 'John', LastName = 'Who' WHERE LastName='Wo'
DELETE FROM <Table Name>
WHERE <Search Condition>
Example:
DELETE FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate < '10/10/2010'
How to group data and use aggregates
SELECT <Column List>, <Aggregate Function>(<Column Name>)
FROM <Table Name>
WHERE <Search Condition>
GROUP BY <Column List>
Example:
SELECT LastName, SUM(OrderValue)
FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate > '10/10/2010'
GROUP BY LastName
How to order data
SELECT <Column List>
FROM <Table Name>
WHERE <Search Condition>
ORDER BY <Column List>
Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName, OrderDate
FROM Orders
WHERE OrderDate > '10/10/2010'
ORDER BY OrderDate
How to select data from more than one table
SELECT <Column List>
FROM <Table1> JOIN <Table2>
ON <Table1>.<Column1> = <Table2>.<Column1>
Example:
SELECT Orders.LastName, Countries.CountryName
FROM Orders JOIN Countries ON
Orders.CountryID = Countries.ID
CREATE TABLE <Table Name>
( Column1 DataType,
Column2 DataType,
Column3 DataType,
…. )
Using UNION
SELECT <Column List> FROM <Table1>
UNION
SELECT <Column List> FROM <Table2>
Example:
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Orders2010
UNION
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Orders2011
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE Orders
( FirstName CHAR(100),
LastName CHAR(100),
OrderDate DATE,
OrderValue Currency )
© http://www.SQL-Tutorial.net
Cheat Sheet
The most powerful Git client
macOS Edition
General
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
N
T
⇧
⇧
⇧
R
Open new window
Open new tab
O
Show „Quick Open“ dialog
A
Show „Quick Actions“ dialog
D
Open external Diff tool
Refresh / reload data
Working Copy
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
⇧ M
⇧
Merge
R
Rebase
⌘
⌘
B
⇧
⌘
⌘
⌘
Creating Branches & Tags
⇧
B
Check out revision
C
Activate commit dialog
RETURN
SPACEBAR
⌘
Merging & Rebasing
⇧
⇧
E
Stage/unstage or Quicklook
selected file (see Preferences)
Stage all current changes
⇧ ⌥
⇧
Confirm commit dialog
S
E
Unstage all current changes
Save to Stash
⇧ ⌥
S
Apply Stash
⇧ BACKSPACE
Discard local changes
in selected file
Create new branch
T
Create new tag
Commit History + Remote Actions
⌘
Moving Between Views
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
⌘
CTRL
CTRL
1
2
3
0
S
R
Show Services
Show Repositories
Show Working Copy
⌘
⌘
⌘
⇧
⇧
⇧
F
P
U
CTRL
⌘
C
Show Stashes
⌘
Show HEAD branch
⌘
CTRL
Show History
Fetch
CTRL
Pull
Push HEAD
G Show / hide commit tree graph
Copy SHA-1 hashes of selected
commits to clipboard
→
Expand all diffs in changeset
←
Collapse all diffs in changeset
Download Tower for free at www.git-tower.com
Tips & Tricks
The most powerful Git client
macOS Edition
Drag & Drop
Chunk & Line Staging
Much of the „hard Git work“ can be performed
easily in Tower - simply via drag & drop!
Tower allows you to determine the exact changes
you want to add to a commit - down to the level of
chunks and even individual lines.
Create, Pull, Push Branches: Drag a branch in
the sidebar - and either drop it onto the Branches section header (to create a new branch) or
drop it onto another branch (to merge, rebase,
pull, or push).
Select a changed file in the Working Copy list. In
the diff view on the right, you can then select the
exact chunks & lines you want to add to the next
commit.
Create Branches & Tags: Drag commits from the
History views and drop them onto the Tags or
Branches sections in the sidebar: this will create
a new tag/branch based on the dragged commit.
Cherry-Pick: Commits can also be dropped onto
the Working Copy in the sidebar. This will cherry-pick the dropped commit.
Apply Stashes: Drag one of the changed files in
a Stash and drop it onto the Working Copy in the
sidebar to only apply this very change.
Commit Without the Mouse
Crafting and confirming a commit can be done
without taking your hands off the keyboard. In the
Working Copy view, make sure that a changed file
is selected:
hit the Spacebar to stage/unstage an item
use the up & down arrows on your keyboard to
inspect other files
hit ⌘ + ⇧ + C to focus the Commit area
Default Cloning Directory
In Tower‘s preferences dialog, you can configure a
default directory for cloned repositories. Once configured, Tower will clone new repositories directly
into this directory.
after having entered a message, confirm the
commit by hitting ⌘ + Return
Quick Open
To open or find a repository, you don‘t have to
take your hands off the keyboard. Simply hit ⌘ +
⇧ + O to show Tower‘s Open Quickly window.
Check Out Quickly
In Tower, you can choose your favorite way to
check out a branch:
By default, the last opened repositories are shown.
Simply start typing the name of a repository to
begin searching.
by double-clicking the branch in the sidebar
by right-clicking the branch in the sidebar and
selecting „Check Out“
by right-clicking the Working Copy item in the
sidebar and selecting a branch in the „Check
Out“ submenu
by clicking the current branch‘s name above the
list of changed files in the Working Copy view
Learn More
Our documentation has more tips, tricks,
and keyboard shortcuts for you:
Tower Help
Tips & Tricks
Keyboard Shortcuts
Download Tower for free at www.git-tower.com
Cheat Sheet
The most powerful Git client
General
CTRL
Working Copy
N
CTRL
Open new window
O
CTRL
Show „Quick Open“ dialog
D
F5
Open external Diff tool
Refresh / reload data
M
CTRL
CTRL ⇧
CTRL ⇧
CTRL
Merge
R
Rebase
B
C
RETURN
SPACEBAR
CTRL ⇧
Merging & Rebasing
CTRL
Windows Edition
CTRL
S
CTRL ⇧
DELETE
CTRL
B
⇧
Activate commit dialog
Confirm commit dialog
Stage/unstage or Quicklook
selected filesee Preferences)
A
Stage all current changes
Save to Stash
S
Apply Stash
Discard local changes
in selected file
Creating Branches & Tags
CTRL
Check out revision
Create new branch
T
Create new tag
Commit History + Remote Actions
CTRL
Moving Between Views
ALT
ALT
CTRL
CTRL
CTRL
CTRL
S
Show Services
R
1
2
3
0
Show Repositories
Show Working Copy
Show History
Show Stashes
Show HEAD branch
CTRL
CTRL
CTRL
CTRL
CTRL
CTRL
F
P
U
G
C
Fetch
Pull
Push HEAD
Show / hide commit tree graph
Copy SHA-1 hashes of selected
commits to clipboard
→
Expand all diffs in changeset
←
Collapse all diffs in changeset
Download Tower for free at www.git-tower.com
Tips & Tricks
The most powerful Git client
Windows Edition
Drag & Drop
Chunk & Line Staging
Much of the „hard Git work“ can be performed
easily in Tower - simply via drag & drop!
Tower allows you to determine the exact changes
you want to add to a commit - down to the level of
chunks and even individual lines.
Create, Pull, Push Branches: Drag a branch in
the sidebar - and either drop it onto the Branches section header (to create a new branch) or
drop it onto another branch (to merge, rebase,
pull, or push).
Select a changed file in the Working Copy list. In
the diff view on the right, you can then select the
exact chunks & lines you want to add to the next
commit.
Create Branches & Tags: Drag commits from the
History views and drop them onto the Tags or
Branches sections in the sidebar: this will create
a new tag/branch based on the dragged commit.
Cherry-Pick: Commits can also be dropped onto
the Working Copy in the sidebar. This will cherry-pick the dropped commit.
Default Cloning Directory
In Tower‘s preferences dialog, you can configure a
default directory for cloned repositories. Once configured, Tower will clone new repositories directly
into this directory.
Combined with the Service Manager, cloning your
repos from GitHub / Bitbucket / GitLab / other hosting services literally becomes a matter of a single
click.
Commit Without the Mouse
Crafting and confirming a commit can be done
without taking your hands off the keyboard. In the
Working Copy view, make sure that a changed file
is selected:
hit the Spacebar to stage/unstage an item
use the up & down arrows on your keyboard to
inspect other files
hit CTRL + ⇧ + C to focus the Commit area
after having entered a message, confirm the
commit by hitting CTRL + Return
Quick Open
To open or find a repository, you don‘t have to
take your hands off the keyboard. Simply hit
CTRL + O to show Tower‘s Open Quickly window.
Check Out Quickly
In Tower, you can choose your favorite way to
check out a branch:
By default, the last opened repositories are shown.
Simply start typing the name of a repository to
begin searching.
by double-clicking the branch in the sidebar
by right-clicking the branch in the sidebar and
selecting „Check Out“
by right-clicking the Working Copy item in the
sidebar and selecting a branch in the „Check
Out“ submenu
by clicking the current branch‘s name above the
list of changed files in the Working Copy view
Learn More
Our documentation has more tips, tricks,
and keyboard shortcuts for you:
Tower Help
Tips & Tricks
Keyboard Shortcuts
Download Tower for free at www.git-tower.com
Build Better Software
Over 100.000 developers and designers
are more productive with TOWER - the most
powerful Git client for Mac and Windows
The new version gives you easy access to the full
power of Git with an extensive set of new features
including Pull Requests and Interactive Rebase.
Try it Free for 30 Days
www.git-tower.com
Tower is loved by some of the best
software and design teams in the world.
Esteban Torres
Engineer,
SoundCloud
Hector Simpson
UI/UX Designer,
Heroku
Koen Bok
CEO,
Framer
“The new Tower adds a lot of great features
that help me go on with my day faster; like
the ability to create pull requests directly
from the tool.”
“Tower is a vital tool in my workflow. It
makes the more advanced things in Git
intuitive and completely effortless.”
„Tower is a pleasure to use while it retains
the full power of Git. I enjoy using it every
day for both design and code work.“
Download and try Tower for free at www.git-tower.com
MAKE YOUR WEBSITE FASTER
A cheat sheet presented by
Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
REDUCING HTTP REQUESTS
WORKING WITH IMAGES
GET RID OF IMAGES
CHECK FOR 404 ERRORS
404 errors are quick to get. Check your pages with your browser’s
“Dev Tools” to make sure all of your requests find their target!
CHECK FOR (UNNECESSARY) REDIRECTS
Can you reduce the number of image files by:
• using CSS?
• using WebFonts?
• eliminating images that you don’t need at all?
Redirects are costly because they cause HTTP requests. Make
sure you’re only redirecting when absolutely necessary!
USE THE RIGHT IMAGE FORMAT
Make sure your images are saved in the format that best suits
the use case:
CONCATENATE CSS & JAVASCRIPT
Combining multiple resources in one output file saves expensive
HTTP requests. Make sure you don’t deliver too many CSS and
JavaScript files!
• SVG is best suited for geometric shapes
• JPG is ideal for photos & screen shots
• PNG allows for transparency & maximum quality
INCLUDE RESPONSIVE IMAGES
COMBINE IMAGES IN SPRITE FILES
Instead of delivering each graphic asset in its own file, you can
bundle them in a single file. “Image Sprites” help reduce HTTP
requests and are ideal for smaller graphic files like icons and
logos.
Different devices, with different screen sizes and pixel densities,
demand for different versions of an image. Modern techniques
allow you to deliver the optimal image while using as little
bandwidth as possible.
OPTIMIZE IMAGES
Learn more about how to “Reduce HTTP Requests”
Saving an image from Photoshop, Illustrator, or other design
tools is not the end of the story. In most cases, you still have lots
of room for optimization.
Make sure your image assets use the best compression
algorithms and the smallest file sizes!
Learn more about “Working with Images”
We make Tower
The best Git client for Mac & Windows.
We help over 100,000 users in companies like Apple, Google,
Amazon, Twitter, and Facebook to easily & productively work with
the Git version control system.
Try it 30 days for free!
MAKE YOUR WEBSITE FASTER
A cheat sheet presented by
Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
DELIVERING FILES FASTER
OPTIMIZING CSS & JS
CONFIGURE HTTP CACHING
CSS & JAVASCRIPT IN EXTERNAL FILES
Do you allow your files to be cached by the user’s browser? A lot
of optimization potential is at your fingertips when using “HTTP
Caching” effectively.
Keeping CSS and JavaScript in (preferably few) external files
allows the browser to cache them. Take advantage of this!
MINIFY CSS & JAVASCRIPT
ENABLE GZIP COMPRESSION
Delivering your files with GZIP compression is easy to implement
- and yet very effective. Make sure your web server delivers your
files the right way.
Make sure your CSS and JavaScript is delivered with as little “air”
as possible: white space, comments, etc. are not necessary for
the browser to understand your code. Minification helps ship the
leanest file possible.
SET UP A CDN
OPTIMIZE CSS LOADING
The geographical distance between a server and a visitor’s
computer matters. Consider using a Content Delivery Network to
always serve your files from as close as possible.
Learn more about “Delivering Files Faster”
Including CSS in your HTML pages can be done the “right” or the
“wrong” way. Make sure:
• CSS is included right at the top
• @import is not used in your CSS
• only CSS that is really necessary is delivered
OPTIMIZE JAVASCRIPT LOADING
The way you include JavaScript in your pages might slow them
down. Make sure you:
• load JavaScript libraries from Google’s Hosted Libraries CDN
• load them with the “async” attribute or at least only at the
bottom of your HTML
• don’t load third-party libraries multiple times!
Learn more about “Optimizing CSS & JavaScript”
We make Tower
The best Git client for Mac & Windows.
We help over 100,000 users in companies like Apple, Google,
Amazon, Twitter, and Facebook to easily & productively work with
the Git version control system.
Try it 30 days for free!
Understanding
the Workflow of
Version Control
presented by Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
The Basics
1
Work on an Existing Project
Start a New Project
$ git clone <remote-url>
$ git init
The “git clone” command is used to
download a copy of an existing repository
from a remote server. When this is done,
you have a full-featured version of the
project on your local computer – including
its complete history of changes.
Executing the “git init” command in the
root folder of your new project creates a
new and empty Git repository. You’re ready
to start getting your files under version
control!
2
File Status
Work on Your Files
Files that aren’t yet under
version control are called
“untracked”…
?
Modify, rename and delete files or add new
ones. Do all of this in your favorite editor
/ IDE / file browser – there‘s nothing to
watch out for in this step!
…while files that your version
control system already knows
about are “tracked” files.
A tracked file can either be
“unmodified” (meaning it wasn’t
changed since the last commit)...
m
...or “modified” (meaning it has
local changes since it was last
committed).
3
$ git status
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#
modified: about.html
#
deleted: robots.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#
login.html
#
no changes added to commit
Keep the Overview
$ git status
The “git status” command tells you what
happened since the last commit: which files
did you change? Did you create any new
ones or delete old ones?
4
$ git add about.html
#
# Changes to be committed:
#
modified: about.html
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#
deleted: robots.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#
login.html
Add Files to the “Staging Area”
$ git add <filename>
Only because a file was changed doesn’t
mean it will be part of the next commit!
Instead, you have to explicitly decide which
changes you want to include. To do this,
you add them to the so-called “Staging
Area” with the “git add” command.
5
Commit all Staged Changes
$ git commit -m "message"
$ git commit -m "Updated about page"
A commit wraps up all the changes you
previously staged with the “git add”
command. To record this set of changes
in Git’s database, you execute the “git
commit” command with a short and
informative message.
[master 9d3f32b] Updated about page
1 file changed, 29 insertions(+)
6
Keep the Overview
$ git status
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#
deleted: robots.txt
#
# Untracked files:
#
login.html
#
no changes added to commit
$ git status
Running the “git status” command right
after a commit proves to you: only the
changes that you added to the Staging
Area were committed.
All other changes have been left as local
changes: you can continue to work with
them and commit or discard them later.
7
Inspect the Commit History
$ git log
$ git log
commit 9d3f32ba002110ee0022fe6d2c5308
Author: Tobias Günther <tg@fournova.c
Date: Mon Jul 8 09:56:33 2013 +0200
The “git log” command lists all the commits
that were saved in chronological order.
This allows you to see which changes were
made in detail and helps you comprehend
how the project evolved.
Updated about page
Branching & Merging
1
Understanding Branches
BUGFIX #32 C4
C1
C3
C5
C7
FEATURE B C2
C6
We often have to work on multiple things in
parallel: feature X, bugfix #32, feature Y…
This makes it all too easy to lose track of
where each change belongs. Therefore, it’s
essential to keep these contexts separate
from each other.
Start a New Feature
$ git branch <new-branch-name>
Whenever you start a new feature, a
new experiment or a new bugfix, you
should create a new branch. In Git, this
is extremely fast and easy: just call “git
branch <new-branch-name>” and you have
a new, separate context.
Grouping related changes in their own
context has multiple benefits: your
coworkers can better understand what
happened because they only have to look
at code that really concerns them. And you
can stay relaxed, because when you mess
up, you mess up only this context.
Don’t be shy about creating new branches:
it costs you nothing.
Branches do just this: they provide a
context that keeps your work and your
changes separate from any other context.
2
HEAD Branch
C6
Switch Contexts
C1
$ git checkout <new-branch-name>
C4
C2
To start working on a different context, you
need to tell Git that you want to switch to
it. You do this by “checking out” the branch
with the “git checkout” command.
C3
feature-b
master
C5
feature-a
C7
HEAD
At each point in time, you can only work in
one context – the context of the currently
checked out branch (which is also called
the “HEAD” branch in Git).
Every commit you make – until you switch
branches again – will be recorded in this
branch and kept separate from your other
contexts.
Your project’s working directory contains
the files that correspond to this branch.
When you check out a different branch
(make it “HEAD”), Git replaces the files in
your working directory with the ones that
match this branch.
3
Integrate Changes
$ git merge <branch-to-integrate>
When your new feature is ready, you might
want to integrate it into another branch
(e.g. your production or testing branch).
First, switch to the branch that is supposed
to receive these changes. Then, call the
“git merge” command with the name of the
branch you want to integrate.
Sharing Work via
Remote Repositories
1
Track a Remote Branch
$ git checkout --track
<remote/branch>
If there’s an interesting remote branch that
you want to work on, you can easily get
your own local copy. Use the “git checkout”
command and tell it which remote branch
you want your new local branch to base off.
2
Publish a Local Branch
$ git push -u <remote>
<local-branch>
To share one of your local branches with
your teammates, you need to publish it
on a remote server with the “git push”
command.
Local & Remote Repositories
MODIFY, ADD &
DELETE FILES
Stay Up-To-Date
About Remote Changes
$ git fetch <remote>
When collaborating with others on a
project, you’ll want to stay informed about
their changes. The “git fetch” command
downloads new changes from a remote
repository – but doesn’t integrate them into
your local working copy. It only informs you
about what happened on the remote, leaving
the decision on what to integrate to you.
3
LOCAL
COMPUTER
LOCAL
REPOSITORY
REMOTE
SERVER
SHARE WORK
COLLABORATE
REMOTE
REPOSITORY
VIEW HISTORY
ADD & DELETE
BRANCHES
As Git is a so-called “decentralized”
version control system, a remote repository
is optional. In fact, everything we did until
now happened on your local machine, in
your local repository – no internet/network
connection was necessary.
However, if you want to collaborate with
others, you need a remote repository on a
server. You don’t have to share all of your
work though: you can decide for each of
your local branches if you want to share it
or not.
Integrate Remote Changes
$ git pull
To integrate new changes from the remote
repository, you simply call “git pull”.
This will update your current HEAD branch
with new data from its counterpart branch
on the remote. The changes will be directly
merged into your local working copy.
4
Upload Local Changes
to the Remote Server
$ git push
To upload the local changes you made in
your current HEAD branch, all you have to
do is call “git push”.
The best Git Client for Mac & Windows
30-day free trial available at
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XCODE CHEAT SHEET
presented by Tower - the best Git client for Mac and Windows
NAVIGATION
SEARCH
⌘
Find in File
F
Find & Replace
in File
⌘
⌥
F
Find in Project
⌘
⇧
F
⌥
⇧
F
Find & Replace
in Project
⌘
⌘
Open Quickly
O
⌘
⌘
Next Counterpart
⌃
J
UP
Previous
Counterpart
⌘
⌃
DOWN
Next
Recent File
⌘
⌃
RIGHT
⌘
New Tab
⌘
T
Go to Line
Previous Tab
⌘
}
Fold Section
Next Tab
⌘
{
Unfold Section
NAVIGATOR
⌘
⌘
⌘
0
1–8
Toggle Debug Area
⌘
⌃
E
Indent Selection
⌘
]
i
Comment / Uncomment
⌘
/
⌥
⌥
L
LEFT
RIGHT
Move Line Up
⌘
⌥
[
Move Line Down
⌘
⌥
]
⌘
⌥
0
UTILITIES
⌘
⇧
⌘
Next Issue
Y
Show / Hide
'
Switch Tabs
…open in
Assistant Editor
Toggle Breakpoints
⌘
Y
Clear Console
⌘
K
⌥
click
DOCUMENTATION
⇧
0
Documentation for
for Selection
⌘ ⌥ ⌃ /
30-day free trial available at
www.git-tower.com
Edit All in Scope
⌃
"
⌘
SPACE
Fix Indentation
\
Show Documentation
⌃
click
⌘
⇧
Help for Clicked Symbol
Documentation for
Clicked Symbol
⌥
RETURN
⌘
⌘
…open in New Window double click
⌘
Toggle Completions
[
Add Breakpoint
click
RETURN
⌘
Previous Issue
⌥
⌥
Outdent Selection
When Clicking a File in Navigator…
…decide where
to open
Hide Assistant
Editor
DEBUGGING
Show / Hide
⌘
LEFT
⌘
⌘
Show Assistant
Editor
⌃
Definition of Symbol
Switch Tabs
⇧
Move Focus to Editor
Previous
Recent File
TABS
EDITING
⌥
⌘
⌥
BUILD & RUN
Build
⌘
B
Run
⌘
R
Stop
click
double click
1–9
Analyze
⌘
Test
Clean
⌘
⌘
.
⇧
B
⌘
U
⇧
K
The best Git Client for Mac & Windows
XCODE TIPS & TRICKS
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1. DECIDE WHERE TO OPEN A FILE
4. TABS
In Xcode, you can open a file in various ways: in the standard
Tabs are well-known from almost every IDE and text editor.
editor, in a new or existing assistant editor, in a new or existing
However, three things make tabs in Xcode especially powerful:
tab, or in a new window. Here’s how you can decide about this:
— When clicking on a file in the Navigator, hold down ⌥
⇧
⌥
tab
could contain just two editor panes, while another one could
— When clicking on a symbol in an editor pane, hold down
⌘
a) Each tab can be configured individually. For example, one
contain the project navigator, a single editor pane, and the
⇧
utilities area. You can therefore configure tabs that are
A pop-over will appear and let you choose where exactly you
optimized for different use cases (like coding, debugging,
want the file to be displayed.
interface builder tasks, etc).
b) Tabs persist in a workspace. When reopening a project,
2. OPEN QUICKLY
Xcode restores its tabs — including their unique structure.
You shouldn’t waste your time digging for a file in your folder
This makes it worthwhile to take some time to configure
hierarchy. Instead, you can use Xcode’s “Open Quickly” dialog
your “perfect” setup.
by pressing ⌘
⇧
O . Simply start typing any part of a
file’s name — it doesn’t even have to be consecutive letters:
c) By double-clicking a tab, you can assign it a name. Named
tabs can then be used in “Behaviors” (see #5).
“mwinco” will find your ”MainWindowController” class.
5. BEHAVIORS
As if that wouldn‘t be cool enough, this dialog also lets you
decide where exactly to open the file: hold down ⌘
⌥
⇧
while double-clicking the file to bring up the pop-over from #1.
With “Behaviors”, you can tell Xcode how to react when certain
events happen. For example, you could have the console view
shown whenever your app starts running, or you could have a
3. CUSTOM CODE SNIPPETS
new tab opened whenever you start a search.
Whenever you find yourself typing the same bits of code mul-
This becomes even more powerful when combined with named
tiple times, you should create a code snippet. To do that, first
tabs. For example, whenever your app pauses, you can have
make sure that the “Code Snippet Library” pane is displayed
Xcode open your named tab “Debug” — a tab that you configu-
by pressing ⌘
red exactly how you want it to look (maybe with an assistant
⌥
⌃
2 .
Now go back to your editor pane and start typing what will
soon be a custom snippet — and remember to insert placeholders for values you have to fill out when invoking it (e.g.
editor and the debugger shown, but the project navigator
hidden).
Behaviors can be configured in Xcode’s preferences window.
“<#token#>”).
KEYBOARD SYMBOLS
Then highlight and drag that code to the library pane. Apart
from naming it, you should also define a “Completion Shortcut”: when you type these letters later, Xcode will offer to
substitute them with your custom snippet.
⌘ Command key
⌥ Option (alt) key
⌃ Control key
⇧ Shift key
VERSION CONTROL
Go beyond Xcode‘s basic version control support and combine it with Tower — the most powerful Git client for Mac. Try it free for 30 days.
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