HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS
PHARMACHOLOGY OF DRUGS
(ABD 7153)

FADILLA HANIM ARIFF (3191168) 

SUBASHINI RAMACHANDRAN (2191175)
MAJIDAH MAT JUSOH (3191174)
Our Topics
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Asma’ Ahmad
•
•
•
Aqli & Naqli
Introduction
Conclusion
Noor Azleen bt Yusop
•
•
MECHANISM OF
ACTION
DISCUSSION
Ahmad Syariffuddin
Sarmin
•
Types Of Drug
Uthaya Kumar a/l
Paramasiwan
•
The Effect Of Drug
Section 4
Credits
Aqli & Naqli
Introduction
History
Section 1
NAQLI EVIDENCES
• Islam is a monotheistic religion based on revelations to the Prophet
Muhammad 1400 years ago, which were recorded in the sacred
Quran (Koran).
• The word Islam in Arabic means “submission,” reflecting the central
core of Islam, which is the submission to the will of God.
• The Qur’an is reticent regarding drug use, although it discusses
intoxicants (Khamr) and, more specifically, alcohol.
• Any discussion on narcotics and addictions must start from the
Qur’an, since it is the foundation of Islamic law, ethics, and theology.
• Alcohol is prohibited in the Qur’an for recreational reasons; the
Qur’an calls alcohol the “Handiwork of Satan” .
NAQLI EVIDENCES
The ban on drugs is compared to the ban on alcohol. Allah says:
You who believe, intoxicants (khamr) and gambling, idolatrous
practices, and (divining with) arrows are repugnant acts—Satan’s
doing—shun them so that you may prosper. With intoxicants and
gambling, Satan seeks only to incite enmity and hatred among you,
and to stop you remembering God and prayer. Will you not give them
up? (al-Ma’ida 5:90–91).
WHAT DOES THE QUR’AN SAY ABOUT DRUGS AND
OTHER FORMS OF INTOXICANTS?
Some, such as the translator, Abdel Haleem, are of the
opinion that the use of the word “Khamr”(alcohol/intoxicant)
in the Qur’an is a composite term.
Which includes all forms of intoxicants, despite the fact that
the specific contexts in which the three verses were being
discussed relate to alcohol drinking.
Al-Tabari (d. 923) writes that “Khamr” is every drink that
intoxicates the mind, veils it, and covers it .
WHAT DOES THE QUR’AN SAY AND PROPHET MUHAMMAD
SAW (PBUH) SAID ABOUT DRUGS AND OTHER FORMS OF
INTOXICANTS?
This argument is further strengthened by the words of the
Prophet SAW. Meaning:
Abu Burda reported from his father that Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari
said that the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon
him) had sent him to Yemen and he asked the Prophet about
(alcoholic) drinks which used to be prepared there. The
Prophet said: “What are they?” Abu Musa said: ‘al-Bit’i and
al-Mizr.’ I (the narrator) said to Abu Burda: ‘What is al-Bit’i?’
He said: ‘al-Bit is an alcoholic drink made from honey, and alMizr is an alcoholic drink made from barley.’ The Prophet
said: “Every intoxicant is Haram.”
(Reported by al-Bukhari)
TERMINOLOGIES
Al-Bit`i: Al-Bit`i is a kind of intoxicants made from fermented honey
and water in Yemen. In other words, it means honey wine or mead.
Al-Mizr: Al-Mizr is an alcoholic drink made from fermented barley
and water in Yemen. It is a kind of beer.
From the Islamic point of view, despite the various names given to
wine (inebriant, beer, whisky, scotch, port, rum, booze, champagne,
etc.), all are considered alcoholic drinks or intoxicants. Thereupon,
according to sound Hadith, “Every intoxicant is Khamr (wine), and
every Khamr is Haram (forbidden).” (Muslim). “Wine is that which
befogs the mind.” (Muslim)
In simple words, the word Khamr (wine) in Arabic extends to any
substance, which intoxicates, in whatever form or under whatever
name it may appear.
GUIDANCE AND MORALITIES
This Prophetic Hadith constitutes a rule concerning prohibition of
all kinds and forms of intoxicants, which befog the mind.Thus,
becoming intoxicated causes mental disorder, which might drive
one to commit some hostile acts against others, against their
physical well-being or against their wealth.
Khamr (Wine) is the mother of all evils. If one drinks it too much,
one may kill, commit Zina or disbelieve in Allah. Khamr hinders
people from remembering Allah and from all kinds of devotions,
since it clouds one’s intellect and consciousness.
Here, to consolidate the above-named concepts, it is important to
record some Hadith that shed more light on this issue:
1- “Every intoxicating drink is forbidden.” (Al-Bukhari and Muslim)
2- “Allah’s Messenger prohibited each and every thing that induces
drunkenness and mental numbness.” (Abu Dawood)
View Of Islamic Scholars
The 76th National Fatwa Committee on Islamic
Religious Affairs (Committee of MKI) held on
November 21-23, 2006 discussed Shabu and other
types of drug abuse.
The chemist has ruled that shabu and other newtype drugs have the same harmful effects as
ecstasy, katamine and Gamma Hyroxybutyric Acid
(GHB).
Therefore, the drug abuseprohibited. of shabu and
other new drugs is ILLEGAL and all activities
related to drug abuse such as cultivating,
processing, selling, distributing, buying or allowing
premises to be used in abusive use are also
General Knowledge
•
The Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad enjoyed a
long period of intellectual experimentation
that lasted throughout the 10th and 11th
centuries.
•
The extraordinary Ibn Sina, known in the
West as Avicenna.
•
Already a doctor at age 18, his great
volume Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb—Canon of
Medicine—became one of the most famous
medical works of all time, and an
extraordinary exercise in the bringing
together of different disciplines and cultures.
Introduction
of hallucinogenic drugs:
1
When under the influence of either type
of drug, people often report rapid,
intense emotional swings and seeing
images, hearing sounds, and feeling
sensations that seem real but are not.
4
The word “hallucination”
itself was introduced into
English Language from the
derivation of the Latin word
“alucinari” meaning to
wander in mind.
There are also other types of
things that will effect to
hallucinations – glue.
Hallucinogens are a
class of drugs that
cause
hallucinations.
Hallucinogens
3
The word “hallucination” itself was
introduced into English Language from the
derivation of the Latin word “alucinari”
meaning to wander in mind.
2
VIDEO
HISTORY HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS AND
THE SOURCES OF HALLUCINOGENS
VIDEO
THE USE OF
HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS
In Malaysia,
hallucinogen is a
scheduled
medication under
the control of the
Ministry of
Health.
The drugs disable the brain's "filtering"
ability to selectively prevent certain
perceptions, emotions, memories and
thoughts from ever reaching the conscious
mind.
DELIRIANTS
(RARELY
USED)
DESSOCIATIVES
PSYCHEDELICS
(MOST POPULAR
CLASSES OF
HALLUCINOGEN
DRUGS
The drugs produce a
sense of detachment
from the surrounding
environment,
Dissociative symptoms
include the disruption or
compartmentalization of
the usually integrated
functions of
consciousness, memory,
identity or perception.
Types
of hallucinogenic drugs:
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS : LSD
Albert Hofmann, a Swiss chemist
working at the Sandoz
pharmaceutical research
laboratory, accidentally consumes
LSD-25, a synthetic drug he had
created in 1938 as part of his
research
It is synthetically made from
lysergic acid, which is found in
ergot, a fungus that grows on rye
and other grains.
모바일 이미지
LSD is produced in crystalline
form and then mixed with other
inactive ingredients, or diluted as a
liquid for production in ingestible
forms. It is odorless, colorless and
has a slightly bitter taste.
LSD has a high potential for abuse
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS : LSD
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS : FORM OF LSD
blotter paper (LSD
soaked onto sheets
of absorbent paper
with colorful
designs; cut into
small, individual
dosage units) - the
most common form
thin squares of
gelatin (commonly
referred to as
window panes)
tablet form (usually
small tablets known
as Microdots) or
capsules
liquid on sugar cubes
.
pure liquid form
(may be extremely
potent)
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
LSD Route Of Administration
Swallowing as
tablets or pills,
blotter paper
Swallowing as
liquid
Inhale through
the nose (snort)
Injecting
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Psilocybin (Psilocin)
Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,Ndimethyltryptamine) and psilocin
are chemical compounds obtained
from certain types of dried or fresh
hallucinogenic mushrooms found
in Mexico, South America and the
southern and northwest regions of
the United States.
There are over 180 species of
mushrooms that contain the
chemicals psilocybin or psilocin.
모바일 이미지
Both psilocybin and psilocin can
also be produced synthetically in
the lab.
"Magic Mushrooms" have long,
slender stems which may appear
white or greyish topped by caps
with dark gills on the underside.
Dried mushrooms are usually a
reddish rust brown color with
isolated areas of off-white.
Psilocybin has a bitter, unpalatable
taste.
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Psilocybin (Psilocin) Street Name
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Form of Psilocybin
Raw
Dried
Liquid
Capsule
Brewed in tea
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Psilocybin Route of Administration
Consuming raw
or dried
Brewing into tea
Swallowing as
tablets or pills
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Mescaline
Mescaline is a psychedelic
hallucinogen obtained from the
small, spineless cactus Peyote
(Lophophora williamsi). It is also
found in certain members of the
Fabaceae (bean family) and can
be produced synthetically.
People have used hallucinogens
for hundreds of year, mostly for
religious rituals or ceremonies.
Mescaline leads to rich visual
hallucinations.
모바일 이미지
Mescaline is used primarily as a
recreational drug and is also used
to supplement various types of
meditation and psychedelic
therapy.
It is classified as a schedule I drug
in the U.S., making it illegal in all
forms (including peyote); however,
it remains legal in certain religious
ceremonies
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Mescaline Street Name
Big Chief
Blue Caps
Buttons
Cactus
Mescal
Moon
San Pedro
Topi
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Form of Mescaline
The top of the cactus
above ground, or the
crown, consists of
disc-shaped buttons
that are cut from the
roots and dried.
These buttons are
generally chewed or
soaked in water to
produce an
intoxicating tea.
It can be
consumed
raw or dried
but is
extremely
bitter.
powder
Capsule
PSYCHEDELICS DRUGS :
Mescaline Route Of Administration
Swallowing as
tablets or pills
Swallowing as
liquid
Brewing into tea
smoked with
marijuana and
tobacco.
DESSOCIATIVES DRUGS : Ketamine
Ketamine is an injectable and shortacting anesthetic in veterinary
medicine and is used for some
surgical procedures in humas. An
anesthetic is technically a drug that
results in a total or partial loss of
sensation (importantly to pain) as well
as the potential loss of
consciousness.
It is considered a “Club Drug” like
ecstasy, and it has been abused as a
date-rape drug.
모바일 이미지
Its chemical designation, dl 2-(0chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)
cyclohexanone hydrochloride. In
actuality, the formula for synthesizing
ketamine entails a series of intricate
steps that only the manufacturers of
the drug can carry out.
ketamine essentially “disconnects” the
brain from the body’s sensations. The
drug’s hallucinogenic effects stem
from the expanded awareness that
results when the brain no longer has
to process incoming information from
the body.
KETAMINE: BASIC FACTS
Active via the intravenous,
intramuscular,
subcutaneous, oral, rectal,
topical, intranasal,
sublingual, epidural and
caudal routes
AN ANALGESIC
AN ANESTHETIC
AND SEDATIVE
For hemodynamically
stable patients
Preserves reflexes
tends to reduce
aspiration risk
A key veterinary anesthetic
A potent antidepressant
that can induce a
laboratory model of
schizophrenia
DESSOCIATIVES DRUGS :
Form of Ketamine
Ketamine is a white/transparent
when pure, and often sold as a
powder of tiny crystals. It is often
crushed into a fine powder so it
can be snorted up the nose.
Occasionally the powder can be
other colours, such as off-white or
brown.
Tablet pill
Liquid
DESSOCIATIVES DRUGS :
Ketamine Route Of Administration
Swallowing as
tablets or pills
Swallowing as
liquid
Inhale through
the nose (snort)
Injecting
DESSOCIATIVES DRUGS :
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Phencyclidine (PCP) is a mindaltering drug that may lead to
hallucinations (a profound distortion in
a person’s perception of reality).
모바일 이미지
PCP was developed in the 1950s as
an intravenous anesthetic, but due to
the serious neurotoxic side effects, its
development for human medical use
was discontinued.
It is considered a dissociative drug,
leading to a distortion of sights, colors,
sounds, self, and one's environment.
DESSOCIATIVES DRUGS :
PCP Street Name
DESSOCIATIVES DRUGS :
Form of PCP
Liquid
Tablet
powder
Capsule
DESSOCIATIVES DRUGS :
PCP Route Of Administration
taken orally as
tablets or pills
For smoking, PCP
is typically
sprayed onto
leafy material
such as mint,
parsley, oregano,
or marijuana.
Inhale through by
the intranasal
route ("snorted").
Injecting
OTHER HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS :
MDMA (Estacy)
•
3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) is a
synthetic drug that alters mood and perception
(awareness of surrounding objects and conditions).
•
It is chemically similar to both stimulants and
hallucinogens, producing feelings of increased energy,
pleasure, emotional warmth, and distorted sensory
and time perception.
•
MDMA was initially popular in the nightclub scene and
at all-night dance parties ("raves"), but the drug now
affects a broader range of people who more commonly
call the drug Ecstasy or Molly.
•
Some people take MDMA in combination with other
drugs such as alcohol or marijuana.
•
In addition, because MDMA can promote trust and
closeness, its use—especially combined with sildenafil
(Viagra®)—may encourage unsafe sexual behavior.
OTHER HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS :
DMT(N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
•
DMT — or N, N-dimethyltryptamine in medical talk —
is a hallucinogenic tryptamine drug. Sometimes
referred to as Dimitri, this drug produces effects similar
to those of psychedelics, like LSD and magic
mushrooms.
•
DMT naturally occurs in many plant species, which
have been used in religious ceremonies in some South
American countries for centuries.
•
It can also be made in a laboratory.
•
DMT is the main active ingredient ayahuasca.
•
Ayahuasca is traditionally prepared using two plants
called Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. The
latter contains DMT while the former contains MAOIs,
which prevent certain enzymes in your body from
breaking down DMT.
Street Name
• fantasia
• businessman’s trip
• businessman’s special
• 45-minute psychosis
• spiritual molecule
OTHER HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS :
Salvia Divinorum
•
Salvia, or Salvia divinorum, is an herbal
mint plant and a naturally occurring
hallucinogen that is native to Mexico.
•
It is a member of the sage family. People
use it as a recreational drug.
•
Salvia has become popular as a
recreational drug among adolescents
and young adults. It is fast acting and
thought to have a low incidence of side
effects.
•
Also, it has a low addiction potential,
people can easily obtain it, and they do
not consider it highly toxic.
•
Mazatec Indians have used salvia for
centuries for spiritual divination,
shamanism, and medical practices.
Street Name
•
Diviner’s sage
•
Maria pastora
•
Ska pastora
•
hierba (yerba) Maria
•
Sally-D
•
Magic Mint
•
Shepherdess’s herb
•
Leaf of Prophecy
•
Lady Salvia
•
Lady Sally
•
Sage of the seers
•
Purple sticky
•
The female
•
Incense special
OTHER HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS :

Synthetic Cathinones : Bath Salts, Bliss, Cloud Nine,
Flakka, Lunar Wave, Scarface, Vanilla Sky, White
Lightning

GHB (gamma-Hydroxybutyric) : Date Rape Drug, G,
Geeb, Georgia Home Boy, Gina, Goop, Grievous Bodily
Harm, Liquid E, Liquid X, Scoop

Khat : Abyssinian Tea, African Salad, Catha, Chat, Kat,
Oat, Qat

Kratom : Biak-biak, Herbal Speedball, Ithang, Kahyam,
Ketum, Thom

Dextromethrophan (DXM)

Methoxetamine (MXE)

Marijuana

Nitrous oxide
OTHER HALLUCINOGEN
DRUGS :
DELIRIANTS (RARELY USED)
ATROPINE
SCOPOLAMINE
(HYOSCINE)
DIPHENHYDRAMINE
(BENADRYL)
OTHER HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS :
DELIRIANTS (RARELY USED)
Deliriants are a class of
psychoactive drug that
generally block the
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine from binding
to receptors in the brain
and central nervous
system.
While users of psychedelics and dissociatives
often report having euphoric, spiritual
experiences, users of deliriants almost
universally report unpleasant effects and have no
desire to use these drugs again.
Despite the fully legal status of several common
deliriant plants and drugs, substances which fall
under this class are largely unpopular as
recreational drugs due to the severe and
unpleasant nature of the hallucinations produced.
As recreational drugs, deliriants produce vivid
and generally very unpleasant hallucinations in
addition to potentially dangerous side-effects,
even at lower dose
Certain deliriants are poisonous and can cause
death due to tachycardia-induced heart failure
and hyperthermia even in small doses
In addition it also has high potential in dangerous
mental effects (accidents during deliriant
experiences are common)
ATROPINE
Atropine is used to help reduce
saliva, mucus, or other
secretions in your airway during
a surgery. Atropine is also used
to treat spasms in the stomach,
intestines, bladder, or other
organs. Atropine is sometimes
used as an antidote to treat
certain types of poisoning.
Other Names: Daturi
SCOPOLAMINE
Scopolamine is used to prevent
nausea and vomiting caused by
motion sickness or from anesthesia
given during surgery. Scopolamine
is also used to treat certain
stomach or intestinal problems,
muscle spasms, and Parkinson-like
conditions. Scopolamine may also
be used for purposes not listed in
this medication guide.
DIPHENHYDRAMINE
 Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine
used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay
fever, and the common cold.
 These symptoms include rash, itching,
watery eyes, itchy eyes/nose/throat,
cough, runny nose, and sneezing.
 It is also used to prevent and treat
nausea, vomiting and dizziness caused
by motion sickness.
FORM OF HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS
FORM
TYPE OF DRUG
LSD
Psilocybin Mescaline Ketamine
PCP
MDMA
√
√
√
Powders
Gelatine
Capsules
√
√
√
√
Raw & Dried
√
Salvia
√
Tablets and pills
Liquid forms
√
DXM
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS:
MECHANISM OF USE
MECHANISM OF
USE
TYPES OF DRUGS
LSD
Swallowing as tablets or
pills
X
Swallowing as liquid
X
Psilocybin Mescaline Ketamine
X
Consuming raw or dried
X
X
X
Brewing into tea
X
X
Snorting
Injecting
Inhaling, vaporizing, or
smoking
MDMA
DXM
X
X
X
X
X
X
DMT
Salvia
X
X
X
PCP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
REACTION OF HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS
DRUG
DURATION TO REACT
DURATION OF EFFECT
LSD
30 to 60 minute
8 to 10 hour
PSILOCYBIN
20 to 30 minit
5 to 6 hour
MESCALINE
2 to 3 hour
more than 12 hour
KETAMINE
4 to 24 hour
PCP
4 to 6 hour
MDMA
3 to 6 hour
The mechanism of actions
hallucinogenic drugs:
The mechanism of actions
hallucinogenic drugs:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/effectsof-hallucinogenic-drugs-on-the-mindbody.html
The mechanism of actions
hallucinogenic drugs:
Serotonin
in the
synapse
https://youtu.be/4D3IlIcqny4
Psychedelic Drugs and the Serotonergic System
1. Psychedelic drugs have a lot in common with
antidepressants. Both work with neurotransmitter
serotonin.
2. LSD binds to and activates a specific receptor for
the neurotransmitter serotonin.
3. Normally, serotonin binds to and activates its
receptors and then is taken back up into the neuron
that released it.
4. In contrast, LSD binds very tightly to the serotonin
receptor, causing a greater than normal activation
of the receptor.
5. Because serotonin has a role in many of the brain’s
functions, activation of its receptors by LSD
produces widespread effects, including rapid
emotional swings, and altered perceptions, and if
taken in a large enough dose, delusions and visual
hallucinations.
How serotonin neurons
avoid overstimulation
•
The brain can’t produce large
quantities of serotonin at
once
•
Therefore it doesn’t release
large quantities of serotonin
at once either.
•
In fact, serotonergic neurons
have multiple ways of up and
downregulating
their
serotonin response in order
to maintain balance and
protect
themselves
from
overstimulation.
Psychedelic drugs
MDMA (MethylenedioxyMethamphetamine )
a. First, MDMA enters the neuron via
the serotonin transporters (SERT).
b. Once inside the neuron, it inhibits
the vesicular transporters (VMAT2)
which means that serotonin is not
neatly packed within the vesicles
anymore, but now accumulates
within the cytosol.
c. Then, MDMA reverses the direction
of the SERT, meaning instead of
transporting serotonin into the
neuron, they now release it into the
cleft and deny its reuptake.
d. The result is a dramatic increase of
serotonin levels in the synaptic
cleft which makes the receptors on
the postsynaptic membrane go
haywire for a few hours.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAmb42zpRls
Dessociatives Drugs
and the Glutamate
Neurotransmitter
1. PCP and
functioning
glutamate
Ketamine
of
the
can affect the
neurotransmitter
2. Ketamine binds the NMDA receptor within
the ion channel preventing flow of cations
through the channel and preventing
neuronal activation required for awake
state
3. With continued ketamine use, the
glutamatergic system tries to compensate
by three mechanisms:
i. Increased glutamine release from
presynaptic terminal
ii. Decreased reuptake from synaptic
cleft by the ports within the
presynaptic
membrane
and
surrounding glial cells
iii. Increased number of NMDA
receptors
4. When ketamine use is discontinued, the
compensatory
changes
lead
to
hyperexcitability as there is now an
imbalance
between
excitatory
and
inhibitory signaling.
http://www.jnsci.org/files/html/2017/e450.htm
The mechanism of actions
hallucinogenic drugs:
Summary 1
Psychedelics drugs
modifies the normal
transmission of
serotonin within the
central nervous
system (CNS).
Serotonin is
responsible for a
multitude of functions
in the body, including
mood balance and
sensory
perception. It is
often referred to as
the “happy chemical”
due to its influence
on feelings of
happiness and wellbeing.
.
Summary 2
Dissociative drugs
work primarily by
disrupting the
action of
glutamate, a
neurotransmitter,
throughout the brain,
thereby affecting the
user's perception of
pain, responses to
environmental
stimuli and
memory.
.
THE EFFECTS OF
HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS:
The Effects of
Hallucinogenic Drugs:
 Hallucinogenic drugs are substances that distort the perception of objective
reality.
 Under the influence of hallucinogens, the senses of direction, distance, and
time become disoriented.
 These drugs can produce unpredictable, erratic, and violent behavior in users
that sometimes leads to serious injuries and death. The effect of hallucinogens
can last for 12 hours.
Physical Effect
 increased heart rate and blood
pressure
 sleeplessness and tremors
 lack of muscular coordination
 sparse, mangled, and incoherent
speech
 decreased awareness of touch and
pain that can result in self inflicted
injuries convulsions coma;
 heart and lung failure
Psychological Effect
 a sense of distance and estrangement
depression, anxiety, and paranoia
 violent behavior
 confusion, suspicion, and loss of control
 flashbacks behavior similar to
schizophrenic psychosis catatonic
syndrome whereby the user becomes
mute, lethargic, disoriented, and makes
meaningless repetitive movements
 Everyone reacts differently to
hallucinogens--there's no way to predict if
you can avoid a "bad trip."
Adverse Effects & Toxicity
Effect
 Addiction
 Amnesia
 Impaired motor
function
 High Blood
Pressure
 Respiratory
Problem
 Seizures
 Drowsiness
 Difficulty Thinking
Or Learning
 Nausea
 Slurred Speech
 Numbness
 Slow Heart Beat
 Behavioral Changes
Toxicity
Can cause variety of
neurological,
cardiovascular,
psychiatric, urogenital
and abdominal symptoms
which are dosedependent and whether
ketamine administration
was in an latrogenic or
illicit context
OVERALL EFFECTS OF LSD
OVERALL EFFECTS OF PSILOCYBIN
(Magic mushrooms)
OVERALL EFFECTS OF PCP
OVERALL EFFECTS OF KETAMINE
HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS
TYPES OF HALLUCINATION
TACTILE
HALLUCINATION
AUDITORY
HALLUCINATION
VISUAL
HALLUCINATION
OLFATORY
HALLUCINATION
VISUAL HALLUCINATION
Involves seeing
things that are
not there. For
example, you
might see a
person who is
not in the room
or flashing lights
that no one else
can see.
AUDITORY HALLUCINATION
Among the most
common type of
hallucinations. You
might hear someone
speaking to you or
telling you to do
certain things.
TACTILE HALLUCINATION
Involve the feeling of touch or
movement in your body. For
example, you might feel that
bugs are crawling on your skin or
that your internal organs are
moving around. You might also
feel the imagined touch of
someone’s hand in your body
OLFACTORY HALLUCINATION
Involves your sense
of smell. You might
smell an unpleasant
odor when waking
up in the middle of
the night or feel that
your body smells bad
when it doesn’t
HALLUCINOGEN DRUGS
WITHDRAWAL
SYMPTOM
Infographic
Layout
Quitting hallucinogens can
be difficult, especially if
someone experience severe
withdrawal symptoms.
.
The hallucinogen
withdrawal timeline varies
greatly depending on the
person and the type of
hallucinogen drug that was
used.
if someone feels as though
they can’t function normally
without a hallucinogen drug
or they have developed an
extreme tolerance to it,
PCP is addictive and its use
often leads to psychological
dependence, craving, and
compulsive PCP-seeking
behavior
Withdrawal normally occurs when
a person’s body has become so
accustomed to the chemical and
psychological effects of a drug
that it cannot function without the
continued presence of the drug.
Despite the bitter taste and
relatively low potency, tolerance to
mescaline can develop very quickly.
This means that someone who uses
mescaline no longer gets the same
psychedelic effects from their usual
dose, so they take more and more
mescaline to try and chase the
original sensation.
FLASHBACK
FLASHBACK

Physicians now diagnose this condition as
hallucinogen persisting perception
disorder (HPPD), also known as a
flashback.

A flashback is a traumatic recall of an
intensely upsetting experience.

The recollection of this upsetting
experience during hallucinogen use would
be a bad trip, or a hallucination that takes
a disturbing turn.

Some individuals experience more
unpleasant effects than hallucinations,
such as fear, agitation, confusion, delirium,
psychosis, and syndromes that resemble
schizophrenia
BAD TRIP
BAD
TRIP
A bad trip (also
known as acute
intoxication from
hallucinogens,
psychedelic crisis, or
emergence
phenomenon) is a
frightening and
unpleasant
experience triggered
by psychoactive
drugs, especially
psychedelic drugs
such as LSD and
Psilocybin
mushroom.
HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS ABUSE
TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT
TREATMENT &
MANAGEMENT
Individual therapy
Group therapy
Family therapy
12-Step education
Relapse-prevention instruction
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
Biofeedback & Neurofeedback
Medication management
Anger management
Hypnotherapy
Recreation therapy
TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT
Patient must engage to
safety detox programme
for prevent self withdrawal
symptoms
Rehabilitation
programs offer this
form of therapy,
along with other
therapies that can
moderate withdrawal
symptoms, manage
chronic health
issues, and offer
social support to
maintain recovery.
.
01
02
03
04
Benzodiazepines such
as lorazepam and
diazepam can alleviate
agitation,
psychomimetic effects,
hypertension,
hyperthermia and
seizures
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in both
individual and group settings has proven very
effective at helping people change their
behaviors around intoxicating substances
TREATMENT
DISCUSSION
Hallucinogens as Therapeutic Drugs
Ayahuasca - to
help with
addiction,
anxiety, and
depression.
Psilocybin - It is
being studied for
its use in the
treatment of
addiction, anxiety,
and depression.
Psychedelic therapy is a technique that involves the use of
psychedelic substances to aid the therapeutic process.
Hallucinogenic substances have been used in holistic
medicine and for spiritual practices by various cultures for
thousands of years.
Possible
Risks

LSD - Potential
uses include the
treatment of
addiction and
anxiety.
MDMA (ecstasy)-.
Research suggests
it has therapeutic
potential in the
treatment of posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)


Negative
psychological
reactions
Possible personality
changes
Dangers of selftreatment
What Can It
Treat?
 Anxiety and Mood
Disorders
 Alcohol and
Substance Use
Disorders
 Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
How Psychedelic Therapy Works
 Administration of a low to moderate dose of a
psychedelic drug.
 Supervision by a professional during the psychedelic
experience.
 Repeating the psychedelic dose with one to two
weeks between sessions.
Trend & Use of Hallucinogen Drug
In Malaysia : NPS
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are drugs which
were designed to replicate the effects of illegal substances like
cannabis, cocaine and ecstasy
As of January 2020, 120 countries and territories have
reported to United Nations Office of Drug Control
(UNDOC) the emergence of 950 NPS
Challenges of NPS
o
o
o
o
Difficulty of obtaining prevalence data of
national NPS data.
Difficulty in classifying NPS legal status.
Limited laboratory testing capacity
Currently no treatment protocols developed.
Hallucinogenic drugs is one class of the NPS that
were abuse in Malaysia. These drugs mimic
substances like LSD and include 25i-NBOMe, BromoDragonfly and the more ketamine-like
methoxetamine.
NPS can be categorised into the following groups:
 Synthetic cannabinoids
Spice, K2, Kronic, Northern Lights, Kaos
 Phenethylamines
2C series (2C-E, 2C-B, 2C-I), 4-FMA, NBOMe series (25I, 25C, 25B), PMMA,5-APB, 6-APB, D
series (DOI, DOC), benzodifurans (Bromo-Dragonfly)
 Synthetic cathinones
Mephedrone (4-MMC; Meow Meow; M-CAT); Methylone (bk-MDMA); MDPV (Ivory wave);
alpha-PVP (‘flakka’)
 Tryptamines
DMT, 5-Meo-DMT, 5-Meo-DPT, AMT, 4-AcO-DMT
CONTROVERSY OF
FUTURE MUSIC FESTIVAL ASIA 2014
vs
APPENDIX
Conclusion
Section Last
“No Single treatment is
appropriate for all individuals”NIDA (2009)
RELIGIOUS REHABILITATION TREATMENT
•
Various methods of treatment have been introduced by the
government such as : The Cure & Care Service Center (CCSC), the
Caring Community House (CCH) and the Narcotics Treatment Center
(PUSPEN).
•
In Malaysia, there are various Islamic drug rehabilation centres.
Majority of them used healing verses.
•
There are definite and obvious data on stress reducing effect of the
Quran on various organs of the body, possibly through the central
and autonomic nervous systems (Elkadi, 1985).
•
According to Taharem (2004), spiritual rehabilitation treatment is the
best way to address the problem of drug addiction
Private bodies also play an important
role in helping to reduce drug billing
statistics.
This is evidenced in the rehabilitation
treatment performed at the Pondok
Remaja Inabah (PRI), 61% recovered
after undergoing a recovery method
based on Islamic spiritual methods.
This remedial treatment is regulated
by the National Agencies Agency
(AADK) under the Ministry of Home
Affairs (GDP)
This rehabilitation treatment utilizes a cottage
(Pondok) approach, daily treatment center and
treatment center using prayer-based methods,
remembrance, bathing repentance and the
guidance of the Quran and Fardu Ain.
This remedial treatment is based on the Quran
and the hadith by incorporating the Sufism
method
This is further reinforced by the message of
Allah Almighty: Meaning: "And we derive from
the Quran the healing and mercy of the
believers." (al-Israk: 82)
Video
Referrence :
 Al-Quran
 Andrew Batchelder, Charlene Rodrigues, Ziad Alrifai & Adrian G. Staanley. (2019).Farmakologikal Klinikal Pantas, Formula
Pelajar. Pernerbit USIM
 Kamisah Yusof, Norliza Muhammad, Nur Azlina Mohd. Fahami, Qodriyah Mohd Saad , Ahmad Nazrun Shuid, Azman Abdullah &
Norazlina Mohamed. (2011). Farmakologi Dadah disalahguna. Penerbit USIM
 Bertram G. Katzung. (2018). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Fourteenth Edition. Mc Graw Hill Education
 National Drug Policy
 AKTA PENAGIH DADAH. (RAWATAN DAN PEMULIHAN). 1983
 http://www.adk.gov.my/statistic
 https://health.usnews.com/doctors/steven-levine-10094
 https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens on 2021, January 24
 https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/drug-use/Hallucinogenic-drugsb
 https://www.dea.gov/taxonomy/term/321
 https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hallucinogens-dissociative-drugs/how-do-hallucinogens-lsdpsilocybin-peyote-dmt-ayahuasca-affect-brain-body
 https://www.verywellmind.com/psychedelic-therapy-how-does-it-work-5079161
 https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/new-psychoactive-substances/ Elkadi, Ahmed. 1996. “Contemporary Definition of Islamic
Medicine.” Journal of Islamic Medical Association 28:163–66.
Thank You.