Indonesian National Revolution Background • Dutch colonization and administration under Dutch East India Company and later Dutch East Indies. • Dutch Ethical Policy employed • Japanese invasion destroyed much of the pre-existing Dutch political, economic, and administrative infrastructure. Sukarno & Mohammad Hatta • Leaders of the Indonesian independence movement. • Collaborated with the Japanese during WW2, leading the POETERA (Center of People’s Power) • • • • Secured Japanese promise of independent Indonesian state. Organized the basis of Indonesian independence in the BPUPK and PPKI. Declared independence on the 17th of August, 1945. First President and Vice-President of Indonesia Revolution and Order • Power vacuum in Indonesia seized by revolutionary fervor and pemuda groups. • Purge and public attacks directed to minorities within Indonesia as they were suspected as ‘spies.’ • Effective, organized military was a challenging task, and the new military established was based more on youth and charisma. • By end of August 1946, a central Republican government was established in Jakarta. Counter Revolution • The Dutch was aiming to take back Indonesia after WW2 • The Indonesian area was put under the jurisdiction of the British Admiral, and reoccupation begun. • Clashes and first stages of war began between the British, Dutch, Japanese, and Republican forces. • Main battle of the revolution was the Battle of Surabaya. • Dutch re-organized government Diplomacy and Further Offensives • The crucial agreement that put a halt to the war was the Linggadjati Agreement. • Dutch were unsatisfied with their gains, further attacked with Operation Product. • Ceasefire was once again negotiated with the Renville Agreement, but was only temporary. • Operation Crow Independence • International condemnation and pressure made Dutch efforts to re-establish colony impossible. • Round Table Conference secured the United States of Indonesia. • 17th August, 1950. The Republic of Indonesia was proclaimed as an unitary state. Conclusion • 45,000~100,000 Indonesian soldier deaths and >25,000 civilian deaths. • 1,200 British casualties; 5,000 Dutch casualties; 7 million displaced people. • Revolution had economic impacts on both the Dutch and Indonesian state, both of which had to recover from WW2. • Indonesian independence was a blend of diplomacy and force, consolidating the political gains whilst maintaining the republican revolution, and ultimately dismantled the colonial administration of the Dutch. Bibliography • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Indonesian_National_Revolution • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersiap • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta
