LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF PASSENGER
ASSIST RAILWAY DISPLAY SYSTEM (PARDS)
IN LRT LINE 2
A Thesis
presented to the Faculty of Railway Engineering Department
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Railway Engineering and Management
by:
Aytona, Melody E.
Carreon, Carlota Jisela D.
Laloy, Leandro III T.
Luces, Jose Edgar II N.
Simpao, Jan Paolo B.
May 2019
i
CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled “LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF PASSENGER
ASSIST RAILWAY DISPLAY SYSTEM (PARDS) IN LRT LINE 2,,” prepared and submitted by
Melody E. Aytona; Carlota Jisela D. Carreon; Leandro T. Laloy III; Jose Edgar N. Luces II;
and Jan Paolo B. Simpao in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Railway Engineering and Management, has been examined and recommended
for Oral Examination.
ENGR. RAMIR M. CRUZ
Adviser
________________________________________________________________
APPROVAL SHEET
Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination
ENGR. ISRAEL A. RADIAGANDING
Lead Panelist
ENGR. RYAN MAYNARD MAZO
Member Panelist
MS. SHEENA MARIE BOLA
Member Panelist
MS. ANNA CELINA DUBAN
Member Panelist
Date of Oral Defense: February 28, 2019
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
RAILWAY ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
ENGR. RAMIR M. CRUZ
Chairperson, Department of Railway Engineering
REMEDIOS G. ADO, DEM
Dean, PUP College of Engineering
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The researchers want to express their gratitude to all the people who have given their
heart whelming full support in making this thesis a fruitful one and a great experience. It won’t
be completed without your genuine assistance and your immeasurable contribution.
First of all we want to thank God, the Father of all, we thank Him for giving us the
strength that made us still standing and keep fighting despite the challenges and
circumstances we encounter in doing this thesis that will made our project possible successful.
This thesis won’t be possible without the help of our families, our parents and relatives,
who inspired, encouraged, motivated and supported us for every challenge that comes in our
way. We would also want to thank them for giving us hope and strength to accomplish this
project and making us realize that the biggest task can be accomplish by having more selfconfidence and strong faith to our Almighty God.
To our classmates, schoolmates, friends and other young researchers who willingly
helped us gather the necessary data and for helping us in the different activities that are
included in our project and exchanging of ideas with us, we thanked you for it.
To the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA), we thanked you for giving us an opportunity
to make a study in Light Rail Transit Line 2 (LRT Line 2) and for being patient with us as well
as to the other researchers who conducted a study in the same line.
We would also like to thank our thesis adviser, Engr. Ramir M. Cruz, who sincerely
devoted his time and service for every activities and task that boosted our self-esteem and
iii
taught us to be responsible enough for the sake of our goods and as for the others. We
thanked you for the kindness and patience you have given to us.
Special thanks also to Engr. Arlheth Delos Angeles for giving us advices during the
conduct of the study. We would also like to thank Engr. Israel Radiaganding and Engr. Joseph
Raniel Bianes for helping us with our queries regarding the study.
Special thanks also to the kind-hearted individuals who supported and became part of
the project. Thank you for the assistance you gave to us. We also want to thank you for those
who are not mentioned, your help was very eminent and very well appreciated.
Lastly, we would like to thank all the personalities in our dearest school, the
Polytechnic University of the Philippines for the unselfish aid in conducting the study and for
the moral support.
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CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis entitled
LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF PASSENGER ASSIST RAILWAY
DISPLAY SYSTEM (PARDS) IN LRT LINE 2 for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Railway Engineering and Management at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines
embodies the result of original and scholarly work carried out by the researchers. This
thesis does not contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works that
have been accepted as basis for the award of a degree from any higher educational
institution, except when paper referencing text and acknowledgement were made.
MELODY E. AYTONA
CARLOTA JISELA D. CARREON
LEANDRO T. LALOY III
JOSE EDGAR N. LUCES II
JAN PAOLO B. SIMPAO
Researchers
March 26, 2019
v
ABSTRACT
Title
:
Level of Effectiveness and Efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway
Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2
Researchers :
Melody E. Aytona, Carlota Jisela D. Carreon ,Leandro T. Laloy III,
Jose Edgar N. Luces II and Jan Paolo B. Simpao
Degree
:
Bachelor of Science in Railway Engineering and Management
Institution
:
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Year
:
2019
Adviser
:
Engr. Ramir M. Cruz
The purpose of this research is to assess the current level of effectiveness and
efficiency of the implemented Passenger Assist Rail Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2
trains in terms of the features. Descriptive research method was used in the study which
employed questionnaires distributed amongst the riders of LRT Line 2 as an instrument for
data gathering. The survey was conducted in all the stations of LRT Line 2 from 10 AM to 4
PM of weekdays.
The population size was 385 respondents, which showed that most of the respondents
are female, majority of them are within the age of 20 years old and below. The results also
showed that most of the respondents ride the train 1-5 times a week followed by a frequency
of 6-10 times a week and most of the respondents are long-time riders for about 3 years and
above.
vi
The data collected were analyzed and interpreted using the appropriate statistical
methods. Results showed that PARDS and its features of providing real time information,
Safety reminders, entertainment and public announcements has an effective impact on the
passengers based on their perceptions. The study also concluded, through the respondents’
assessment, that PARDS has been efficient in providing its features.
Further recommendations are made for the enhancement of Passenger Assist Railway
Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page
Certification and Approval Sheet
Acknowledgments
Certification of Originality
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
1
2
3
4
i
ii
iii
v
vi
viii
x
xi
The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction
Background of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
1
2
5
8
10
11
12
13
Review of Literature and Studies
Foreign Literature
Local Literature
Foreign Studies
Local Studies
Synthesis
16
21
24
31
34
Methodology
Research Method Used
Population, Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
Locale of the Study
Data Gathering Procedure
Research Instrument Used
Description of Respondents
Statistical Treatment of Data
35
36
40
40
41
41
42
Results and Discussion
1.0 Profile of the Respondents
48
viii
2.0 Level of Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2
3.0 Level of Efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway
Display System (PARDS) in LRT LINE 2
5
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
52
62
67
68
70
Bibliography
72
Appendices
79
Appendix 1. Biographical Statement
79
Appendix 2. Survey Questionnaire Form
84
Appendix 3. Ridership Data from Light Rail Transit Authority
87
Appendix 4. Calculation of Population Size
88
Appendix 5. Description and Components of PARDS from Department of
Transportation Report Annual Report
91
Appendix 6. Official Statement of Trackmate Business Solutions Inc. on
PARDS from Media Interview
95
Appendix 7. Working Clearance for Passenger Surveying in LRT Line 2 92
Appendix 8. Letters Used
93
Appendix 9. Certification of Statistical Treatment
101
Appendix 10. Action Pictures
102
Appendix 11. Validation of Coordination of Researchers with the Light Rail
Transit Authority with regards to the study
105
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LIST OF TABLES
Number
Title
Page
1
Average Daily Ridership in each Station of LRT Line 2
36
2
Distribution of Respondents in each Station of LRT Line 2
39
3
Likert Scale of Effectiveness
42
4
Description and Verbal Interpretation for
43
Effectiveness Rating
5
Likert Scale of Efficiency
44
6
Description and Verbal Interpretation for Efficiency Rating
45
7
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According
48
to Gender
8
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According
49
to Age
9
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According
50
to Ride Frequency
10
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According
51
to Period of Time as an LRT Line 2 Patron
11
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger Assist
52
Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of
Providing Real Time Information
12
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger Assist
x
54
Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms
of Safety Reminders
13
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger
56
Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2
in terms of Entertainment
14
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger
57
Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2
in terms of Public Announcements
15
Summary on the Level of Effectiveness of Passenger
59
Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2
16
Level of Efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display
62
System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in Terms
of Audio-Visual Presentation
17
Summary on the Level of Efficiency of Passenger
63
Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2
LIST OF FIGURES
Number
Title
Page
1
Expectancy Disconfirmation Model (Oliver 1980)
5
2
Conceptual Framework
8
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Communication is the key to make someone updated in terms of public
information. In today’s world, public transportation plays an important role in the
development of a country. Everything has been developed and always made a new
innovation for the improvement of the transportation system. The modern railway
systems are now providing real-time information (i.e. news, weather conditions, train’s
location, departure and arrival and emergency announcements), commercial
advertisements, and entertaining videos to the passengers. Hence, they will be
informed and entertained while they are in their journey on what is happening to the
community via the passenger information display system (PIDS), a display monitor
installed along the station premises and on-board the trains for providing information.
Passenger Information Display System (PIDS) is an information system that
provides real-time data or information for passengers’ awareness while onboard the
train. It displays information such as location, entertainment, reminders for safety and
others. The PIDS system provides a web browser interfaces, uses GPS (GrossPositioning System) to determine the train’s location, and a predefined template for
display customization and content creation. PIDS have become a common sight in
railway stations and trains for the past few years.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
In the Philippines, the on-board passenger information display system is called
Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS). It provides real-time information
such as public announcements, advertisements, train-related matters and the alike) to
the passengers boarding in the trains of Light Rail Transit Line 2 (LRT Line 2). PARDS
is a specific term for on-board information system installed in the trains of Light Rail
Transit Line 2 while the PIDS is a general term for a passenger information displays in
transportation.
The passenger information display systems of every modern railway line play an
important role. Display systems could provide information which can be easily
understood by the passengers to make everything clear for them. Their usage affects
passengers’ comfort and security in public transportation. Modern information systems
consist of computer controlled automation systems which work in real time. The actual
information is provided via information announcements through the audio-visual display
on the displayed monitors and through the station’s broadcast.
Background of the Study
Passenger Information Display System of PIDS through time have been
evolving from a simple information system with audi and viual into a multi-modal
integrated systems that aims not only to provide current location but also other data
such as information for passengers’ safety and entertainment. These types of system
need to be assessed if it has provided a positive effect on the part of the beneficiaries
who are the passengers in terms of evaluating its performance. Nowadays, PIDS is a
necessary in railway operations to track the trains’ location and for communication
between passengers and operators.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
As the time passes by, the technology is upgrading and making new innovations;
as the population grows, the significant challenge is to meet the expectations and
demands of the commuters. For trains to do that effectively, passengers need to feel
safe and comfortable. Many existing PIDS are outdated and poorly integrated with other
systems. Additionally, weak PIDS performance diminishes the ability of travelers and
operators to communicate. It can even deter customers from choosing rail as a transit
option.
The train operating companies are striving to improve passenger satisfaction by
adding more features on the PIDS aside from the arrival and departure times like
entertainment content as well as emergency announcements, and currently news.
Nowadays, advertisements have been part of these systems because its one of the
sources of revenues of the developer and it contributes to the impact caused to the
users..
In the Philippines, there’s a type of PIDS used in LRT Line 2 called Passenger
Assist Railway Display System or PARDS which was originally installed in LRT Line 2
to provide real time updates about the train. The system was unveiled on May 5, 2017,
with the system being installed on one LRT Line 2 train. By June 2017, all ten active
train units were fitted with the system, with some 400 LCD monitors installed systemwide. Installed at no cost to the national government, PARDS is funded through
advertising.
“The LRT-2 management unveils a Passenger Assist-Rail Display System or
PARDS to help passengers access real-time information on train arrival or departure,
and its location.” – Business Nightly, ANC, May 05, 2017.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
According to Business Nightly, ANC, it explains that the PARDS is now improving
the rail transportation in the country in terms of providing real time information and can
be accessed in the displayed monitors installed inside the LRT Line 2 trains.
In a statement by the developer, it aims to give solution to instances when
passengers do not know what’s happening around them. The solution will provide a
communication between operators and passengers.
“The premise for the whole thing is that commuters are complaining a lot on social
media about the trains and we realize that the bottom line is they do not know what is
happening. We aim to solve that by creating a communication line between the train
operator and the passengers,” Cielo Remorin, TrackMate marketing manager, said.
According to Cielo Remorin, she said that the passengers are not updated in terms
of public information (i.e weather updates, public announcements, etc.). The
passengers don’t know what is currently happening on their environment. In order to
make the passengers be informed and become updated in real-time information (trainrelated and non-train related), PARDS are installed in the LRT Line 2 trains. Besides,
PARDS are also installed to make an effective communication between the train
operator and the passengers and to make them also entertained by this display system.
This thesis focuses on the effectiveness and efficiency of Passenger Assist
Railway Display Systems (PARDS) in Light Rail Transit Line 2 (LRT Line 2). It is
conducted to know the outcome of the new innovation that are installed in the LRT Line
2 trains in terms of providing real time information, safety reminders, entertainment,
announcements and audio-visual Presentation.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Theoretical Framework
A theory used in the study is the Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory. It was
developed by Richard L. Oliver in 1980 which suggests that satisfaction level is a result
of the difference between expected and perceived performance. It states that,
“Satisfaction (positive disconfirmation) occurs when product or service is better than
expected. On the other hand, a performance worse than expected results with
dissatisfaction (negative disconfirmation).”
Figure 1. Expectancy Disconfirmation Model (Oliver 1980)
In relation to the study, the expected performance of the subject is an effective
system which provides real time and reliable updates and happenings about the train
while onboard it. The passengers’ responses to the surveys were treated as the
perceived performance. Since satisfaction in Oliver’s Theory and effectiveness in this
study has a similar approach, which has something to do between the expected and
actual outcome of the system, it can be of great help in analyzing the level of
effectiveness of PARDS whether it leads to positive or negative results during the
conduct of the study by means of using the similar format for measuring effectiveness.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
The theory has four main constructs. These are expectations, performance outcomes,
disconfirmation and the result which can be satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
The expectations are the anticipated action of the product. Performance
outcomes are the person’s perception on the actual outcome of the product,
disconfirmation is the evaluation made by the person between the first two. And lastly,
satisfaction or dissatisfaction is represented by the result of that evaluation, the
effectiveness.
Satisfaction in Oliver’s Theory and effectiveness in this study has a similar
approach, that is why the purpose of each factor affecting effectiveness is treated as
the expected performance. For example, if the purpose of the product is to provide
entertainment, the commuter will use it because he/she expected that the product will
do that. The theory provided a plan on how to get the level of effectiveness by means
of following its four points..
It also implies that commuters can be a good means of measuring the
effectiveness of a system. Since they are the one who are expected to benefit from the
system, and they as consumers in part of the theory stated, can make comparison
between the expected and actual performance of the product. They can produce an
accurate result based on their experiences in riding LRT Line 2 with PARDS.
This will also help the researchers to consider actual performance as one of the
key subjects in the data gathering. Relating it to scenarios, considering different modes
of transportation, Commuter A will choose which one to ride based on his assessment
as to which one is the best. The commuter chose it based on his/her assessment on
the actual performance of the mode.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
On Archer’s Theory of Efficiency, efficiency is defined as “the measure of
effectiveness that produces the minimum waste of time, effort, and skill.” It helped us have
an idea that since there are no available key performance indicators to be based upon., it
can be measured non-mathematically by thinking how well a system do its purpose with
the minimum waste of effort of the persons involved. By considering how the system
provides the service, which is through audio and visual presentations, it would make the
study possibly measure the efficiency by constructing a rating scale involving how the
passengers feel about how well the system provide the service with the least amount of
time and effort wastage. Its about efficiency in terms of the assessment if the commuters
were able to receive the service just on-time for them. Audio – visual presentation was
considered since it’s the only way how people perceived the service of the system. It will
be based on their own analysis based on the given rating scale.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Conceptual Framework
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework
INPUT
1. What is the profile
of respondents in
terms of:
1.1 Gender;
1.2 Age;
1.3 Frequency of
rides in LRT Line 2;
1.4 Period of time as
an LRT Line 2
patron?
2. What is the level of
effectiveness
of
Passenger
Assist
Railway
Display
System (PARDS) in
LRT Line 2 in terms
of:
2.1. Providing real
time information;
2.2.
Safety
reminders;
2.3.Entertainment;
and
2.4.Public
Announcements
3. What is the level of
efficiency
of
Passenger
Assist
Railway
Display
PROCESS
Data
Gathering
through:
- Questionnaires
- Related
Literature
- Related
Studies
- Letters
- Interview
Data Analysis through:
- Cochran’s
Formula
Likert Scale
- Weighted
Mean
- Frequency
Distribution
- Percentage
Frequency
Distribution
FEEDBACK
OUTPUT
Effective
and
Efficient
Passenger Assist
Rail
Display
System (PARDS)
in LRT Line 2
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
This shows the three-step analytical process that will serve as a guide to the
researchers in order to attain information about the Level of Effectiveness and
Efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System in LRT Line 2.
The Research Conceptual Framework (Figure 2) shows the variables needed and
the input-process-output scheme that the researchers will follow in analyzing the factors
and the information in order to assess the Level of Effectiveness and Efficiency of
PARDS in LRT Line 2. Changes made in the process are due to the unexpected
circumstances across the research period.
As for the input, profile of respondents will be used to know who the respondents
are as well as their total population for sampling purposes. The passengers’ insight will
be the most needed since this will lead to the assessment on the effectiveness of
PARDS as surveys are to be provided.
The study will be conducted through the processes of gathering data about the
system and conducting survey for the collection of passengers’ insights. These will
undergo assessment and analysis to finally obtain the results.
The output will be an effective and efficient PARDS in LRT Line 2.
These concepts help the researchers to know the flow of the study and how it will
be done to obtain results.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Statement of the Problem
This study determines the Level of Effectiveness And Efficiency of Passenger
Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2.
Moreover, it also seeks to answer the following specific questions:
1.
What is the profile of res pondents in terms of:
1.1 Gender;
1.2 Age;
1.3 Frequency of rides in LRT Line 2;
1.4 Period of time as an LRT Line 2 patron?
2.
What is the level of effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of:
2.1. Providing real time information;
2.2. Safety reminders;
2.3. Entertainment; and
2.4. Public Announcements?
3.
What is the level of efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of:
3.1. Audio-Visual Presentation?
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Significance of the Study
This research was conducted to know the level of effectiveness and efficiency the
Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2. This is also done
to show what the improvements are done after its implementation following the aforementioned aspects. This will also be beneficial to the following:
The LRT LINE 2 Management. The result of this study will help the LRT LINE 2
to know if PARDS has been effective to commuters since its implementation. They will
also know what part of the system needs to be improved for a better implementation
and more useful system.
The commuters. This study can provide ideas and knowledge that a commuter
must know. It will provide awareness to commuters what are the functions and features
of PARDS. It will also help them assess the effectiveness of the new system for their
better commuting experiences.
The TrackMate Business Solutions. Since PARDS is a Filipino Technology
Company made by TrackMate, this will provide idea to then how their system helps or
affects the commuting life of Filipinos. It will also help them look for additional
improvements based on the results of the study.
To the future railway projects. The results of this study will help the organizers
or companies of future railway projects to develop a similar system if it is found to be
effective as well as a better system if some system discrepancies were seen upon the
conduct of the study.
To the future researchers. The result of this study can also be the basis or guide
if they will be conducting the same topic or any study related to the topic this research
discusses.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focuses on the Level of Effectiveness and Efficiency of Passenger Assist
Railway Display System (PARDS) (monitor screens inside LRT Line 2 trains) in LRT
Line 2 as perceived by LRT Line 2 commuters. Moreover, it discusses the level of
effectiveness in terms of providing real time information, safety reminders,
entertainment, announcements as well as the level of efficiency in terms of its audiovisual presentation as perceived by the commuters of LRT Line 2.
The sample will come from the commuters of all stations in LRT Line 2:
•
Recto Terminal Station
•
Legarda Station
•
Pureza Station
•
V. Mapa Station
•
J. Ruiz Station
•
Gilmore Station
•
Betty-Go Belmonte Station
•
Araneta-Cubao Station
•
Anonas Station
•
Katipunan Station
•
Santolan Terminal Station
The efficiency of PARDS covers factors that are used for the information be
perceived clearly for the LRT Line 2 passengers to understand it using their least time.
The efficiency only focuses on the non-mathematical view but only on how
passengers feel about how well PARDS provide its services with the least waste of
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
resources by their analysis based on the rating scale provided since there are no Key
Performance Indicators available upon request and also since the questionnaire to be
used was seen and approved by the LRTA upon issuance of working clearance.
The conduct of survey was made from 10 AM to 4PM, January 14-February 15,
2019 during weekdays . The study was made during the academic year 2018-2019,
first semester to second semester.
Definition of Terms
This part provides definition and clarification for some terminologies used in the
study for further explanation:
Announcements. Government policies, bills, current events and other information
displayed in the PARDS monitor having a purpose to disseminate information.
Average Daily Ridership. Computed daily average of entry plus exit operational data
of LRT Line 2 for the year 2018.
Audio. Sound coming from the PARDS.
Audio-Visual Presentation. It pertains to how the information are provided to the
commuters through sound and appearance of the information disseminated.
Content Layout. The arrangement of contents.
Effectiveness. Refers to how successful the actual outcome of the PARDS’ are in
achieving their purposes as perceived by the passengers.
Efficiency. Refers to how well the information or service are provided with the least
waste of resources
Entertainment. It refers to the advertisements and commercials being displayed on the
monitors having a purpose of entertaining passengers.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Features. The services provided by PARDS
Font Size and Color. It tells If the texts uses the appropriate size and color that make
the content readable.
LCD. Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is a flat panel display technology commonly used in
TVs and computer monitors.
LRT Line 2. Light Rail Transit 2, a rail transit transportation that runs from Recto Station
in Manila to Santolan Station in Pasig City and vice versa.
PARDS. Passenger Assist Railway Display System. A passenger information system
on-board the train that aids in providing real time information, safety reminders,
entertainment and announcements through audio-visual presentations.
PA. Public Announcement in terms of audio-visual presentation and voice messages.
Passengers. People who ride LRT Line 2.
PIDS. Passenger Information Display System. A passenger information system similar
to PARDS in other countries and general term for a system for passenger information
displays in transportation.
Position of Monitors. Where the monitors are installed. It tells if the monitors were
placed appropriately.
Real Time Information.
The current status of the train location, nearby
establishments, time and date.
Safety Reminders. Refers to the indications that ensure the safety of the passengers.
Screen brightness. if the passenger is suitable for the passenger to read and see the
information.
Size of images. It tells if the images have the appropriate size to be able to see it
clearly.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Synchronization of audio and visual. Operation of audio and visual at the same time.
Time the Information was given. (in the survey form) if the passenger has enough
time to react on the information given.
Track Layout (survey form). The figure shown by PARDS telling the previous, current
and next location of the train.
Trackmate Business Solutions Inc.. The company which developed Passenger
Assist Railway Display System.
Working Clearance. A document issued by LRTA to the researchers after reviewing
the instrument submitted allowing them to conduct the survey in a certain area in the
stations of LRT Line 2.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The literature and studies provided in this chapter discuss different concepts,
ideas, conclusions and generalizations which serves as the proponents’ guide in the
development of the project. It provides points from previous studies which supports the
research topic, thus proving it researchable.
Foreign Literature
According to “GPS error caused ‘12 hours of problems’ for companies”, (Baraniuk
2016) it was explained that there can be a possibility of misleading information provided
by GPS. Several companies in United States of America experienced hours of system
warnings after 15 satellites show wrong time. Problems related to GPS can be wrong
displays of real time information.
Most of the companies are telecoms companies which relies on the accuracy of
time measurements to control the flow of data through their networks. It has been a big
conflict for them to have wrong time information because time is an important tool in their
business. The problems were observed after noticing some GPS time signals were 13
microseconds out. This microsecond delay led to thousands of system warnings being
activated at some companies.
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It explains that GPS may or may not always be accurate. The PARDS is a GPSbased railway tracking system which aims to provide real time information. Based on the
case presented above, PARDS may at any time display wrong information which may
lead to serious problems.
Based on A blog about GPS in “GPS Tracking” in 2015, it elaborates that
“sometimes the GPS signals are not accurate due to some obstacles to the signals such
as buildings, trees and sometimes by extreme atmospheric conditions such as
geomagnetic storms.”
Light Rail Transit Line 2 is located in the east-west direction of Metro Manila. It
runs in some portion of the metro with high rise buildings used as condominiums and
business centers. These establishment may give impact to the transmission of data of
GPS to vehicles or trains. It is important to know if this GPS-based railway tracking
system provides accurate information to ensure that all instructions or data being shown
to commuters are correct. Through this study, the researchers will be able to know if the
GPS in PARDS are functioning well through knowing the effectiveness of one of its
features which is providing real time information. If it gives positive result, it also means
positive performance which is correct GPS Tracking based on commuters’ experiences.
A news article entitled “New Passenger Information Displays Improve Customer
Experience,” by Schulz (2016) elaborates development and improvements to passenger
satisfaction while riding the trains. In their story, it is stated that “Amtrak is making a major
upgrade to the busiest transit hub in America with the launch of a new, state-of-the-art
Passenger Information Display System (PIDS) at Penn Station New York. The new PIDS
communicates train status, origin and destination stations, boarding gate and other
information and features bright, new LCD displays which are easier to read and
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synchronize audio and visual messaging in the station. Strategic placement of the new
displays, along with modification and eventual removal of some existing monitors –
including the large train status board in the center of the concourse – provides customers
access to the same information in various locations, allowing more efficient use of space
in the main hall.”
“The vast majority of our customers get train status information from the display
boards and in-station monitors,” said Mike DeCataldo, Amtrak Senior Vice President and
General Manager of Northeast Corridor Operations. “The new PIDS, along with the
concourse improvements under way as part of the Moynihan Station project will be a
welcome upgrade to the customer experience at Penn Station. The terminal complex
presents a unique set of logistical and physical challenges – some of which we believe
this new system will help to address.”
“At either end of the main train hall, large video walls featuring departure
information, visual messaging and synchronized station announcements are intended to
draw waiting customers away from the center of the room, easing congestion and
improving pedestrian circulation.
The displays are also capable of broadcasting
emergency communications and other customized messages. An additional 38 monitor
sets displaying boarding information and station announcements have been or will be
installed above the boarding gates on the main concourse, in ClubAcela, the Rotunda
and Amtrak waiting areas.
While Amtrak continues to work with a number of stakeholders to advance the
Moynihan Station project, the upgraded PIDS is a near-term improvement that
immediately enhances the customer experience. Funding was made possible through
Amtrak’s ADA stations initiative, but the improvements benefit all customers.”
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It tackles that their passenger information system has been a great help to
commuters leading to positive customer satisfaction with all the features it can do while
on-board the train. It is also related to the theory presented in this study, the Expectancy
Disconfirmation Theory saying that positive disconfirmation or satisfaction occurs when
the actual performance of a system turned out to be the expected outcome or even better
than that, wherein the researchers termed it to be effective. Simply put, the Amtrack
passenger information system became effective in terms of providing real time
information to commuters.
According to “Evaluating Information System Effectiveness – Part I: Comparing
Evaluation Approaches” by Scott Hamilton and Norman L. Chervany in 1981, there are
one of the general views that can be taken concerning what system effectiveness means
and how it should be measured is the goal-centered view. In the goal-centered view, the
way to assess system effectiveness is first to determine the task objectives of the system,
or of the organizational units utilizing the system, and then to develop criterion measures
to assess how well the objectives are being achieved. Effectiveness is determined by
comparing performance to objectives.
This relates to the study in terms of how the system effectiveness of LRT 2’s
passenger information system must be measured. It also suggests that the effectiveness
of PARDS can be measured since it is a type of system with goals set and objectives. It
shows that the goals of PARDS must be known first before formulation criterion to
measure its actual performance. Its goal is to provide real time information and
announcements to make passenger aware on what’s happening. The criteria set are its
current features. And for the third part, assess how well the goals or objective are being
achieved through data gathering and analysis. It is important to measure this system’s
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effectiveness and efficiency with respect to commuters’ perception because the
commuters are the ones who is the main focus of the goal of PARDS. They are the ones
who interacts with the system. Their views are one of the most important things system
providers must consider.
Based on “Passenger Information Display System for Railways Station,” from
Railway Technology (2012), Passenger Information Systems (PIDS) are digital
information systems that display real-time information for passengers. Train operating
companies are constantly striving to improve passenger satisfaction by offering more
than just arrival and departure times. They also offer news and entertainment content as
well as safety and emergency announcements and much more. Advantech technology
created an intelligent PIDS display that showcases passenger information and
entertainment news. The system has been successful, with several key benefits, provide
extra value to customer experience providing real time information, AIMB-270 was easily
integrated into each display because of its highly compact design, Advantech developed
customized APIs to support FHD (Full High Definition) resolutions for larger displays
consumption, Energy efficient design of AIMB-270 and Industrial reliability and efficiency.
In the key benefits mentioned, one of these which is related to customer is
providing extra value by providing real time information which helped the system be of
success. The PARDS also highlights giving real time information to customers which is
one of the criteria being considered in measuring its effectiveness. Through it, it will be
known if PARDS just like PIDS has also been successful.
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Local Literature
In LRTA Launches Passengers Assist Rail Display System” by Motoring Today
(2017), PARDS is designed to provide real time communication to passengers such as
train arrival and departure, train location, news, public service and emergency
announcements and entertainment while on-board the train. Its goal is directed towards
creating a seamless communication between LRT 2 and its passengers through various
communication platforms. The Trackmate marketing manager Cielo Remorin also said
“Pwede rin siyang magamit ng ating LRTA para sa quick communication sa mga
pasahero. Kung halimbawa, may emergency communication, or mayroon silang
karagdagang announcements, or say government projects, pwede ho itong magamit sa
signalling. At the same time, makikita mo talaga in real time yung actual na lokasyon mo
habang nasa loob ka ng tren at ‘yung mga susunod na destinasyon or next station.” It
can also be used by LRTA for quick communication to passengers. For example,
announcements can be done through these displays as well as emergency
communication and advertisements for government projects. It also allows passengers
to see the actual train location while on-board the train.
From that information, it can be seen that PARDS is really expected to help the
commuters to know what is happening on the line and in the coach while on-board the
train. It is also aimed at providing information during emergency situations to ensure
safety of everyone.
According to “Filipinos tap GPS to change rail system” from manilastandard.net
(2017) , this new system of LRT 2 was developed by a Filipino tech company, TrackMate
Business Solutions Inc.,and is a GPS powered, cloud-based system that allows
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passengers to see the train’s status, location, arrival and departure schedule. It was
installed at no cost to the government. Its business model is based on sponsorships of
companies who are interested in displaying advertisements through this system. As of
September 2017, TrackMate has installed 400 screens of PARDS in LRT 2 trains. There
are 10 screens per couch, a total of 40 screens per train set. The implementation of the
system has two phases, first one is for installations of monitors and the second one is
development of a mobile app which can provide real time information about the operation
of LRT 2.
TrackMate GPS and Fleet Management Solution is a vehicle tracking and
management tool designed for businesses looking to enhance and understand their
operations anytime, anywhere. TrackMate installed Pards along LRT 2 at no cost to the
government, says Remorin. Its business model is based on sponsorships by companies
that want to promote products or services through commercials or ads on the system.
PARDS is expected to bring lots of benefits to passengers. “We can inform
passengers once a train breaks down. We can also show the flow of passengers.
Awareness is what we are trying to achieve. Services become better if passengers are
well informed,” Remorin added. This has been one of the biggest changes in the
Philippine rail system, also considering that it was provided by Filipino companies.
There’s a need to find out if this has really brought change based on the experiences of
commuters as the system’s main concern. If it was, Filipino-made technologies must be
known to the ‘world to also bring change to other rail systems.
From “PARDS will soon be your friend while riding the LRT,” by jamesdeakin.ph
(2017), “As thousands of our countrymen depend on the Light Rail Transit (LRT) each
day to get to work, school, and their errands, the system’s reliability is of the essence.
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This is why having a real-time information system to know what’s going on wouldn’t be a
bad idea. This is why the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA), together with Filipino tech
company TrackMate, have come up with a high-tech solution that aims to keep everyone
in the loop about what’s going on with regard to train operation. The Passenger Assist
Railway Display System (PARDS) is a dynamic assistance platform that aims to help train
commuters as they make their way in and around Metro Manila via the LRT. It utilizes
real-time communications solutions that let everyone in on the status of the train, among
other things. The former will be fielded on train sets of the LRT Line 2, while the latter will
be available for iOS and Android users. Either way, each one will have a wealth of
features to make commuting via LRT much simpler and stress-free.”
From the statements above, PARDS’ goal is to deliver and provide simpler rides
for LRT 2 commuters. It is directed towards giving awareness to passengers what is
happening while traveling. Having a technology such as this in this country is a big step
more importantly that Philippines is undergoing several infrastructure construction
projects in the current administration. This can help future railway lines build a passenger
information system to make commuters aware of their location for the new stations to be
built. Through this research study, gathering the views of LRT 2 commuters on Passenger
Assist Railway Display System and its effectiveness in making people aware or providing
real time information will be known. Its efficiency in providing the service will also be
determined. Considering the criteria set, PARDS will be identified if it has delivered its
purposes well to the commuters.
In Inquirer’s “Dead PA system forces offloading of 240 MRT riders at North
Avenue Station,” by Orellana (2017) A Metro Rail Transit-3 (MRT-3) train offloaded 240
passengers at North Avenue Station on Christmas Eve because of another “system
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failure.” According to the MRT-3’s service report, its southbound train’s Public Address
(PA) failed at 6:16 p.m. on Sunday.“The PA system is the electronic system used by
drivers to communicate with the passengers through audio messages/announcements,”
the report said. The glitch was blamed on a “worn out sub-components.” Affected
passengers were loaded on another train that arrived two minutes after.
From the article, it can be seen that the problem is on the public announcement
system. It suggests that malfunctioning of subsystems of railways can affect commuters
on their daily rides. PARDS being advanced over the information system of MRT 3 may
improve their system. Through this study, other lines will also benefit from the results
because it can possible replace the old system of MRT 3 and avoid those scenarios
stated in the article above.
Foreign Studies
According to What Do Passengers Need Out of Public Transport Information
System?” by Bachok (2007), “On-board information is provided on moving public
transport vehicles. This may include the current train location, the next station of arrival
or departure, interchanges or transfers points and modes, and real time updates on
service disruption or deviation. At present, only two types of media through which
information was relayed on-board the trains. First was the announcement via the public
address system by the drivers as well as on-and-off staff and ticket inspectors on-board.
Two thirds of the users surveyed stated that their received information about the journey
through drivers’ announcement. This was followed by inquiring staff onboard when they
were present (17%). The second categories of media indicated were by looking outside
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the window and asking around e.g. other passengers. The remainder did not access
information through any means
In this study, problems of having limited means of communicating information onboard the trains were facing. There were only two types of means of communication
namely drivers’ announcement of next arrival station and staff onboard, the passengers
experienced less than amount of information in their overall journey.” The researchers on
this 2007 study “took the differences of viewpoints of service providers and service users.
It is important in ensuring an effective and efficient integrated public transport information
system. The perspectives of information provision from the viewpoint of public transport
operators and those of the passengers are surveyed. In the end, the recommendations
consist of that in long term real-time information media be developed, with prioritized
investments in variable message signs (VMS) and personal messaging for integrated
public transport information. In the short term, public address systems reporting on delay
duration and alternative modes or routes would be enough. While on-board information
may vary according to location as a content requirement.”
According to Case Study:” 4Tel 4PIDS™ Providing V/Line Regional Rail Link with
Real-Time Train Location” by 4Tel 4PIDS (2015),
Data Providing information to
passengers is really essential in railway or any other transport operations it will give them
convenience using the transportation. To successfully implement this there are a lot of
innovation and development that have been took over for the past generations and
railway transportation all over the world are upgrading their passenger information
system. In the case study, it was said there that “The 4Tel 4PIDS™ system operates by
using a centralized server to collect train position data from GPS receivers and/or track-
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circuit signaling telemetry, and comparing it with the scheduled timetable. This provides
a complete and up-to-the minute accurate passenger information service.
The system is very reliable because if real-time track-circuit data from signaling
telemetry systems lost, the system then uses GPS data. If this track-circuit data is lost,
the system defaults to scheduled timetabled data display. This means that at all times,
the best available information is disseminated to the public via the automated voice
announcements and electronic displays.”
Through this new technology, it will help the transport providers and transport
users in providing accurate information service. Thus, helping transport providers in some
ways of having positive feedbacks and gain more new users. The reason why we assess
the effectiveness of passenger information system of railway transportation is because
we wanted to make passenger happy and satisfy with our transport services.
According to the study entitled “Enhanced Passenger Experience Trough
Digitalization” by Reh (2016), it is known that through technology everything will be easy
and convenient to do because of it. The world is changing and things are improving and
developing. In our railway transportation, passenger experienced should be enhanced
and improved. This study stated that SiMobility Connect provides information about the
available transport options and assists multimodal journey planning and booking.
“SiMobility Connect is a B2B platform that enables information and transaction services
to be offered across various means of transport. The platform provides system interfaces
for transport operators and mobility service providers as well as integrated processes
such as real-time passenger information, options for multimodal journey planning,
booking, ticket purchase and payment.”
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Also, SiMobility Flow provides location-related information about transport and
related needs. “This solution is mainly based on the proactive provision of location-related
services for passengers along their routes, in stations, at bus stops, and in vehicles,
buses and trains. The smartphone app detects nearby Bluetooth transmitters, so-called
beacons. When travelers stay near the transmitter, companies can send push messages
via the mobile app. Depending on the individual settings, the mobile device provides
information about transport options, tourist information or marketing messages.”
And, passenger assistance systems providing all relevant information during a
journey, it is with the use “mobile passenger assistance system that supports the
passenger throughout his journey and delivers appropriate information about the status
of his journey while he is on the train. The system consists of individual modules, which
the transport company can configure for individual passengers. The system is based on
an information module called a passenger portal. It offers current information – relevant
to the location – about upcoming stations, possible delays, and also includes possible
alternative routes and information about places of interest.”
Real-time route planning and dynamic information for on-train screens:
Passenger Information System plus is about the on-train screens, “the dynamic
passenger information and control system informs passengers on the train about
alternative travel options, connections, etc. in the event of delays, cancellations and
disruptions. It supplies travelers with important information about the transportation
system and makes it easy for the passenger to localize complex network plans and
infrastructure facilities, such as escalators and elevators. This puts the transport
company in a better position to control, guide and speed up passenger flows.”
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They insist that information and the digital technology are all should be possessed
by the railway transportation in order for them to provide an efficient and serviceable
operations.
The PARDS in Light Rail Transit Line 2 consist of Passenger Assist. This feature
helps the transport providers in ensuring the convenience of users in using their services.
Office of Rail and Road conducted this study. The study wants to assess the experience
of passenger in using the transportation when it comes in assisting them.
Based on “Research into Passenger Experiences of Passenger Assist” by
Breaking Blue – Office of Rail and Road (2017), the study shows the importance of the
system. It was stated there that “Passenger Assist is of extreme importance to the
passengers who use it; the majority (63 percent) indicates that they could not have
completed the journey without it. Another third (35 percent) indicate that they could have
completed their journey but with more difficulty. More travel companions (68 percent)
than customers (61 percent) agree that they could not have completed the journey
without Passenger Assist, possibly because those travelling with companions have
greater needs than those travelling alone. Passengers with mental health problems (79
percent) are more likely than those with other disabilities to agree that they could not
have completed the journey without Passenger Assist. However, there is no group of
passengers with disabilities for whom fewer than 60 percent say they could have
completed the journey without Passenger Assist. Even amongst those with no condition
almost half (48 percent) would have been unable to complete the journey.”
The study comes up with the result of the satisfaction on the service. ”Overall
satisfaction with Passenger Assist based on all past usage is slightly lower than
satisfaction with the journey measured. Almost two thirds (65 percent) are very satisfied
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and a further 20 percent are satisfied. Overall satisfaction ranges from 87 percent of
people with a hearing impairment satisfied to 81% percent of those with a vision
impairment or a hidden condition. The lower satisfaction scores for those with vision
impairment or a hidden condition are significant.”
Satisfaction to staff and station facilities are also in higher percent. These mean
that the passenger assist system is organized and properly implemented but some things
in their system still needs improvement and the things they concluded to improve the
system are staff training and communications, and proper strictly arrangement upon
arrival at the station, also the reassurance that passengers will be met by staff.
According to “The Efficiency Theory” by Archer (2010), “Efficiency is defined as
the measure of effectiveness that produces the minimum waste of time, effort, and skill.”
This is how Timothy Scott Archer defined efficiency in his Theory of Efficiency.
It brought us in mind that efficiency can be measured non-mathematically by
thinking how well a system do its purpose with the minimum waste of effort of the persons
involved. By considering how the system provides the service, which is through audio
and visual presentations, it would make the study possibly measure the efficiency by
constructing a rating scale involving how the passengers feel about how well the system
provide the service with the least amount of time and effort wastage. Its about efficiency
in terms of the assessment if the commuters were able to receive the service just on-time
for them. Audio – visual presentation was considered since it’s the only way how people
perceived the service of the system. It will be based on their own analysis based on the
given rating scale since there are no available key performance indicators to be based
upon.
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According to “Hitachi’s ATI Series Satisfies All the Needs of Traincompartment
Information Control” by Iwamura, et.al (2008), “In the improvement of on-board
information inside the train has been studies until this time and many things about it has
been improved and still continuing to improve for the efficiency and effectiveness of the
system. “We have developed a 17-inch wide-viewing-angle IPS LCD panel for providing
improved services to customers in the form of high-resolution images. This LCD panel is
fitted with a CPU and can be configured in an autonomously distributed system.”” In the
study, they stated that the switch from using LEDs (light-emitting diodes) for displaying
on-board passenger information is continuing to improve passenger services. The
problem they have encountered has been taken actions and it is through System
Development. “As a result of the intelligentization of all devices and the connection of
each one to a network, LCD systems are becoming autonomous distributed systems in
which each device can autonomously diagnose and operate on the basis of shared
information (such as operation status of a train) transmitted from the ATI system. In this
way, it is possible to create an architecture that prevents one device fault having
repercussions on other devices and that is robust against faults and malfunctions.”
The study concluded that “Hitachi will continue to contribute to upgrading of onboard networks, integration of service-information systems and control systems, and
seamlessly linking on-board and groundbased systems in order to improve the efficiency
of train systems and passenger convenience.”” Since PARDS is used for providing
information to passengers and during peak-hours and busy hours, trains are crowded but
not all of the carriages are crowded or disproportionate occupancy, real time information
system helps railway transportation operators to spread passengers inside the train.
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According to “Real-time Information System for Spreading Rail Passengers
across Train Carriages: Agent-based Simulation Study” by Kim, et.al (2016), online
survey was created in order to understand passenger perceptions and tolerance of
railway crowding within the Brisbane rail network while ultimately aiming to incorporate
the survey results to agents in the simulation model.
The conclusion of the study stated that “Both the simulation and the survey results
show that the implementation of an improved PIS involving carriage occupancy
information has potential to lead for passengers to re-distribute themselves more
efficiently along the platform to more evenly distribute the passengers on board the
carriages. More specifically, the survey showed that passengers would like to obtain a
place in a carriage with a low occupancy level, and that if passengers are given carriage
occupancy information, they are likely to change their waiting area on the platform based
on this information. The conceptual agent-based simulation model was designed to
integrate the survey results to agents in the model to test various hypothetical scenarios
representing the process of informed decision based on different hypothetical PIS
settings.”
All of the information above seems to tell that assessing the effectiveness and
efficiency of passenger information system such as PARDS of LRT Line 2 shall be done
so that strengths and weaknesses of the system will be known in order to provide a plan
as well as recommendations for the improvement of the system.
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Local Studies
GPS is really an important feature of PARDS. It is one of the features helps to
provide real-time information to the passenger of the LRT line 2.
In a study, entitled “A Study on Travel Time and Delay Survey and Traffic Data
Analysis and Visualization Methodology” by Macababbad (2011), the use of GPS in their
research provides fundamental inputs towards the development of a probe car system
for use in travel time and delay studies. They come up a developed methodology. This
also includes the tools utilized in data gathering and traffic analyses. At end of the study
they said that “the use of GPS device alone allows post processing of obtained data from
survey runs while the probe car system is designed for real time update and collection of
traffic information. For a probe car system to be realized, other important IT requirements
such as communication system and central facility have to be put in place.”
They also added that the advent of cellular phones with capabilities similar to GPS
units (e.g., android phones) may also be considered for more cost-effective data.
However, these also need to be properly calibrated and their outputs validated for
reliability.”
It can be seen there that GPS has been part of transportation for providing
effective systems for passengers. Likewise, the subject of this research involves the use
of GPS and assessment of its performance.
A local study “Travel time and delay analysis using GIS and GPS. In: 5th Eastern
Asia Society for Transportation Studies” by Mauricio, et al. (2003) on travel time and
delay analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS) and GPS raised the
following findings: a) GPS has provided an effective and convenient way of collecting
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travel data; b) It is very capable of providing a very accurate depiction of vehicle
location and speed compared to conventional method or stop watch technique; c) The
problems encountered with the use of GPS include loss of GPS signal due to tunnels,
underpasses, flyovers, and trees.
It is related in a way that GPS is essential in daily operation of a railway system.
It relates to the study in terms of PARDS may or may not always provide accurate
results.
In “The Philippine Railway System” by Duncga, et.al (2015), the researchers talk
about the railway in the Philippines including the problems now its facing. One of their
recommendations and conclusions is about the easy access to travel information. They
explained that “Proper signages and warning devices are effective tools in informing the
public of the activities happening in the operations of the rail lines. Real-time transport
information is also important to smoothen travels and transfers.”
It shows that these things should be considered in order to improve the railways
in the Philippines which is included in the features of PARDS.
From “Ceres Liner Online TD Bus Booking System with Mobile Notification” by
Espina, et.al (2016), other transport group already studied about improving their
passenger information system. They even studied to make a platform for their
passengers so that it will be easy for them to connect and have communication. In the
study, they are going to use e-Mail and mobile phones notification that sends text and
email to confirms to the clients and/or passengers regarding the status of their
transactions. “The system specifically aims to:
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1. provide an interface that will allow the administrators to manage: admin accounts;
bookings’ status; drivers’ info; location point; trip schedules; available buses; tariffs;
clients and or/ passengers; routes; and payments.
2. provide an interface that will facilitate clients’ and or/passengers’ bookings and
payments.
3. provide an application that will send a notification via mobile phones and electronic
mails.
4. develop Web page(s) that will generate specific reports such as the payment summary,
booking history and its statistics.
5. develop Web page(s) that allows the user to gather accurate information such as the
printable schedules and tariffs “
The studies mention above will be somehow encourage the researchers, to really
look forward to what PARDS is and its effectiveness when it comes providing real time
information, safety reminders, entertainment, Announcements and its efficiency in terms
of audio-visual presentation. This is important to know so that recommendations and
conclusions will be made at end of the study that eventually will help the operators and
users in many ways.
Synthesis
In this chapter, the researchers collected data, information and methods from
different studies and literatures authored by professionals and sources who are already
notable for their work and expertise. From these gathered information, the researchers
therefore conclude that the topic is researchable.
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the research method used for data collection and analysis is being
discussed to obtain the answers for the statement of the problem developing an accurate
assessment for the research topic. It explains the research design, research local,
sampling techniques and population, data gathering procedures as well as research
instruments and respondents. This chapter also provides the statistical treatment of the
data in answering the questions.
Research Method Used
The research method used in this study is a descriptive method. It was used to
find out the current status of an issue or phenomenon to describe what exists within the
variables or conditions of the situation. It involves the description, data analysis as well
as data interpretation of the present condition of nature or the phenomena process. The
advantage of using this method is that the researchers will be able to know the nature,
the components of the subject and the characteristics of the given problem. It focuses
on variables that may lead to understanding and analysis needed in the study. Surveyquestionnaire form will be used to gather necessary data to measure the level of
effectiveness and efficiency of Passenger Assist-Rail Display System (PARDS) in LRT
Line 2.
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Population, Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness and efficiency of
Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of providing
real time information, safety reminders, entertainment, announcements and audiovisual presentation. The respondents are the commuters from all stations of LRT Line
2.
Table 1
Average Daily Ridership in each Station of LRT Line 2
Station
Average daily ridership
Betty-Go
2782
J. Ruiz
3205
Gilmore
5817
Anonas
9502
V. Mapa
10214
Pureza
12826
Legarda
13309
Katipunan
15562
Cubao
29646
Santolan
33460
Recto
42344
Total
178668
Source: See Appendix 4
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From the data above, it shows the average daily ridership of each station in
LRT Line 2 and its total.
Cochran Formula was used in order to get to sample size in this study,
given as:
Z2pq
n0 =
Where:
e2
n = the sample size
Z= selected critical value of desired confidence level
(95%);1.96
p = estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the
population
q = 1-p
e = margin of error
N = population size (357,336)
p = 0.5 (max. variability)
q = 1-0.5 = 0.5
e = 5%
z = 1.96 for 95% confidence level
so;
1.962 (0.5)(0.5)
n0 =
0.052
= 384.16 respondents
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Finite; substituting the given data:
=
(𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑏0)
(𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑏0 − 1)
1+(
)
𝑁
=
(384.16)
(384.16 − 1)
1+(
)
178668
= 383.34 ≈ 383 respondents
Therefore, there will be 383 respondents involved in this study.
38
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 2.
Distribution of Respondents in each Station of LRT Line 2
Station
Average daily
Percentage of
No. of respondents
ridership
Daily ridership
Betty-Go
2782
1.56
6.00
6
J. Ruiz
3205
1.79
6.90
7
Gilmore
5817
3.26
Anonas
9502
5.32
20.40
20
V. Mapa
10214
5.72
21.90
22
Pureza
12826
7.18
27.50
28
Legarda
13309
7.45
28.50
29
Katipunan
15562
8.71
33.40
33
Cubao
29646
16.59
63.60
64
Santolan
33460
18.73
71.70
72
Recto
42344
23.70
Total
178668
100.00
12.50
90.80
383
13
91
385
Table no. 2 shows the computed number of respondents in each station of LRT
Line 2. This will be used in the conduct of survey.
This number of respondents per station was obtained by using the available ridership
data of LRT Line 2 for the year 2018 including the data per station and the total ridership.
The total riderships per stations were divided by the number of days of LRT Line 2
operation to get the average daily ridership per station and its total for the entire line.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
That calculated data was used to get the percentage of commuters for each station. After
getting the percentages per station, these were multiplied by the resulting 383 sample
size to get the final number of respondents per station. Due to the decimal place on the
answers, the total respondents for the entire line became 385 which the researchers
used upon distributing the survey questionnaire forms.
The respondents of the study are the commuters of Light Rail Transit 2 who are
randomly selected. The researchers used random sampling technique..
Locale of the Study
This study was conducted in all stations of LRT Line 2. Given by the daily
ridership report from LRT Line 2 for the year 2018, the researchers were able to compute
for the number of respondents in each station of the line.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers prepared a researcher-developed survey in a rating format
which covers all the variables included in the statement of the problem. The researchers
conducted an interview with LRTA. Then the researchers made a letter of request
regarding the actual survey on the line and brought it to the Light Rail Transit Authority
and submitted the survey questionnaire to be used for review for the granting of work
clearance The researchers also requested for the ridership in 2018 to determine how
many passengers will be surveyed on every station based on the percentage produced
by the average daily ridership of every station over the total average daily ridership. After
LRTA granted the researchers a work clearance for all the stations of the Light Rail
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Transit Line 2 (LRT Line 2), the researchers conducted a survey to the passengers only
in the unpaid concourse of all stations of the said line. Once the survey was done, data
gathered from them were analyzed and interpreted and statistical computation was done
in order to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the PARDS in terms of what is
stated in the statement of the problem.
Research Instrument Used
For the data gathering instrument (see Appendix 2), a researcher-developed
survey questionnaire was chosen which consists of three parts: Part 1; for the Profile of
the Respondents in terms of their age, gender, frequency of rides in LRT line 2 and
period of time as LRT line 2 patron. Part 2; is composed of the rating of effectiveness of
PARDS based on their perspectives in terms of providing real time information, safety
reminders, entertainment, public announcements and Part 3 is for the level of efficiency
of PARDS in terms of its audio-visual presentation. The features considered in the
questionnaire, mainly providing real time information, entertainment and safety
reminders are based on the Description and Components of PARDS from Department
of Transportation Report Annual Report (See Appendix 5) and for the feature of Public
Announcement (See Appendix 6).
Description of Respondents
All stations (Recto – Santolan) of LRT Line 2 were the area where the surveying
was held. A number of LRT Line 2 passengers was selected by the random sampling
method and were asked to answer the survey questionnaires which were used by the
researchers in their research study period. The researchers ensured that the
41
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
respondents in the survey are bonafide passengers of LRT Line 2. Respondents
answered the survey questionnaires based on their own perspectives.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The following tools were used for the treatment of data:
Likert Scale
A Likert Scale for effectiveness was used for respondents to have standard to
base on upon answering the surveys provided. It has the following details and format:
Table 3
Likert Scale for Effectiveness
Response
Numerical
Statistical Limit
Verbal Interpretation
Category
Highly Effective
5
4.51-5.00
HE
(81%-100%)
Effective
4
3.51-4.50
E
(61%-80%)
Somewhat Effective
3
2.51-3.50
SE
(41%-60%)
Less Effective
2
1.51-2.50
LE
(21%-40%)
Not Effective
1
1.00-1.50
NE
(1%-20%)
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 4
Description and Verbal Interpretation for Effectiveness Rating
Verbal
Description
Interpretation
Highly Effective
The feature of the product is always working according to
the purpose.
Effective
The information and feature is mostly successful in
providing assistance to commuters.
Somewhat Effective
The feature of the product somehow succeeds in achieving
its purpose.
Less Effective
The feature of the product rarely succeeds in achieving its
purpose.
Not Effective
If the thing being described is not effective at all. It didn’t
meet the purpose of the product.
Table 4 shows the description for each verbal interpretation of the rating.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 5
Likert Scale for Efficiency
Statistical
Numerical
Response
Verbal Interpretation
Limit
Category
Highly Efficient
5
4.51-5.00
Hey
(81%-100%)
Efficient
4
3.51-4.50
Ey
(61%-80%)
Somewhat Efficient
3
2.51-3.50
SEy
(41%-60%)
Less Efficient
2
1.51-2.50
Ley
(21%-40%)
Not Efficient
1
1.00-1.50
Ney
(1%-20%)
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 6
Description and Verbal Interpretation for Efficiency Rating
Verbal Interpretation
Description
Highly Efficient
Services (information) are very well provided without
wasting time and effort of passenger to understand it.
Efficient
Services (information) are provided with a very little time
and effort needed to understand it
Somewhat Efficient
Services are provided with the little time and effort needed
to understand it
Less Efficient
Services are provided but there is more time and effort
needed before passengers can understand it.
Not Efficient
Services are provided but most time and effort is needed
just to understand it. Too much time and effort is needed
just to receive and understand the service (information).
Table 6 shows the description for each verbal interpretation of the rating.
Weighted Mean
The mean was used to finally calculate the resulting value of the level of
effectiveness and efficiency of PARDS in LRT Line 2 from the responses made through
the survey.
It is same to an arithmetic mean where instead of all the data points contribute
equally to the final average, some data points here contributed more than the others.
The formula for that is given as:
45
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Sample Mean
𝑥=Σ𝑥/𝑛
Where: x = weighted mean
n = the number of data items in a sample
Σx = the sum of all data values
Mean Item Score
MIS = (Σ𝑛1𝑘1)/Σ𝑁 =
𝟓𝒏𝟓 +𝟒𝒏𝟒 +𝟑𝒏𝟑 +𝟐𝒏𝟐 +𝒏𝟏 +𝟎𝒏𝟎
𝒏𝟓 +𝒏𝟒 +𝒏𝟑 +𝒏𝟐 +𝒏𝟏 +𝒏𝟎
Where: MIS = Mean Item Score
ΣN = total number of respondents
n = the number of the respondents who answered 5 , answered 4,
answered 3, answered 2, answered 1…
k = rating given in the likert scale
Frequency Distribution
Frequency distribution was used in this study to present the frequencies of each
category. It is a table consists of the category, the frequency or count or occurrences of
that category based on the answers of the respondents .
The table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.
Percentage Frequency Distribution
The percentage frequency distribution it presents percentage the equivalent
percentages of the frequencies per data point.
46
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
% =
𝑭
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵
Where: % = percentage
F = Frequency
N = total number of respondents
100 = a constant value
47
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter tackles the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the results of
the conducted study on the Level of Effectiveness and Efficiency of Passenger Assist
Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2. The presentation of the following data
were aligned on the problems stated in Chapter 1.
1.0 Profile of the Respondents
1.1 Gender
Table 7
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Gender
Gender
Frequency (f)
Percentage %
Female
234
60.78
Male
151
39.22
Total
385
100
Table 7 shows that from the total number of respondents, 60.78% are female
respondents and 39.22% are male respondents. This indicates that, there is a domain of
female of being an LRT Line 2 user.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1.2 Age
Table 8
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Age
Age
Frequency (f)
Percentage %
20 and below
241
62.6
21-30
108
28.05
31-40
25
6.49
41-50
10
2.60
51-60
1
0.26
60 and above
0
0
Total
385
100
Table 8 shows that the respondents are mostly 20 years and below, meaning this
is the period of time where they are still studying in schools, taking part-time jobs and
becoming a matured adolescent. While the second to the 20 years and below is the age
bracket of 21-30 years old that yield a percent of 28.05%, indicating that second highest
of the respondents are early adults, where they are already working and taking more
training and seminars to establish their careers. The age bracket of 41-50 years old has
only a percentage of 2.60%, indicating that they are in the mid-adult years. The age
brackets of 51-60 years old has 0.26% and the 60 years old and above have 0%. This
indicates that there are no senior citizen-respondents.
49
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1.3 Frequency of Rides in LRT Line 2
Table 9
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Ride Frequency
Ride frequency
Frequency, f
Percentage, %
1-5 times
184
47.79
6-10 times
137
35.60
11 or more
64
16.62
Total
385
100%
Table 9 shows that the respondents among the three options mostly use the LRT
Line 2 only 1-5 times a week which means that they took the LRT 2 rarely or use it for
some purposes but they have an idea about the features of PARDS and how PARDS
works. Thirty-five point 80 (35.60) % rides the LRT Line 2 6-10 times a week and there is
16.62% for frequency of 11 or more times which may indicate that these respondents are
using the LRT line 2 as their mode of transportation going to the schools, works and
appointments. Meaning, they already know the features of PARDS and on how PARDS
works since they frequently see it during their journey in the train. Thus, combining the 610 times and 11 or more also means that more than half of the respondents are frequent
riders of LRT Line 2.
50
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
1.4 Period of Time as an LRT Line 2 Patron
Table 10
Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Period of Time as an
LRT Line 2 Patron
Ride Patron
Frequency, f
Percentage, %
2 years and
below
3 years and
above
Total
165
42.86
220
57.14
385
100%
Table 10 shows that 57.14% of the respondents are using the LRT Line 2 for 3
years and above. This indicates that they already know what are the changes or
improvements made and the issues encountered in using LRT Line 2. The bracket of 2
years and below indicates that they are new LRT Line 2 riders or experience using LRT
Line 2 frequently for a few years. They only notice a few changes in the line. The purpose
of this is to know what part of the respondents know or notice the changes when the
system was implemented. There are only two options since the system started its
implementation almost two years ago.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
2.0 Level of Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS)
in LRT Line 2
2.1. Level of Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of Providing Real Time Information
Table 11
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of Providing
Real Time Information
2.1. Providing Real Time
Information
2.1.1
Informing the
Frequency
Weighted
Verbal
5
4
3
2
1
Mean
Interpretation
173
132
61
11
8
4.17
Effective
148
131
69
28
9
3.99
Effective
137
106
92
34
16
3.82
Effective
passengers about the
nearby establishments
of the approaching
station for their
awareness.
2.1.2
Displaying time
of the day for
passenger awareness.
2.1.3
Displaying date
for passenger
awareness.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
2.1.4
Informing the
183
95
65
29
13
4.05
Effective
191
102
69
16
7
4.18
Effective
4.04
Effective
passengers about the
current train location for
their awareness
2.1.5
Informing the
passengers about the
next and previous
station for their
awareness.
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN
Table 11 shows the calculated weighted mean per item for the feature providing
real time information. It also displays the weighted mean for items and the general
weighted mean which represents the over-all weighted mean for the feature of PARDS of
providing real time information. The feature number 2.1.3 “Displaying date for passenger
awareness” has the lowest weighted mean of 3.82 but still falls under the 3.50-4.51 with
the verbal interpretation of “Effective”. The table further shows that commuters find
PARDS effective in terms of providing real time information based on the resulting general
weighted mean of 4.04.
53
54
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
2.2 Level of Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT
Line 2 in terms of Safety Reminders
Table 12
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of Safety Reminders
2.2. Safety Reminders
Frequency
2.2.1 Mind the platform gap reminder
2.2.2 Avoid pushing reminder
2.2.3 Use hand rails reminder
Weighted
Verbal
Interpretation
5
4
3
2
1
Mean
226
96
48
12
3
4.38
176
94
76
27
12
4.03
191
113
58
17
6
4.21
2.2.4 Do not lean on the door
reminder
Effective
Effective
Effective
Effective
208
93
62
16
6
4.25
197
105
61
14
10
4.20
2.2.5 Area for PWDs, pregnant
women, elders and passenger
with small children reminders.
Effective
2.2.6 Food and drinks are not
allowed reminder.
Effective
151
123
78
17
16
3.98
182
101
79
18
5
4.14
2.2.7 Be careful from snatchers
reminder.
Effective
2.2.8 Please fall in line when
boarding reminder.
Effective
131
113
76
38
27
3.74
148
112
72
38
15
3.88
130
111
94
32
18
3.79
2.2.9 Do not block the door-alighting
passageway reminder.
2.2.10
reminder.
Effective
Avoid horseplaying
Effective
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN
4.06
Effective
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 12 shows the calculated weighted mean per item for the feature providing
safety reminders. It also displays the weighted mean for items and the general weighted
mean which represents the over-all weighted mean for the feature of PARDS of providing
safety reminders. The feature number 2.2. 8 “Please fall in line when boarding reminder”
has the lowest weighted mean 3.74 but still falls under the 3.50-4.51 with the verbal
interpretation of “Effective”. The table further shows that commuters find PARDS effective
in terms of providing safety reminders based on the resulting general weighted mean of
4.06.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
2.3. Level of Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT
Line 2 in terms of Entertainment
Table 13
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of Entertainment
FREQUENCY
Weighted
Verbal
MEAN
Interpretation
2.3. Entertainment
5
2.3.1
Using
3
2
1
jingles
for entertainment.
2.3.2
4
Effective
130 103 93
42
17
3.75
Showing
commercials
Effective
for 144 114 85
31
11
3.91
entertainment
2.3.3
Showing
animated
skits
Effective
for 121 118 90
41
15
3.75
entertainment.
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN
3.80
Effective
Table 13 shows the calculated weighted mean per item for the feature providing
entertainment. It also displays the weighted mean for items and the general weighted
mean which represents the over-all weighted mean for the feature of PARDS of providing
entertainment. The feature number 2.3.1 and 2.3.3 has the same lowest weighted mean
56
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
of 3.75 but still falls under the 3.50-4.51 with the verbal interpretation of “Effective”. The
table further shows that commuters find PARDS effective in terms of providing
entertainment based on the resulting general weighted mean of 3.80.
2.4. Level of Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT
Line 2 in terms of Public Announcements
Table 14
Weighted Mean on the Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of Public Announcements
FREQUENCY
Weighted
Interpretatio
Mean
n
2.4. Public Announcements
5
2.4.1.
4
3
2
1
Informing passengers about
Somewhat
public security system such as the
Effective
88
113
101
54
29
3.46
peace talk being supported by Armed
Forces of the Philippines
2.4.2.
Giving
information
about
Effective
government policies such as FOI or
96
Freedom
of
Information
119
105
43
22
3.58
for
awareness.
2.4.3.
Informing passengers on
weather forecast for today and the
Effective
109
104
80
57
35
3.51
following days.
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN
3.52
Effective
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 14 shows the calculated weighted mean per item for the feature of providing
public announcement. It also displays the weighted mean for items and the general
weighted mean which represents the over-all weighted mean for the feature of PARDS of
providing public announcement. Feature number 2.4.1 “Informing passengers about the
peace talk being supported by Armed Forces of the Philippines” has the lowest weighted
mean of 3.46 that falls under the 2.51-3.50 with the verbal interpretation of “Somewhat
Effective” but as a whole the table further shows that commuters find PARDS effective in
terms of providing public announcement based on the resulting general weighted mean of
3.52.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 15
Summary on the Level of Effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display
System (PARDS) in LRT Line 2
Features
Weighted
Verbal
MEAN
Interpretation
2.1. Providing Real Time Information
4.04
Effective
2.1.1 Informing the passengers about the nearby
4.17
Effective
3.99
Effective
2.1.3 Displaying date for passenger awareness.
3.82
Effective
2.1.4 Informing the passengers about the current
4.05
Effective
4.18
Effective
2.2. Safety Reminders
4.06
Effective
2.2.1 Mind the platform gap reminder
4.38
Effective
2.2.2 Avoid pushing reminder
4.03
Effective
2.2.3 Use hand rails reminder
4.21
Effective
2.2.4 Do not lean on the door reminder
4.25
Effective
2.2.5 Courtesy area for PWDs, pregnant women,
4.20
Effective
establishments of the approaching station for their
awareness.
2.1.2 Displaying time of the day for passenger
awareness.
train location for their awareness
2.1.5. Informing the passengers about the next and
previous station for their awareness.
elders and passenger with small children reminders.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Continuation of Table 15
Features
Weighted
Verbal
MEAN
Interpretation
2.2.6 Food and drinks are not allowed reminder.
3.98
Effective
2.2.7 Be careful from snatchers reminder.
4.14
Effective
2.2.8 Please fall in line when boarding reminder.
3.74
Effective
2.2.9 Do not block the door-alighting passageway
3.88
Effective
2.2.10. Avoid horseplaying reminder.
3.79
Effective
2.3.Entertainment
3.80
Effective
2.3.1 Using jingles for entertainment.
3.75
Effective
2.3.2 Showing commercials for entertainment
3.91
Effective
2.3.3 Showing animated skits for entertainment.
3.75
Effective
2.4. Public Announcements
3.52
Effective
2.4.1 Informing passengers about public security
3.46
Somewhat
reminder.
system announcements such as the peace talk being
Effective
supported by Armed Forces of the Philippines
2.4.2 Giving information about government policies
3.58
Effective
3.51
Effective
3.86
Effective
such as FOI or Freedom of Information for
awareness.
2.4.3 Informing passengers on weather forecast for
today and the following days.
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN
60
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Table 15 displays the verbal interpretation for each item based on the survey
conducted to 385 respondents. It shows that for the feature of providing real time
information it resulted to be Effective as well as for its sub-topics. The feature of providing
safety reminders also gave a result of Effective as well as for its sub-topics. The feature
of providing entertainment also gave a result of Effective as well as for its sub-topics. The
feature of providing public announcement also gave a result of Effective but the sub-topic
feature about “Informing passengers about public security system announcements such
as the peace talk being supported by Armed Forces of the Philippines” yielded 3.46 that
falls under the 2.51-3.50 with the verbal interpretation of “Somewhat Effective”. All in all,
the features of PARDS in LRT line 2 based on the commuters’ perspective is Effective
61
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
3.0 LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY OF PASSENGER ASSIST RAILWAY DISPLAY SYSTEM
(PARDS) IN LRT LINE 2
This part discusses the analysis and interpretation of data gathered for the level
of efficiency of PARDS in LRT Line 2 in terms of its audio-visual presentation.
3.1. Audio-Visual Presentation
Table 16
Level of Efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT
Line 2 in Terms of Audio-Visual Presentation
3. Efficiency
3. 1.Audio-Visual Presentation
Frequency
Weighted
Verbal
5
4
3
2
1
Mean
Interpretation
3.1.1
Audio
100
145
101
32
7
3.78
Efficient
3.1.2
Synchronization of audio and
94
146
105
32
8
3.74
Efficient
visual
3.1.3
Position of monitors
124
139
95
21
6
3.92
Efficient
3.1.4
Screen brightness
153
141
67
18
6
4.08
Efficient
3.1.5
Font size and color
131
137
85
24
8
3.93
Efficient
3.1.6
Content Layout
143
125
92
17
8
3.98
Efficient
3.1.7
Size of images
131
134
92
20
8
3.94
Efficient
3.1.8
Track Layout Location
120
118
94
39
14
3.76
Efficient
3.1.9
Time the Information was given
142
106
87
33
17
3.84
Efficient
3.89
Efficient
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
The table above displays the frequency distribution of the respondents according
to the efficiency in terms of audio-visual presentation. This tells that Audio has a weighted
mean of 3.78, Synchronization of audio and visual got 3.74 being the lowest, Position of
Monitors has 3.92, Screen brightness obtaining the highest efficiency of PARDS at 4.08,
Font size and color with 3.93 weighted mean, Content layout having 3.98, Size of images
obtained 3.94, Track Layout Location has 3.76 and Time the information was given which
is if passengers have enough time to react on the information given has 3.84. These gave
a general weighted mean for Efficiency of 3.89.
Table 17
Summary on the Level of Efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2
3. Efficiency
Weighted
3. 1.Audio-Visual Presentation
Verbal Interpretation
Mean
3.1.1 Audio
3.78
Efficient
3.1.2 Synchronization of audio and visual
3.74
Efficient
3.1.3 Position of monitors
3.92
Efficient
3.1.4 Screen brightness
4.08
Efficient
3.1.5 Font size and color
3.93
Efficient
3.1.6 Content Layout
3.98
Efficient
3.1.7 Size of images
3.94
Efficient
3.1.8 Track Layout Location
3.76
Efficient
3.1.9 Time the Information was given
3.84
Efficient
3.89
EFFICIENT
GENERAL WEIGHTED MEAN
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It can be seen from the Table 17 above that the commuters perceived PARDS as
efficient in providing its services through the use of Audio, Synchronization of audio and
visual, Position of Monitors, Screen brightness, Font Size and color, Content Layout, Size
of Images, Track Layout Location and Time the Information was given. It interprets that
the level of efficiency of PARDS is Efficient in providing its services through the AudioVisual Presentation.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the
conclusion drawn and the recommendation made as an outgrowth of this study.
This study was made with the general objective of determining the level of
effectiveness and efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in
LRTLine 2.
Moreover, it also seeks to answer the following specific questions:
1.
What is the profile of respondents in terms of:
1.1 Gender;
1.2 Age;
1.3 Frequency of rides in LRT Line 2;
1.4 Period of time as an LRT Line 2 patron?
2.
What is the level of effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) in LRT Line 2 in terms of:
2.1. Providing real time information;
2.2. Safety reminders;
2.3. Entertainment and
2.4. Public Announcements?
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3. What is the level of efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS)
in LRT Line 2 in terms of audio-visual presentation?
The descriptive method of research was used in assessing the level of
effectiveness and efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in
LRT Line 2. Random Sampling technique was used to come up to a 384 passengers
as respondents in LRT Line 2. But due to the decimal places obtained in calculating dor
the respondents per station, the total respondents became 385.
The data were gathered using questionnaires. For the profile of the
respondents, the followings were taken into consideration; gender, age, frequency of
rides in LRT Line 2, and period time as an LRT Line 2 patron. The questionnaire on the
level of effectiveness and efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System
(PARDS) was approved by the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA).
The obtained data from the survey were subjected to statistical treatment. The
frequency and percentage were used specifically in dealing with nominal data
generated by personal characteristics checklist. Weighted Mean was used to calculate
the resulting value of the level of effectiveness and efficiency of PARDS in LRT Line 2
from the responses made through the survey. Likert Scale for effectiveness and
efficiency was used for respondents to have standard to base on upon answering the
surveys provided.
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Summary of Findings
1. Profile of the respondents derived from the selected variables
1.1 Gender
Most of the respondents are females with a frequency of 234 or a
percentage of 60.78%.
1.2 Age
The largest group of the respondents was found on the age bracket of
20 years old and below with a frequency of 241 or a percentage of 62.60%.
1.3 Frequency of rides in LRT Line 2
The respondents mostly take trips 1-5 times a week with a frequency of
184 or a percentage of 47.79%.
1.4 Period of time as an LRT Line 2 patron
Most of the respondents are using the LRT Line 2 for 3 years and above
with a frequency of 220 and a percentage of 57.14%.
2.
Level of effectiveness of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in
LRT Line 2 in terms of:
2.1. Providing real time information
The commuters find PARDS effective in terms of providing real time
information based on the resulting general weighted mean of 4.04 and all the
computed weighted mean fall under the verbal interpretation “Effective.”
2.2. Safety reminders
The commuters find PARDS effective in terms of providing safety
reminders based on the resulting general weighted mean of 4.06.
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2.3. Entertainment
The commuters find PARDS effective in terms of providing
entertainment based on the resulting general weighted mean of 3.80 and all the
computed weighted mean fall under the verbal interpretation “Effective.”
2.4. Public Announcements
The commuters find PARDS effective in terms of providing public
announcement based on the resulting general weighted mean of 3.52 and all
the computed weighted mean fall under the verbal interpretation “Effective”
except for the 2.4.1. item which resulted to 3.46 under “Somewhat Effective.”
3. Level of efficiency of Passenger Assist Railway Display System (PARDS) in LRT
Line 2 in terms of:
3.1. Audio-visual presentation.
The commuters find PARDS efficient in terms of audio-visual
presentation based on the resulting general weighted mean of 3.89 and all the
computed weighted mean fall under the verbal interpretation “Efficient.”
Conclusions
Based on the findings derived from this study, the followng conclusions were
drawn.
1.
Based on the findings more than half of the respondents are female and
as to the profile of the respondents in terms of age, most of the respondents belong
to 20 years old and below age groups. A large portion of the respondents
correspond to students. Majority of the respondents takes 1-5 trips a week. Most of
the respondents are riders of LRT Line 2 for 3 years and above.
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2.
Findings present that in general, Passenger Assist Railway Display
System in LRT Line 2 has been "EFFECTIVE" in providing its feature in terms of
providing real time information, safety reminders, entertainment, and public
announcements made by the respondents with some proper maintenance to
sustain or even to improve its effectiveness . This means that based on the
description in the scale, what PARDS does in terms of providing real time
information, safety reminders, entertainment and public announcement is mostly
successful in providing assistance to commuters. In general, PARDS’ services are
mostly successful in providing assistance to LRT Line 2 commuters.
3.
Findings present that in general, Passenger Assist Railway Display
System in LRT Line 2 has been "EFFICIENT" in providing its feature in terms of
audio-visual presentation made by the respondents with some proper maintenance
to sustain or even to improve its efficiency. It means that PARDS’ Services
(information) are provided with a very little time and effort of passengers needed to
understand. It means that passengers can understand the information provided and
has enough time to react on it.
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Recommendations
In light with the research conducted, the study hereby present the recommendations
as follows:
1. As the respondents’ perception on the level of effectiveness and efficiency of the
services that is being provided by PARDS is labeled as effective and efficient, there
is still room for improvement. Effective means that most of the information or
feature achieve its purpose. Improvements will be for making it highly effective
which means that the features are always working according to purpose. It is
recommended that these features be in coordination and must provide ample time
for the passengers to react and absorb the data given and/or shown by PARDS.
2. Adding more infotainment videos to entertain and educate passengers of LRT line
2 and to also improve the Entertainment feature of PARDS is highly recommended.
3. Based on the results, the Public Announcement feature (2.4.1) of PARDS is
somehow succeeding in providing an effective service. An inclusion of informative
data is an advantage and a benefit to the riding public if executed properly. It is
highly recommended that these feature be retained and shown more frequent
without hindering the purpose of the other features shown by PARDS.
This
recommendation is also applicable for the whole public announcements feature
since the totality of the rating (3.52) of said feature falls closely to the level of
“Somewhat Effective.”
4. There is still room for improvement on the efficiency of PARDS since it resulted to
only efficient to make it into the level of highly efficient. If not, it can be consistently
maintained so that it will stay efficient and also for the synchronization of audio and
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
visual sine it has the lowest mean, recommendation is to observe if it is
synchronized all the time.
5. Since the assessment for the effectiveness and efficiency for the features of
PARDS, it is recommended that it can be used by other lines to improve passenger
journey. It is also recommended for future railway lines to use the same system.
6. It is recommended that other variables may be used in varied samples in order to
widen the scope and to obtain a broad comparison of results.
7. Future researchers may use this study as a basis in conducting a study related to
this research topic.
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Appendices
Appendix 1. Biographical Statement
Melody Aytona is a fifth-year student at Polytechnic University of the PhilippinesManila taking up Bachelor of Science in Railway Engineering and Management. She was
born in Calatagan, Batangas on September 12, 1997. She completed her high school
education at the Batangas Province Science High School. She is currently a member of
the PUP-Railway Engineering Students’ Society, American Concrete Institute of the
Philippines-PUP Student Chapter, PUP College of Engineering Honors’ Society and PUP
College of Engineering Literary Society. She took her internship at Busan Universal Rail
Inc.-Manila in 2017 and at Light Rail Manila Corporation in 2018.
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Carlota Jisela de la Cruz Carreon was born on April 22, 1998 in Sta. Rosa City,
province of Laguna. She took her primary education at Mary’s Ville Academy and finished
her secondary education at the Colegio of Sta. Rosa De Lima, Inc. She took part in
different extracurricular activities involving music such as the school choir as well as the
school band. She is currently finishing her degree in Bachelor of Science in Railway
Engineering and Management at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She is also
a member of several organizations namely the Railway Engineering Students’ Society and
the American Concrete institute. She is proficient in different computer software AutoCAD,
Adobe Photoshop and the likes. She is currently interested in taking up programming, as
well as, project management courses.
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Leandro T. Laloy III is a fifth year student at the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines and taking up Bachelor of Science in Railway Engineering and Management.
He is a scholar of Charity First Foundation Inc. He is active in joining organizations inside
and outside of the school since high school. Today, he is currently the finance officer of
Railway Engineering Students Society (RailSS) in PUP, wherein he participated in making
the event “First National Railway Engineering Conference” conducted in November, 2018.
One of the best organizations he was a member with was the Youth Heath Corps. He,
together with his co-facilitator planned and celebrated the event “World Aids Day” to
spread awareness about the AIDS, HIV and STIs in Quezon City successfully. Last 2017,
He received an award for being the "Best Promising Co-facilitator". He completed his
internship at Busan Universal Rail Inc. in 2017 and at Light Rail Manila Corporation in
2018.
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Jose Edgar Luces II is a fifth year student taking Bachelor of Science in Railway
Engineering and Management student at Polytechnic University of the Philippines. He
attended trainings relating to railway systems in Rolling Stock Division and Operations
Division. He has been granted a Civil Service Eligibility for passing/qualifying in the Career
Service Professional Examination conducted by the Civil Service Commission last March
of 2018.
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Jan Paolo B. Simpao is a fifth year student of Bachelor of Science in Railway
Engineering and Management student at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. His
subject interests are the mathematical subjects such as statistics, college algebra and the
alike. He became a Dean’s Lister in the university for three (3) times. He is a person who
is willing to learn and to be trained in all things that will make him more knowledgeable on
a specific thing and know on how he will apply it. Besides, he is knowledgeable in
AutoCAD, Microsoft Office and some softwares that are related to the engineering. He
does his best in spite of all circumstances to finish the tasks well-detailed, successfully,
efficiently and effectively. He is a member of Railway Engineering Students Society
(RailSS) and American Concrete Institute (ACI) until now and finished his Internship
program at Busan Universal Rail Inc. (BURI) in 2017 and at Light Rail Manila Corporation
(LRMC) in 2018.
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Appendix 2. Survey Questionnaire Form
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Appendix 3: Ridership Data from LRTA
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Appendix 4: Calculation of Population Size
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Appendix 5: Description and Components of PARDS from Department of Transportation
Report Annual Report
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Appendix 6: Statement of Trackmate Business Solutions Inc. on PARDS from Media
Interview
“Inspirasyon po naming talaga is para mapadali yung, ah, lalo na ‘pag hindi ka sanay or
hindi ka pamilyar dun sa lugar, nakakatulong talaga sya sa iyong pagcommute araw-araw.
Ah at the same time ah, it’s a high-time na ating ah maiangat yung ah serbisyo o yung
kalidad ng ating transportasyon sa Pilpinas. Kagaya ng ating mga bansa, karatig bansa
-Cielo Remorin
Marketing Manager-Trackmate
Youtube-LRTA inilunsad ang Passenger Assist-Rail Display System para mapabilis ang
byahe
“Pwede rin syang magamit ng ating LRTA para sa quick communication sa mga pasahero,
kung halimbawa may ahm emergency communication, or meron silang mga karagdagang
announcements on say, government projects, pwede hong magamit ito sa sistema. At the
same tie, makikita mo talaga in real time yung ah actual na lokasyon mo habang nasa
loob ka ng tren at yung mga susunod na destinasyon o next station.”
-Cielo Remorin
Marketing Manager-Trackmate
Youtube-LRTA Launcehs Passengers Assist Rail Display System Motoring News
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Appendix 7. Working Clearance for Passenger Surveying in LRT Line 2
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Appendix 8: Letters Used
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Appendix 9. Certification of Statistical Treatment
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Appendix 10: Action Photos
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Interview with LRTA Business Development Department-September 20, 2018
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Appendix 11: Validation of Coordination of Researchers with the Light Rail
Transit Authority with regards to the study
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