7.
WHO,"The"Prevalence"of"Ear"and"Hearing"Disorders"Protocol,"
WHO"Geneva,"1999"
""
Child+labor+in+relation+to+poverty+
+
Zahid(Naeem,(Faiza(Shaukat(and(Zubair(Ahmed(
"
Introduction+ + + Child" labor" is" recognized" as" the"
worst" form" of" abuse" and" exploitation" of"
children." The" Convention" on" rights" of" child"
(CRC)" urges" the" governments" to" take" effective"
measures" for" its" eradication." Child" labor" is"
pervasive" problem" in" developing" countries."
Africa" and" Asia" account" for" over" 90%" of" total"
child" employment." The" International" Labor"
Organization" (ILO)" estimates" that" number" of"
working" children" are" about" 250" million" in" the"
developing" countries," of" whom" at" least" 120"
million" are" working" full" time." Of" these" working"
children" 61%" are" in" Asia," 32%" in" Africa" and" 7%"
in"Latin"America."In"Pakistan"about"eight"million"
children" are" working" in" different" occupations"
and" two" third" of" them" are" employed" full" time."
The" fundamental" rights" of" child" as" survival,"
education," protection" and" development" are"
grossly"violated"by"child"labor."The"root"cause"of"
child"labor"is"extreme"poverty"which"forces"the"
parents"to"employ"their"children"for"some"extra"
money"for"daily"living." This" study" was" designed"
to"collect"information"on"dimensions"of"working"
children" and" to" establish" relation" between"
poverty"and"child"labor"in"Pakistan."
"
Methods+ + " A" cross>sectional" study" was"
conducted"to"correlate"poverty"and"child"labor."
The"study"was"conducted"in"the"Malir"district"of"
Karachi," Pakistan," between" April>July" 2008." By"
systematic" random" sampling," 200" children"
between"ages"of"5">15"years"were"selected"from"
among" the" working" children" in" the" district." A"
structured" questionnaire" was" designed,"
including" questions" about" the" child," his" family,"
nature" of" work" and" workplace" and" socio"
economic" conditions." Informed" consent" was"
obtained"from"parents"of"working"children."
"
Results+ + + The" mean" age" of" children" in" the"
sample"was"10.5"years;"the"male"to"female"ratio"
was" 5:1." Twenty" four" percent" of" children" were"
collecting" papers" from" streets" and" garbage"
dumps;"21%"were"working"in"auto"workshops"as"
helping"hands,"while"at"the"same"time"learning"
some" form" of" technical" skills;" 16%" were" street"
children" doing" car" washing" or" selling"
newspapers" and" other" items." Besides" these,"
some" children" worked" in" homes" as" house"
servants," did" shoe" polishing" or" worked" in" small"
businesses" in" the" neighborhood." A" majority" of"
girls"worked"either"as"house"servants"or"picked"
paper" and" other" stuff" from" garbage" dumps."
About"83%"children"belonged"to"poor"families."
"
Table+1+Distribution+of+children+by+occupation+
Type+of+Work+
Number+
Male+
Female+
Street"Work"
Auto"workshops"
Hotels"
Domestic"Work"
Paper"Collection"
Shops/"Stores"
Shoe"Polishing"
Total"
32"
42"
24"
28"
48"
20"
6"
200"
26"
42"
24"
16"
38"
16"
6"
168"
6+
0+
0+
12+
10+
4+
0+
32+
"
Stated"reasons"for"child"labor"
"
"
Discussion" " " In" this" study," we" found" that"
children" work" mainly" due" to" poverty." Poor"
parents" are" forced" to" send" their" children" to"
48"
"
work"instead"of"school."Poverty"reduction"is"the"
key" to" reducing" child" labor." The" government"
should" provide" some" compensation" to" poor"
parents"for"sending"their"children"to"school.""
"
References+
1.
2.
Baig." L." Child" labor" a" reality:" results" from" a" study" of" a"
squatter"settlement"of"Karachi,"JPMA"2002;52(11):507>10"
International" Labor" Organization" Working" out" of" poverty,"
Report"of"the"Director"General"to"the"91st"ILO"Conference.,"
Geneva"
"
Prevalence+ of+ metabolic+ syndrome+ among+ Qassim+
University+personnel+in+Saudi+Arabia""
"
Issam( Barrimah,( AbdulI( Rahaman( Al( Muhaimeed,(
Hani(Al(Shobaily(and(Farid(Midhet(
"
Introduction+ + + Metabolic" syndrome" represents"
the" presence" of" a" combination" of" interrelated"
risk" factors" including" central" obesity," insulin"
resistance," dyslipidemia" and" hypertension.""
Subjects" with" metabolic" syndrome" have"
substantially" increased" risk" for" developing" type"
2" diabetes" mellitus" and" cardiovascular" diseases"
(CVD)." Also," the" overall" mortality" is" higher"
among" patients" with" metabolic" syndrome,"
particularly" the" mortality" associated" with" CVD."
This" increase" in" CVD" disease" risk" appears" to" be"
independent"of"other"important"and"potentially"
confounding" factors" such" as" smoking" and"
elevated" low>density" lipoprotein" cholesterol"
(LDL>C)"levels."The"adverse"effects"of"metabolic"
syndrome" are" manifested" across" the" whole"
spectrum" of" blood" glucose" level" status" (i.e.,"
patients" having" normal" blood" glucose" levels,"
those"having"impaired"fasting"blood"glucose"and"
those"with"frank"diabetes"mellitus).""
Methods+ + + A" cross" sectional" study" was"
conducted" that" included" all" male" staff" of"
different"ages"and"careers"in"Qassim"University.""
All" staff" members" were" invited" to" participate;"
however," 560" individuals" participated" in" this"
study" with" a" response" rate" of" 85%." " For" all"
participants," the" data" were" collected" on" socio>
demographic" characteristics," past" history" of" or"
currently" taking" medication" for" diabetes" or"
hypertension," smoking" habits," physical" activity,"
and" the" measurements" necessary" to" identify"
metabolic"syndrome."
Results+++Prevalence"of"metabolic"syndrome"was"
31.4%." " The" prevalence" was" found" to" show" a"
steady" increase" with" increasing" age," BMI" and"
serum" cholesterol.+ General" obesity" measured"
by" BMI" was" the" most" common" component"
associated" with" the" syndrome" where" 75%" of"
participants" suffered" from" overweight" and"
obesity.+ Participants" with" high>density"
lipoprotein" below" protective" level" constituted"
73.6%," while" those" with" total" cholesterol" and"
triglyceride" above" clinically" normal" level"
constituted"60.0%"&"46.4%"respectively.+Fasting"
plasma"glucose"and"hypertension"was"the"least"
common.+After"adjustment,"factors"found"to"be"
associated"with"metabolic"syndrome"were"being"
a" Saudi" national," smoking," not" doing" regular"
exercise," being" obese," having" total" serum"
cholesterol" above" 180" mg/dl," and" age" groups"
above"40"years."
AGE"GROUP:"
""50"+"yrs"
""40>49"yrs"
""30>39"yrs"
""<"30"yrs"
NATURE"OF"JOB:"
""AdministraÉve"
""Academic"
NATIONALITY:"
""Non>Saudi"Expatriate"
""Saudi"CiÉzen"
0"
10" 20" 30" 40" 50" 60" 70"
Prevalence" (%)" of" metabolic" syndrome" by" socio>demographic"
characteristics"
49"
"
"