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Laboratory medicine began 6000 years ago with the analysis of human urine,
which was called uroscopy until the 17th century and today is
termed urinalysis. Today physicians use urine to diagnose selective conditions
but from ancient times until the Victorian era, urine was used as the primary
diagnostic tool. 1 Babylonian and Egyptian physicians began the art of
uroscopy. Uroscopy, from the word ‘uroscopia,’ means ‘scientific examination
of urine.’
THE ANCIENT WORLD
Although Hippocrates is credited with being the original uroscopist, urine diagnosis is believed
to pre-date Hippocrates.1 In ancient times the symbol for urine was a pairing of water
and phallus. Sumerian and Babylonian physicians of 4000 BC recorded their assessment of urine
on clay tablets. Ancient Sumer, one of the earliest civilizations, recognized that urine
characteristics were altered with different diseases.
In the fourth century BC, Hippocrates (460–355 BC) hypothesized that urine
was a filtrate of the humors, which came from the blood and was filtered
through the kidneys, a fairly accurate description
The doctrine of urine did not change until six centuries later, when Galen (AD
129–200) began his scientific findings in Rome. Galen refined Hippocrates’
ideas, theorizing that urine represented, not a filtrate of the four humors and
overall condition, but rather, a filtrate of the blood.
THE MIDDLE AGES (AD 500–1500)
Uroscopy reached new levels of diagnostic dominance during the Middle Ages,
when nearly every condition or disease was identified with different features
of urine.10 Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh century physician, wrote De
Urinis. This manuscript from Byzantium, was the first publication exclusively
on the subject of urine.
Ismail of Jurjani, an 11th century physician, recommended collecting the full
amount over 24 hours in a large clean vessel and keeping it out of the sun or
heat, which could alter color.
Gilles de Corbeil (1165–1213), royal physician to King Philippe-Auguste of
France, built on Protospatharius’ and Judaeus’ writings. His teachings related
20 different types of urine to conditions of the body, he noted differences in
sediment and color.
During the 13th century, William of Saliceto, an Italian physician, noted and
accurately described what would later be known as chronic nephritis
Some physicians, including Joannes Actuarius (1275–1328) from
Constantinople, warned of the dangers of diagnosis based on urine alone.
Actuarius, who became chief physician to the empire, wrote On Urine, a
treatise so extensive that it was divided into seven books.
THE RENAISSANCE (1450–1600)
During the renaissance, uroscopy entered the household through the best
selling book Fasiculus Medicinae, published in 1491 by Johannes de Ketham
from Germany.
By the 15th century urinary diagnosis had transformed the patient–doctor
dynamic.
By the 17th century, the uses of uroscopy had spiraled far beyond the edge of
reason. Physicians and leches started telling fortunes and predicting the future
with urine, a practice known as ‘uromancy’.
In 1637, Brian published the Pisse Prophet, a book that devastated uroscopy.
Today, uroscopy is no longer practiced, but urine analysis remains an effective
diagnostic tool, with a long and colorful history.
To accurately detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections,
kidney disease and diabetes.
2.
Boric acid willPreserves protein.
1. Preserves formed elements.
2. It will not interfere with the routine examination, except the pH.
3. This is bacteriostatic.
4. It interferes with drugs and hormones.
5. The disadvantage is that it may precipitate crystals when used in large
amounts.
6. For albumin, cortisol, estrogen, aldosterone, amino acid, chloride, HCG,
citrate, cortisol, creatine, DHEA, FSH, glucose, phosphate, 17Ketosteroids, protein, uric acid, and zinc = Add Boric acid.
3. Formalin (formaldehyde) is the best for urine sediments.
1. It acts as a reducing agent.
2. It interferes with chemical tests like glucose, esterase, blood, and white blood
cells.
3. Rinse the container with formalin to preserve the cells and casts.
4. Sodium fluoride prevents glycolysis.
1. This is a good preservative for the analysis of the drug.
2. It will interfere with test strips for glucose, white blood cells, and red blood
cells.
5. Commercial preservative tablets are easy to use when refrigeration is not
available.
1. Check the composition of the tablets to find out any effect on the test.
2. These tablets contain the above preservatives and sodium fluoride.