The Original 13 Colonies
England Establishes a Presence in
North America
Jamestown (1607)
• King James I grants a
corporate charter to the
Virginia Company (a
joint-stock company)
• Early settlement is
challenging, due to
preventable and
unpreventable causes (like?)
Jamestown (1607)
• Chances of survival are extremely low, so how
does the Virginia Company get people to come
over?
• Free land!!! Known
as the headright
system. Many
cavaliers took
advantage of it.
Tobacco and John Rolfe
Jamestown
• First Africans arrive in
Jamestown in 1619: “Christian
servants”
• Slaves in 1620
• Conflict with Native Americans
causes England to revoke the
Virginia Company’s charter and
make Virginia a royal colony
Creating a New England
• The same…but different! Remember:
• Anglicans (Church of England—broke away
from Catholic church)
• Puritans (tried to “purify” Anglican church
from the Catholic church’s residual
influence—wanted to reform the Anglican
church from the inside)
• Separatists (“extreme Puritans”—thought
Anglican church was too corrupt to change
from inside, so they had to separate
altogether)
The Mayflower
• Separatists sail for the New World under the
Plymouth Company, along with “strangers,”
those who were not Separatists (aka Pilgrims)
• 102 passengers on the Mayflower, 1620
In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the
loyal subjects of our dread Sovereigne Lord, King James, by the grace of
God, of Great Britaine, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith,
etc. having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the
Christian faith, and honour of our king and country, a voyage to plant
the first colony in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents
solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another,
covenant and combine ourselves together into a civill body politick, for
our better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends
aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enacte, constitute, and frame such
just and equall laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from
time to time, as shall be thought most meete and convenient for the
generall good of the Colonie unto which we promise all due submission
and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our
names at Cape-Codd the 11. of November, in the year of the raigne of
our sovereigne lord, King James, of England, France and Ireland, the
eighteenth, and of Scotland the fiftie-fourth. Anno Dom. 1620.
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John Carver
William Bradford
Edward Winslow
William Brewster
Issac Allerton
Myles Standish
John Alden
Samuel Fuller
Christopher Martin
William Mullins
William White
Richard Warren
John Howland
Stephen Hopkins
Edward Tilley
John Tilley
Francis Cooke
Thomas Rogers
Edward Dotey
Edward Leister
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Thomas Tinker
John Rigdale
Edward Fuller
John Turner
Francis Eaton
James Chilton
John Crackston
John Billington
Moses Fletcher
John Goodman
Degory Priest
Thomas Williams
Gilbert Winslow
Edmund Margeson
Peter Browne
Richard Britteridge
George Soule
Richard Clarke
Richard Gardiner
John Allerton
Thomas English
Other Puritans follow 10 years later…
• John Winthrop
leads several
ships of 700
Puritans as part
of the
Massachusetts
Bay Company
(so what kind
of colony?)
E
V
O
L
FAI
T
H
D
R
HA K
R
O
W
• They wanted to establish a model Christian
society—a “city upon a hill” that would
demonstrate Christian love and community
• From them, we get the phrase “Puritan work
ethic”—they considered every job important
since every job was done for God. They
worked hard to please Him.
The Great Migration
• Over the next 15 years, ~20,000 more Puritans
leave poor conditions in England for New
England
• All male church members can vote, which is
much less strict than in England
• EVERYONE can have a say in how their town is
run through the New England Town Meeting,
but only male church members actually vote
• The Town Meeting helps establish the
foundational value of democracy in the future
United States
Religious Intolerance and
“Dissenters”
• MBC consisted of several close-knit
towns, which were not very tolerant of
people who had unusual political and
religious views
• These people were known as “dissenters”
• The most notorious were Roger Williams
and Anne Hutchinson
I don’t think you should
have to belong to the
church to vote…and we
should pay Native
Americans for their land!
Um, I don’t think so,
Roger. You’re under
arrest.
Ha! Catch me if you can!
I’m going to start my own
colony….I think I’ll call it
Providence. We’ll separate church
and state.
Well, as long as you’re at
it, why don’t you take
Anne Hutchinson with
you? She’s a troublemaker,
too!
Hey! Who are you calling troublemaker? Just
because I think people can interpret the Bible
for themselves and don’t HAVE to go to church?
Forget you! I’m taking my family and going to
Rhode Island, where they’re more TOLERANT.
Other dissent Connecticut
• Thomas Hooker believed males shouldn’t have
to belong to the Puritan church to vote, so he
got permission to start his own colony in
Connecticut
• It was governed according to the first written
constitution in the colonies, the Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut
But “Were the Puritans Puritanical?”
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What does “puritanical” mean?
In what ways *were* the Puritans so?
In what ways were they not?
Ultimately, what is Degler’s argument?
So let’s put it together
Greene’s Two Methods of English colonization…
5th period charts
“Puritanism, with its doctrines of individualism and
the covenant, contained the seeds of its own
destruction as an authoritarian government” (25).
Overview of New England Colonies
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
Subsistence MA/CT – Puritan
farming
•Religiously intolerant (ie. Anne
Just enough Hutchinson and Roger Williams)
for family
•Strict laws
RI – Puritan
-Shipbuilding •Religious tolerance (incl Jews)
-Fishing
•Separation of church & gov
-Lumber
•Pay NAs for land
Boston
Education – to read Bible
*To train ministers (Harvard/Yale)
*Even for women
Slavery – some
Poor relations w/NAs
•Pequot War, King Philip’s War
POLITICAL
Mayflower Compact
Early democracy,
majority rule
“Covenant”
community
Town Meetings
MA/CT: Male
members of church
could vote, hold
office
MA: “City Upon A
Hill”
CT: Fundamental
Orders of Connectic’t
Conflict with Native Americans
• Pequot War 1634-38
• King Philip’s War 1675-78
– Plymouth was expanding
– Forced Native Americans to abide by Puritan law,
even hanging three Wampanoag tribe members
– Wampanoag and allies began attacking far-out
settlements in retaliation, and things escalated
from there
– Ended Native American resistance to white
settlement in the Northeast
New England Town Layout
Boston
Founded by
Puritans to
pursue truth
"To advance Learning and perpetuate
it to Posterity; dreading to leave an
illiterate Ministry to the Churches."
“wherein Youth may be instructed in the
Arts and Sciences [and] through the
blessing of Almighty God may be fitted
for Publick employment both in Church
and Civil State.”
Salem Witch Trials
Remember how we emphasized that the
Puritans of Massachusetts Bay were very
intolerant of people who weren’t like them?
There may have been more at work...
New Netherland
Pennsylvania and more
PHILADELPHIA
Port of Philadelphia
Overview of Middle Colonies
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
Farming
Fur trade
PA – Quakers
•Pacifist
•Religious tolerance
Philadelphia “City •Equality (incl NAs)
of Brotherly Love”
NY/NJ – Very diverse
New York City
•Tolerance
•Dutch, Swedes,
Germans, Jews, etc
Good relations w/NAs
POLITICAL/EDUCATION
PA – “Holy Experiment”
Education not valued
(Inner Light)
Representative assembly
•All adult men could vote
No tax-supported church
Princeton, Columbia
(1GA)
UPenn (all secular)
Maryland
• Founded by Lord Baltimore
(George Calvert) as a refuge
for Catholics
• A proprietary charter
• Protestants outnumbered
Catholics
• Religious Toleration Act 1649
(only protected Christians)
“Welcome to my
colony…IF you’re
Catholic or Protestant.”
Georgia
• James Oglethorpe
• Founded as buffer with Spanish Florida
• For “England’s worthy poor”
• Banned slavery, rum, gambling
• Elected assembly
Overview of Southern Colonies
ECONOMIC
CASH CROPS:
Tobacco, rice,
indigo, cotton
PLANTATIONS
Triangular trade/
slavery
*Charles Town (SC)
•The only major city
in the southern
colonies
SOCIAL
MD – Religious Toleration Act
(Christians only)
VA – Anglican
•Some conflict w/NAs (esp.
Powhatan) 1622, 1644, 1675
•Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
NC/SC – Protestant
Hierarchy
POLITICAL/EDUCATION
VA – House of
Burgesses
1st representative
assembly in New
World
Property-owning
males could vote
Gov’t based on
counties/parishes
(church territory)
William & Mary
Southern Plantation
Plantation Layout
Charles Town
Bacon’s Rebellion
Slavery comes to N America...
...and takes on a new character...
Columbian Exchange
NEW World
OLD World
Using your personal status icon,
indicate the origin of the LIVING item
Mercantilism
• Countries try to become self-sufficient
(providing everything for themselves)
• Wealth=power; there’s a limited amount!
• Get more wealth (gold and silver) through a
favorable balance of trade=selling more than
you buy (exporting more than you import)
• How do colonies help achieve this?
Triangular Trade
Conditions on the Middle Passage
Triangular Trade
The Dominion of New England
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★
★
★
Est’d 1686 when James II England ascended
to English throne (Charles II revoked the MBC charter in 1683)
Wanted to decrease influence of religious
leaders, increase enforcement of Navigation
Acts
Placed New England plus NY/NJ under Gov.
Edmund Andros
Disbanded local legislatures, restricted Town
Meetings
The Glorious Revolution
★ William and Mary take over and restore
colonial legislatures, but...the governor
remains Crown-appointed and church
membership can no longer be a
requirement
★ Economically, a period of “salutary neglect”
ensues
The Enlightenment –
A Time of Reason and Science
• The Enlightenment emphasizes
reason and science as the path to
knowledge
– Based on Natural Laws of the universe
developed by scientists; such as gravity
• Enlightenment thinkers stressed
observation or experimentation as
the means to understanding the
world
• Thinkers such as John Locke applied
natural laws to societies.
• Ideas about natural rights and
government influenced leaders
John Locke’s Social Contract Theory
Benjamin
Franklin
American
Enlightenment
Extraordinaire
Before the Great Awakening
▪ Before 1730s, most colonies had established
religions
Congregationalists:
New England
(basically Puritans)
Anglicans:
New York and Southern Colonies
(same as Church of England)
The Great Awakening
▣
In the Early 1700s, many
colonists lost the religious
passion that had driven
Pilgrims, Puritans and others
to seek out a new life in
America
▣
1730s-1740s a religious revival
began to sweep through the
colonies led by travelling
ministers
▣ “New birth” is ultimate
religious experience
▣
Followers accept that they are
sinners and ask for salvation.
Spreading the Great Awakening
▣ Began in the New
England Colonies and
spread.
▣ Traveling ministers
preached that personal
or emotional religious
experience was more
essential than ritual.
▣ The sermons appealed
to the heart/emotions
and drew large crowds
Jonathan
Edwards
Greatest
preacher of the
Great Awakening
“There is the dreadful pit of the
glowing flames of the wrath of God;
there is hell's wide gaping mouth
open; and you have nothing to stand
upon, nor any thing to take hold of;
there is nothing between you and
hell but the air; it is only the power
and mere pleasure of God that holds
you up.” Sinners in the Hands of an
Angry God
So what’s the big deal?
“Old Lights” vs. “New Lights”
▪Great Awakening challenged
authority and hierarchy of
established churches
“Old Lights”:
Congregationalists and Anglicans
▪Churches that grew as a result of
the Great Awakening
“New Lights” :
Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptist
Great Awakening said anyone could be converted or “born again”; you didn’t
need traditional church leadership to decide if you belong.
Princeton
Founded to train
Presbyterian
ministers during the
Great Awakening—
“under God’s power
she flourishes.”
Brown, Rutgers, and
Dartmouth were
also founded as a
result of the Great
Awakening
So what did the Enlightenment and
the Great Awakening have in
common?
Questioning
Authority
Individualism
Review?
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