Evolution of
Computers
BIT101 - IT Application Tools in Business
Discussions
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Origins of Computing Machines
• Early computing machines and data storage
• First programmer
Generation of Computers
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Vacuum Tubes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Microprocessors
Artificial Intelligence
Computer
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All about “computing”
First computers were people
Originally a job title
Digital computers use binary codes
DECIMAL
BINARY (0 or 1)
0
000
1
001
2
010
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Origins of Computing Machines
Early computing devices
Abacus
• Addition & Subtraction
• Positions of beads represent numbers
Origins of Computing Machines
Early computing devices:
Gear-based Machines
PASCALINE (Blaise Pascal)
• one-function calculator (addition)
STEPPED RECKONER (Wilhelm Leibniz)
• four-function calculator
(addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division)
Origins of Computing Machines
Difference and Analytical Engine
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
To automatically calculate and
tabulate mathematical functions.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
A general-purpose programmable
computing machine.
Invented by Charles P. Babbage – “father of computer”
Early Data Storage
Punched Cards and Jacquard Loom
PUNCHED CARDS
Storage of programs
in Babbage’s
Analytical Engine
JACQUARD LOOM
The first machine
(manufacturing textiles)
to use punch cards
to control a sequence
of operations.
First Programmer
• Augusta Ada King / Ada Lovelace
- Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852)
• Known as the "first programmer"
• The computer language Ada,
created by the U.S. Defense Department,
was named after Ada Lovelace.
• Written a description of the Analytical Engine
Generation of
Computers
01
Vacuum Tubes
02
Transistors
03
Integrated Circuits
04
Microprocessors
05
Artificial Intelligence
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1930)
• Consists of glass bulb and wire (carry data in
the form of electronic signals)
• Used as electronic circuits or electronic
switches.
• Storage: Punched cards
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1930)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator) 1946
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First large-scale electronic digital computer
30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high
3 additions every second
ENIAC was made up of vacuum tubes,
over 18,000 of them
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1930)
UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) 1951
• The first commercially available computer
• 3,000 additions every second.
• Grace Hopper
- first programmers on the UNIVAC
- developer of the programming language COBOL
2nd Generation – Transistors (1947)
• John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and
William Shockley invented the transistor
at Bell Laboratories
• Replaced the vacuum tube
as an electronic switch
• Storage: Magnetic Tapes
2nd Generation – Transistors (1947)
TRADIC (TRAnsistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) 1954
• 800 transistors.
• First computer system to completely use
transistors
• First computer to be successfully operated in an
aircraft.
2nd Generation – Transistors (1947)
Transistors were:
• Smaller
• Faster
• More reliable
• Less expensive
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1959)
• Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce developed
the first integrated circuit (silicon chip or
microchip).
• An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of
interrelated circuits packaged together on a
single silver of silicon.
• Storage: Large capacity disk and
Magnetic Tapes
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1959)
IBM 360 (1960)
1 addition every billionth of a second
(nanosecond), or a billion additions
every second
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1959)
ICs, chips, were:
• Smaller
• Faster
• More reliable
• Less expensive
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)
• A microprocessor is a Central Processing
Unit (CPU) on a single chip.
• Intel Corp. introduced the first
microprocessor chip.
o Intel 4004
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)
Busicom
• IBM used it for calculators not computers
• Busicom desk-top printing calculator, the world’s
first commercial product to use a microprocessor.
• Used the Intel 4004 CPU.
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)
Altair 8800 (1975)
Ed Roberts invented the first
microcomputer or personal
computer (for the consumer)
the Altair 8800
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)
Apple I (1976)
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak developed
the Apple I microcomputer in their basement.
Though it was a flop, its successor became
the first popular home computer
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)
Apple II (1977)
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)
Others from 1977 - 1981
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)
Apple Macintosh (1984)
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence
The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that
normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Pepper
Claimed to be the first ever robot
that can recognize and respond
to human emotion. In its head,
there are two HD cameras, four
microphones and a 3D sensor,
which all monitor facial expressions
and speech patterns.
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Moley
World’s first kitchen robot. The system is
a standard kitchen which includes robotic
arms and humanoid hands that can stir
and garnish food, replacing the cook.
You have to physically cook a meal first
so the robot can master how it’s done.
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Sophia
Sophia is a social humanoid robot
developed by Hong Kong-based
company Hanson Robotics. She
is able to display more than 62
facial expressions.
1st robot citizen in Saudi Arabia
modeled after actress Audrey
Hepburn
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Nam Shin III & Aji 3
NAM SHIN III
AJI 3
AI robot in the
kdrama series
“Are You
Human Too?”
AI robot in the
kdrama series
“I am not a
Robot”
END OF PRESENTATION