Chapter 21: Tobacco Lesson 1 1. Identify four short-term effects of tobacco use on the body. changes in brain chemistry increased respiration and heart rate dulled taste buds and reduced appetite bad breath, smelly clothes, hair, and skin. 2. Identify five long-term effects of tobacco use. • Chronic bronchitis • emphysema • lung cancer • coronary heart disease and stroke • weakened immune system 3. Describe each of the following tobacco related substances and explain its effects on the human body. Nicotine is an addictive drug found in tobacco. It raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and contributes to heart disease and stroke. Tar is a, thick, sticky, dark fluid produced when tobacco burns. It paralyzes and destroys the cilia and alveoli in the lungs. It also destroys lung tissue. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas. It replaces oxygen in the blood, depriving tissues and cells of oxygen. It also increases the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, hardening of the arteries, and other circulatory problems. 4. Name and describe four other consequences of tobacco use. Legal: use by minors is illegal in all states; students may be suspended or expelled for using tobacco products on school property; Social: exclusion from social groups and by individuals Financial: cost of cigarettes and other tobacco products Costs to society: health care costs and loss of productivity due to missed work. 5. Name five body systems. Briefly explain how tobacco damages each. Nervous System: addiction; increased risk of stroke. Respiratory System: smoker’s cough, increased risk of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Circulatory System: increased heart rate and blood pressure, hardened arteries and decreased blood flow, increased risk of heart attack. Digestive System: increased risk of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus; increased risk of gum recession, tooth decay, and tooth loss; nausea vomiting, diarrhea; increased risk of stomach and pancreatic cancer; Excretory System: increased risk of bladder and kidney cancer. Chapter 21: Lesson 2 1. Describe the steps of the STOP approach to help someone quit using. Show concern. Approach the person in a caring, nonjudgmental manner. Let them know that you care about their health. Take time to plan. Assist person in creating a plan to quit smoking and become active. Offer support. Help person implement plan. Promote success. Encourage person along the way and let them know you are proud of them. 2. Benefits of becoming smoke free. Benefits of becoming smoke-free • 20 minutes: blood pressure and pulse rate drop; temperature in limbs returns to normal • Eight hours: oxygen levels return to normal • 24 hours: chance of heart attack lessens • 48 hours: nerve endings begin to regrow; sense of taste and smell return to normal • Three days: breathing is easier as lung capacity increases • Two to three weeks: lungs function up to 30 percent better • One to nine months: breathing problems decrease cilia regrow and coughing sinus, congestion and shortness of breath decrease • One year: risk of coronary heart disease cut in half • Five years: risk of certain cancers is reduced by 50 percent; stroke risk is lessened • Ten years: risk of other cancers decreases Chapter 21: Lesson 3 1. What is ETS? Environmental tobacco smoke is air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke. 2. Why is sidestream smoke more dangerous than mainstream smoke? Sidestream smoke has higher concentrations of carcinogens, nicotine, and tar. 3. Describe the effects of smoke on unborn children. Nicotine is passed through the placenta, constricting blood vessels of the fetus. Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen levels in the fetus’s blood. These negative effects increase the risk of impaired growth, spontaneous miscarriage and prenatal death, premature delivery, deformities, stillbirths, and early childhood growth and developmental problems. 4. How does smoke affect young children? • have higher rates of upper respiratory problems, sore throats, and ear infections. • have double the risk of developing lung cancer. • nearly three times as likely to smoke. 5. List four ways the risks of ETS in public places can be reduced. any four of the following: • strictly enforcing prohibition against selling tobacco products to minors; • revoking tobacco licenses of stores that sell tobacco to minors; • removal of cigarette vending machines from unsupervised areas; • Banning smoking in public places; • Prohibiting smoking on commercial airlines; and • providing nonsmoking floors at hotels. 6. Despite federal laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to minors, ninety percent of smokers started smoking at or before their eighteenth birthday. What should be done to reduce the numbers of young smokers? More educational programs, perhaps targeting young students. Advertising campaigns, directed at students and parents, could help educate both as to the dangers of smoking. Student support groups might reduce the number of young smokers. 7. What is Healthy People 2010 and what are its tobacco-related goals? It is a program, launched by the Department of Health and Human Services, designed to promote health and prevent disease nationwide. Its goals are to reduce the number of people who use tobacco and reduce the number of deaths associated with tobacco use. Chapter 22: Lesson 1- Choosing to Be Alcohol Free 1. What is the name of the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages? How is this drug produced? The type of alcohol is ethanol; it is produced by fermentation or synthetically 2. What is alcohol’s effect on the central nervous system? Alcohol is a depressant, or a drug that slows the central nervous system. 3. What are three factors that influence alcohol use among teens? • peer pressure • Family • media messages 4. What do companies that sell alcohol try to do in advertisements for their products? How does this contrast with the realities of alcohol use? Advertisements try to associate alcohol with attractive and healthy people having fun. In reality, alcohol isn’t the reason people have fun. It impairs coordination and the ability to participate in recreational activities; furthermore, alcohol use doesn’t promote health, it jeopardizes health. 5. How are alcohol and violence linked? 5. Alcohol use increases teens’ chances of being the perpetrators or the victims of violent crimes such as rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. Alcohol use also contributes to fighting. 6. How does exposure to alcohol abuse in the family affect young people? 6. Exposure to family alcohol abuse puts young people at high risk for neglect, abuse, social isolation, and economic hardship. 7. Describe how being alcohol free is helpful in each of the following areas. A. Physical Health Being alcohol free protects organs, particularly the liver, and decreases the chances of physical injury. b. Decision making: Being alcohol free allows a person to make healthful, responsible decisions. c. Avoiding risky behaviors: Being alcohol free reduces involvement in unsafe behaviors, such as sexual activity, drinking and driving, or becoming a victim of or participating in a violent crime. d. Avoiding illegal activities: Being alcohol free prevents arrest and legal problems, since purchasing or possessing alcohol is against the law for anyone under the age of 21. 8. What is the best defense against using alcohol? What is a second strategy that will also help a teen stay alcohol free? The best defense against using alcohol is to avoid situations where alcohol is present. Practicing refusal skills is a second strategy that will help a person stay alcohol free. Lesson 2-Harmful Effects of Alcohol Use 1. Describe how each of the following factors influences the short-term effects of drinking. a. Body size and gender: Small people are affected more quickly than large people by the same amount of alcohol. Alcohol tends to move into the bloodstream faster in females than it does in males. b. Food: Alcohol enters the blood more quickly if the stomach is empty. c. Amount and rate of intake: Increasing the amount of alcohol consumed increases the level of alcohol in the bloodstream. Intoxication results when a person drinks alcohol more quickly than the liver can process the drug. Alcohol poisoning results when the bloodstream levels become too high. 2. Describe the short-term effects of alcohol on the following body systems. 2. a. Nervous system: The brain’s ability to control the body is diminished; movement, speech, and vision may be affected; thought processes, memory, and concentration are impaired; and judgment and coordination are altered and impaired. b. Cardiovascular system: At lower levels, alcohol increases heart rate and blood pressure; at higher levels, alcohol decreases heart rate and blood pressure, causes irregular heart rhythm, and increases the risk of cardiac arrest. Alcohol also causes blood vessels to expand, causing a drop in body temperature c. Digestive system: Stomach acid production increases, which can result in nausea and vomiting. Toxins released as the liver processes alcohol can cause liver inflammation and scarring. In the kidneys, increased urine production can lead to dehydration. d. Respiratory system: Alcohol consumption results in carbon dioxide formation by the liver; the carbon dioxide is released through the lungs. Alcohol depresses nerves, including ones that control breathing; high levels of alcohol consumption can disrupt, slow, or even stop breathing. 3. What is the definition of the term metabolism? the process by which the body breaks down substances 4. What is the multiplier effect? medicines or drugs having a different or greater effect because they were mixed with alcohol 5. What is one potential consequence when alcohol and acetaminophen are taken together? The combination can cause serious liver damage. 6. What do the initials BAC stand for? What does a BAC reading tell you? BAC stands for blood alcohol concentration. A BAC reading tells you the amount of alcohol in a person’s blood expressed as a percentage. 7. Is it safe to ride with a driver who has been drinking if you think his or her BAC is below the legal limit? Explain. No, it isn’t safe. Medical research shows that drinking of any sort slows reflexes, reduces judgment, increases risk taking, and reduces concentration. 8. What effects would a BAC between 0.06 and 0.10 have on the body? decreased alertness, slower reactions, impaired coordination, reduced muscle strength, reduced decision-making ability, decreased judgment. BAC Charts 9. What is binge drinking? drinking five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting 10. What are the symptoms of alcohol poisoning. : mental confusion, stupor, coma, inability to be roused, vomiting, and seizures; slow respiration; irregular heartbeat; hypothermia, or low body temperature; and severe dehydration Chapter 22: Lesson 3-Alcohol, the Individual, and Society 1. The Individual A. Long-term effects on the body 1. Brain a. Addiction—the inability to stop drinking b. Loss of brain functions—loss of verbal skills, visual and spatial skills, and memory. c. Brain damage—includes destruction of brain cells, reduction in brain size, and other major brain damage. 2. Cardiovascular a. Damage to the heart muscle b. Enlarged heart—results from increased workload c. High blood pressure—damages heart, causes heart attack and stroke 3. Liver a. Fatty liver—fat builds up and blocks flow of blood to liver cells b. Alcoholic hepatitis—inflammation or infection of liver c. Cirrhosis—scar tissue replaces healthy tissue; can lead to liver failure and death 4. Digestive system a. Irritation—damaged digestive lining leads to stomach ulcers, cancers of stomach and esophagus. 5. Pancreas a. Lining of the pancreas—passage to the small intestine blocked; digestive chemicals can’t pass, destroy pancreas. B. Alcohol and pregnancy 1. Effects of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) a. Small head and deformities of face, hands, feet b. Heart, liver, and kidney defects c. Vision and hearing problems d. Slow growth and coordination e. Difficulties with learning, attention, memory, , and problem solving. C. Alcoholism 1. Symptoms a. Craving—a strong need or compulsion to drink b. Loss of control—inability to limit drinking; preoccupied with alcohol c. Physical dependence—experience of withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety d. Tolerance—the need to drink increasingly greater amounts of alcohol to achieve the desired effect e. Health, family, and legal problems— for example, injuries, driving citations, arguments, and poor relationships 2. Stages a. Stage 1—Abuse. Begins with social drinking to relax; physical and psychological addiction to manage stress develops; becomes intoxicated regularly; includes blackouts, lies or makes excuses about drinking, and increased tolerance. b. Stage 2—Dependence. Alcohol is the central focus; the person can’t stop drinking, tries to hide the problem, performs poorly at work or school, blames or makes excuses, and is physically dependent on the drug. c. Stage 3—Addiction. Drinking is more important than anything; life is out of control, but the person may deny it; tolerance decreases; and withdrawal symptoms are severe if drinking stops II. Family and Society A. Effects 1. About 40 percent of violent crimes, 3 million annually, are alcohol related. 2. Two-thirds of victims of domestic violence report alcohol as a factor. 3. About half of homicide victims have alcohol in their bloodstreams III. Treatment A. Where to get help 1. Al-Anon/Alateen—helps families and friends deal with effects of living with an alcoholic 2. Alcoholics Anonymous—provides help for alcohol users of all ages 3. National Association for Children of Alcoholics—helps children of alcoholics 4. SAMSHA’s National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information— provides information about alcohol and other drugs 5. National Drug and Treatment Referral Routing Service—provides referrals and information about treatment facilities Chapter 23: Medicines and Drugs Chapter 23: Lesson 1-The Role of Medicines 1. What are medicines? Medicines are drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases or other conditions 2. What are drugs? Drugs are substances other than food that change the structure or function of the body or mind. 3. Name four broad categories of medicines. • medicines that help prevent disease • medicines that fight pathogens • medicines that relieve pain • medicines that help maintain or • restore health and regulate the body’s systems 4. List two types of medicines that prevent disease. • Vaccines • Antitoxins 5. Explain how vaccines work. Vaccines contain weakened or dead pathogens that stimulate your body to produce specific antibodies against those pathogens. The antibodies protect you against these specific pathogens in the future. 6. List three types of medicines that fight pathogens. • antibiotics • antivirals • antifungals 7. What is an analgesic? An analgesic is a medicine that is a pain reliever. 8. What are three reasons aspirin should be taken with care? Even small amounts of aspirin can irritate the stomach, especially when it’s empty. Aspirin can cause dizziness and ringing in the ears. Children who take aspirin are at risk of developing Reye’s syndrome. 9. What is the recommended analgesic for children? Acetaminophen is the recommended analgesic for children 10. List four categories of medicines that help maintain or restore health. • cancer treatment medicines • Allergy medicines • body regulating medicines • antidepressant and antipsychotic medicines 11. Define the term side effects with respect to medicines. Side effects are reactions to medicine other than the one intended. 12. In the first column below, list three types of interaction that medicines can have in your body. In the second column, describe the interaction. Type of interaction: Description of interaction: Additive In an additive interaction medicines work together in a positive way. Synergistic A synergistic effect is when two or more medicines result in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone Antagonistic In an antagonistic interaction the effect of one medicine is canceled or reduced when taken with another medicine 13. What is tolerance to a medicine? What is reverse tolerance? • Tolerance is a condition in which the body becomes used to the effect of a medicine and requires increasingly larger doses to produce the same effect. • In reverse tolerance, the body requires less of the substance to produce the desired effect. 14. What is withdrawal? Withdrawal occurs when a person stops using a medicine on which he or she has a chemical dependence. 15. List four possible symptoms of withdrawal. Any four: • nervousness • insomnia, • Severe headaches • Vomiting • Chills • cramps 16. List the two ways in which medicine is released to the public in the United States. • prescription medicines • over-the-counter medicines 17. When the FDA approves a medicine, what does this tell consumers? The medicine is safe when used as directed. The medicine is effective in treating the condition for which it is prescribed. 18. Give one example of misuse of a medicine. Any one: • failing to follow the packaged instructions • giving a prescription medicine to a person for whom it was not prescribed • taking another person’s medicine • taking too much or too little of a medicine • taking a medicine for a longer or shorter period than prescribed or recommended • discontinuing use of a medicine without informing the health care professional • mixing medicines 19. List one guideline for safe use of medicines. Any one: • never place medicine in an unlabeled container • keep medicine in the original container • store medicines in a safe place • if there are children in the house, never disable or replace the childresistant cap • throw away any medicines that have passed their expiration date. Chapter 23: Lesson 2-Drug Use-A HighRisk Behavior 1.Define the term substance abuse. Substance abuse is any unnecessary or improper use of chemical substances for nonmedical purposes . 2. Define the term illegal drugs. Illegal drugs are chemical substances that people of any age may not lawfully manufacture, possess, buy, or sell. 3. What is illicit drug use? Illicit drug use is a crime that involves the use or sale of any substance that is illegal or otherwise not permitted. 4. List three reasons some teens try drugs. Any three: • they see other people using drugs • they feel pressured to use drugs and don’t know how to say no • they want to seem mature • they see and hear drugs glamorized • they are bored • they are trying to escape 5. What is one serious consequence that can occur because street drugs are not monitored for quality, purity, or strength. Because street drugs are not monitored, the results can be unpredictable and the user never knows for sure what effect the substance—taken alone or in combination with other drugs—will have on the body. 6. What are the risks when drug use involves injecting substances through a needle. When drug use involves injecting substances through a needle, there may be added risks of contracting diseases such as hepatitis B and HIV. 7. What is an overdose? An overdose is a strong, sometimes fatal reaction to taking a large amount of a drug. 8. In the first column below, name four physical and mental consequences of substance abuse. In the second column, describe or explain each consequence. Consequence: Description: Tolerance Tolerance means more of the drug is needed to get the same effect. Psychological dependence Psychological dependence means you believe a drug is needed in order to feel good or to function normally. Physiological dependence Physiological dependence means you have a chemical need for the drug. Addiction Addiction is the persistent, compulsive use of a substance known by the user to be harmful. 9. List three consequences that substance abuse can have on a teen’s life in addition to physical and menial risk. Substance abuse can harm a teen’s family, damage friendships, and cause academic and athletic performance to decline. 10. List two consequences of drug use to the individual other than the effects on physical and mental health. Any two: emotional health is affected; people who experiment with drugs tend to lose control more readily; substance abuse is a major factor in violent crimes, suicides, and accidental and intentional deaths; inhibitions can be relaxed; drug users are at risk for engaging in sexual activity, which can lead to unintended pregnancy or exposure to STDs; drug use can lead to trouble with the law. 11. List two consequences of drug use for babies and children of drug users. • A baby may be spontaneously aborted or born with birth defects, behavioral problems, • or an addiction. • If either parent is using injected drugs, the baby may be born with HIV. 12. List two costs to society of drug abuse. Any two: • lost productivity due to drug related illnesses, accidents, and death; • lost work hours from people who are jailed as a result of drug-related crimes; • lost work hours by victims of drug related crimes; • health costs resulting from illegal drug use. Chapter 23: Lesson 3-Marijuana, Inhalants, and Steroids 1. What is marijuana? Marijuana is a plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are usually smoked for their intoxicating effects. 2. What are two pathways marijuana uses to affect the mind? • THC, the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, bonds with nerve cells in the brain, altering brain function. • Marijuana raises levels of dopamine, resulting in an intense feeling of well-being. 3. List ten serious health risks posed by marijuana use. Any ten: hallucinations; paranoia; impaired short-term memory, reaction time, concentration, and coordination; distorted sense of time, sight, touch, and sound; decreased initiative and ambition; bloodshot eyes; dry mouth; heart and lung damage; lung irritation, coughing; increased risk of lung cancer; weakened immunity; increased appetite, leading to weight gain; in pregnant women, increased risk of stillbirth and birth defects; changed hormone levels; increased testosterone levels and risk of infertility in females; lowered sperm count and testosterone levels in males 4. List two possible social and legal consequences to marijuana use. Any two: arrest, incarceration, loss of driving privileges, exclusion from extracurricular activities, loss of eligibility for federal college loans. 5.What are inhalants? Inhalants are substances whose fumes are sniffed or inhaled to give a mindaltering effect. 6.List four common inhalants. Any four: glue, spray paints, aerosols, lighter fluid, gasoline, solvents, varnishes 7. List four effects of inhalants on the body. Any four: glassy stare, slurred speech, impaired judgment, permanent brain damage, increased heart rate that results in cardiac arrest, suffocation and death. 8.What are anabolic-androgenic steroids? Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic substances that are similar to male sex hormones. 9. What are the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use? increased risk of injury to tendons and ligaments, mood swings, impaired judgment resulting from feelings of invincibility, paranoia 10. What is paranoia? Paranoia is an irrational suspiciousness or distrust of others. 11. What other problems could occur because of illegal steroid use? A user might take other illegal drugs to combat the side effects of steroids. Users who inject steroids risk infections from contaminated needles Chapter 23: Lesson 4-Psychoactive Drugs 1. What are psychoactive drugs? Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain. 2. List the four main groups of psychoactive drugs? stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens 3.Define the term stimulants. Stimulants are drugs that speed up the central nervous system 4. List the effects of the following stimulants. Cocaine: euphoria, depression, fatigue, paranoia, cardiac problems, Physiological dependence, malnutrition, death Amphetamines: euphoria, twitching, irregular heartbeat, increased body temperature, paranoia, heart and blood vessel damage Methamphetamines: euphoria, depression, paranoia, damage to nervous system, increased heart rate and blood pressure, damage to brain cells, death 5. What are depressants? Depressants are drugs that tend to slow the central nervous system. 6. List the effects of the following depressants. Barbiturates: mood changes, increased sleep, coma, feeling of intoxication Tranquilizers: reduce muscular activity, coordination, and attention span; relaxation; feeling of well-being; physiological and psychological Dependence. 7. What are two date rape drugs? Rohypnol and GHB 8. What are narcotics? Narcotics are specific drugs derived from the opium plant that are legally obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain. 9. Name three examples of common narcotics. Morphine, OxyContin, and codeine are examples of common narcotics. 10. What are the effects of narcotics? relieve pain, euphoria, drowsiness, constipation, pinpoint pupils, slow and shallow breathing, convulsions, coma, addiction, death. 11. What are hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch. 12. What are the effects of hallucinogens? overloaded sensory controls in the brain cause confused and intensified sensations (hallucinations); impaired judgment and reasoning; increased heart and respiratory rates 13. List three hallucinogens. PCP, LSD, ketamine 14. What are designer drugs? Designer drugs are synthetic substances made to imitate the effects of narcotics and hallucinogens. 15. List two serious side effects of using Ecstasy. confusion, depression, paranoia psychosis, long-term damage to brain cells 16. List four possible consequences of poor judgment that occurs as a result of illegal drug use. Any four: unintended injuries; motor vehicle accidents; violence; STDs; unintended pregnancy; suicide. Chapter 23: Lesson 5-Living Drug Free making the decision to refuse drugs 2. techniques used to say no when pressured to use drugs 3. Drug-free school zones are areas within 1,000 feet of schools and designated by signs, within which people caught selling drugs receive especially severe penalties. Drug watches are organized community efforts by neighborhood residents to patrol, monitor, report, and otherwise try to stop drug deals and drug abuse. 5. getting involved in school or community activities; choosing friends who are drug free 6. Any five: gets drunk or high regularly and is often hung over; lies about the drugs he or she is using, constantly talks about drugs; stops participating in activities that once were an important part of his or her life; changes eating or sleeping habits, shows rapid weight loss; has difficulty concentrating; takes unnecessary risks or participates in unsafe behaviors; gets in trouble with authorities; seems withdrawn, depressed, tired, and cares less about personal grooming and physical appearance; has red rimmed eyes and runny nose not related to cold or allergies; has “blackouts” and forgets what he or she did under the influence. 7. Identify specific sources of help in your community. Talk to the person when he or she is sober, avoid being judgmental. Listen. Discuss the sources of help you’ve found, offer to go with your friend to a counselor or support group. 8. Type of center: outpatient drug-free treatment, short-term treatment, maintenance therapy, therapeutic communities Type of treatment: Outpatient drug-free treatment does not include medications, and uses individual or group counseling. Short-term treatment includes residential therapy, medication therapy, and outpatient therapy. Maintenance therapy is medication therapy for heroin addicts. Therapeutic communities are highly structured programs in residences for people with a long history of drug abuse.
