MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Module 7: LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP)
 Is the “creation of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs and
symbols, names, and images used in commerce”. World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO)
WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION (WIPO)
 Is the “global forum for intellectual property services, policy, information, and cooperation.
 Responsible for the promotion and protection of intellectual property throughout the world
through cooperation among states and, where appropriate, in collaboration with other
international organizations, and for the administration of various treaties dealing with
intellectual property rights.
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
DESCRIPTION
TERMS
COVERAGE
1. COPYRIGHT

Legal term used to describe the rights Books
that creators have over their literary
Music
and artistic works.
Paintings
Sculptures
Films
2. PATENT

Provides the patent owner with the
right to decide how, or whether the
invention can be used by others in
exchange for this right.

Exclusive right granted for
an invention
The patent owner makes technical
information about the invention
publicly available in the published
patent document.
A sign capable of distinguishing
goods or services of one enterprise
from those of other enterprises.

Products sold or services
offered by a business
entity

Design of an object
(shape or surface,
patterns, lines, or colors)

The name of the place of
origin of goods/products)

3. TRADEMARK


4. INDUSTRIAL
DESIGN

5. GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATION AND
APPELLATION OF
ORIGIN

Dates back to ancient times when
craftsmen used to put their
signature or “mark” on their
products
Constitutes the ornamental or
aesthetic aspect of an article/object
Sign used on goods that have a
specific geographical origin and
possess qualities, a reputation or
characteristics that are essentially
attributable to that place of origin.
Computer
Programs
Databases
Advertisements
Maps
Technical
drawings
COPYRIGHT
 The protection of one’s expressions which only becomes tangible and concrete when
objects are created as manifestation of these expectations.
 Does not cover “ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts”,
because no one person or institution can claim sole ownership of these.
COMMONLY PROTECTED
Literary works such as novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspaper articles
Computer programs, databases
Films, musical compositions, and choreographies
Artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs, and sculpture
Architecture
Advertisements, maps, and technical drawings
2 TYPES OF RIGHTS UNDER A COPYRIGHT LAW
1. Economic Rights
2. Moral Rights
• The rights of an owner/author to be
• The rights to non-economic interest of
properly compensated financially upon
the author.
his or her permission for the work to be
used by another.
THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES
• The Philippines, as a State signatory in the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual
Property Organization, is duty-bound to pass a law on intellectual property protection.
Thus, the enactment of Republic Act 8293, otherwise known as “The Intellectual Property
Code of 1997”.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS CONSIST OF:
Copyright and related rights;
Patents
Trademarks and service marks;
Lay out-designs (Topographies) of integrated
circuits;
Geographic indications;
Protection of undisclosed information
Industrial designs
TERMS RELATED TO COPYRIGHT
1. Author
 The natural person who has created the work.
2. Collective Work
 A work which has been created by two (2) or more natural persons at the initiative and
under the direction of another with the understanding that it will be disclosed by the
latter under his own name and that contributing natural persons will not be identified.
3. Communication to the public or communicate to the public
 The making of a work available to the public by wire or wireless means in such a way
that members of the public may access these works from a place and time individually
chosen by them
4. Public Lending
 The transfer of possession of the original or a copy of a work or sound recording for a
limited period, for non-profit purposes, by an institution; the services of which are
available to the public, such as public library or archive.
5. Public Performance
 In the case of a work other than an audiovisual work, is the recitation, playing, dancing,
acting or otherwise performing the work, either directly or by means of any device or
process.

In the case of an audio-visual work, the showing of its images in sequence and the
making of the sounds accompanying it audible.

In the case of a sound recording, making the recorded sounds audible at a place or at
places where persons outside the normal circle of a family and that family’s closest
social acquaintances are or can be present at the same place and at the same time, or
at different places and/or at different times, and where the performance can be
perceived without the need for communication within the meaning of subsection
171.3
6. Published Works
 Works, which, with the consent of the authors, are made available to the public by
wire or wireless means in such a way that members of the public may access these
works from a place and time individually chosen by them:

Provided, that availability of such copies has been such, as to satisfy the reasonable
requirements of the public, having regard to the nature of the work
7. Rental
 The transfer of the possession of the original or a copy of a work or a sound recording
for a limited period of time, for profit-making purposes.
8. Reproduction
 The making of one (1) or more copies of a work or a sound recording in any manner or
form (Sec. 41 E, P.D. No. 49 a)
9. Work of Applied art
 An artistic creation with utilitarian functions or incorporated in a useful article,
whether made by hand or produced on an industrial scale.
10. Work of the Government of the Philippines
 A work created by an officer or employee of the Philippine Government or any of its
subdivisions and instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled
corporations as a part of his regularly prescribed official duties.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED WORKS
Under Philippine copyright, both original works and derivative works are protected.
Original works
Derivative works
Are those that are literary or artistic in nature
which include the following:
 Philippine copyright books, pamphlets,
 Dramatizations, translation, adaptation,
articles, and other writings
abridgements, arrangements, and other
 Periodicals and newspapers
alterations of literary or artistic works
 Lectures, sermons, addresses, and
 Collection of literary, scholarly or artistic
dissertations prepared for oral delivery,
works, and compilations of data and other
whether or not reduced in writing or other
materials which are original by reason of the
material form
section or coordination or arrangement of
 Letters
their contents.
 Dramatic or dramatico-musical
(sec. 2, [P] and [Q], P.D. No. 49)
compositions; choreographic works or
entertainment in dumb shows
 Musical compositions, with or without
words
 Computer programs
 Works of drawing, painting, architecture,
sculpture, engraving, lithography, or other
works of art; models or designs for works
of art.
 Original ornamental designs or models for
articles of manufacture, whether or not
registrable as an industrial design, and
other works of applied art
 Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts
and three-dimensional works relative to
geography, topography, architecture or
science.
 Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or
technical character
 Photographic works including works
produced by a process analogous to
photography; lantern slides
 Audiovisual works and cinematographic
works and work produced by a process
analogous to cinematography or any
process for making audio-visual recordings;
 Pictorial illustrations and advertisements
 Other literary, scholarly, scientific and
artistic works
WORKS NOT PROTECTED
1. UNPROTECTED SUBJECT MATTER
2. WORKS OF THE GOVERNMENT
• Any idea, procedure, system, method or • Any purpose of statutes, rules and
operation, concept, principle, discovery
regulations,
or mere data as such, even if they are
and speeches, lectures, sermons, addresses,
expressed, explained, illustrated or and
embodied in a work.
dissertations, pronounced, read or rendered
in
courts of justice, before administrative
agencies,
in deliberative assemblies and in meetings of
public character.
(Sec. 9, first par., P.D No. 49)
•
•
News of the day and other miscellaneous
facts having the character of mere items
of press information
Any official text of a legislative,
administrative or legal nature, as well as
any official translation.
FAIR USE
• Also referred to as “fair use or fair dealing clause”.
• Limits the rights of holders who are entitled to reproduce works for a limited time period.
• The rationale of fair use is to “guarantee a breathing space for new expression within the
confines of Copyright Law”.
In other words, if copyright holders have complete control of their works, information may
be constrained and
restrained from ever reaching a wider audience.
EXPIRATION OF A COPYRIGHT TERM
• Empowers the general public to have unlimited access and use of the work as it has
become part of the “public domain”.
LEGAL SHARING USING CREATIVE COMMONS
• Apart from invoking fair use, licenses provided by Creative Commons (a non-profit licensing
organization) can enable the legal sharing and use of works.
CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE
• Enable copyright holders to easily change terms of copyright “from the default of all rights
reserved to some rights reserved.”
• “licenses are not an alternative to copyright… [they] work alongside copyright” to modify
the copyright terms to best suit the need of the copyright holder.
• Give people the right to share, use, and even build upon a [created work] (e.g., automatic
permission for non-commercial use of a work) as well as protect users against threat of
copyright infringement with the condition that these users abide by the conditions
specified by the owner or holder of the copyright.
• Has opened opportunities for universal access through “a free, public, and standardized
infrastructure” of sharing content and information within the bounds of free flow of
information and protection of copyright.
FLAME WAR
• Information is a valuable intellectual commodity; thus, you are expected to consume
information as responsibly as possible.
• Part of the responsible use of information is the maintenance of appropriate behaviour in
the production, consumption, and sharing of information.
FLAMER
• someone who knowingly attacks other netizens, or expresses in aggressive manner his
opinion on controversial issues.
1.
2.
3.
4.
TERMS ON THE INTERNET
Flame- refers to offensive messages.
Flame War- a series of angry, critical, or disparaging comments exchanged by two or more
people in an ongoing online argument.
Troll- an individual who posts false accusations or inflammatory remarks on
social media to promote a cause or to harass someone
Flaming- the act of posting or sending offensive messages over the Internet.
RESPONSIBLE NETIZENSHIP
FLAME WARRIOR
an indication of one’s failure to be a responsible netizen.
• Flame warriors are not necessarily consciously violating these rules but instead they might
only be too emotional or opinionated in expressing their thought.
• They may often fail to display good netiquette.
Netiquette
• Refers to observing proper etiquette as you engage in activities over the Internet.
PRESENTING YOURELF AND MANAGING IMPRESSIONS
“Think before you click” simply means that before you post anything on the Web, you have to
think through the repercussions of sharing that information.
CYBERBULLYING
• An ill-managed impression often invites unwanted, offensive, and perhaps violent
responses from other people.
•
•
One of the worst kinds of flaming activities because even innocent people are victimized.
A type of offensive action toward another which takes place using electronic technology.
INTERNET ADDICTION
• Also known as computer addiction, online addiction or Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is
an impulse-control problem (HealthGuide.org,)
• Internet addiction is often triggered by factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, some
other forms of addiction, lack of social support, inactivity, and unhappiness.
FORMS OF INTERNET ADDICTION
1. CYBERSEX ADDICTION
 Compulsive use of Internet pornography, adult chat rooms, or adult fantasy role-play
sites impacting negatively on real-life intimate relationships.
2. CYBER-RELATIONSHIP ADDICTION
 addiction to social networking, chat rooms, texting, and messaging to the point
where virtual, online friends become more important than real-life relationships with
family and friends.
3. NET COMPULSIONS
 such as compulsive online gaming, gambling, stock trading, or compulsive use of
online auction sites often resulting in financial and job-related problems.
4. INFORMATION OVERLOAD
 Compulsive web surfing or database searching, leading to lower work productivity
and less social interaction with family and friends.
5. COMPUTER ADDICTION
 Obsessive playing of offline-computer games or obsessive computer programming.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Signs and symptoms of Internet/computer addiction
Less conscious of the time sent online or with gadgets that enable Internet access.
Failing to complete tasks or activities intended to be finished at the time you were using the
Internet.
Less time with friends and family.
Lack of remorse for your excessive Internet use.
More excited with Internet activities rather than physical activities
PLAGIARISM
• “taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of another, without acknowledgement
and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver”.
• You use other’s ideas or words without informing your readers/audience of the origin of
the information.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
A. SOURCES NOT CITED
B. SOURCES NOT CITED
THE GHOST WRITER
THE FORGOTTEN FOOTNOTE
 The writer turns in another’s work,
 The writer mentions an author’s
word-for-word, as his or her own.
name for a source, but neglects to
include specific information on
the location of the material
referenced. This often masks other
forms of plagiarism by obscuring
source locations
THE PHOTOCOPY
MISINFORMER
 The writer copies significant portions
 The writer provides inaccurate
of text straight from a single source,
information regarding the
without alteration.
THE POTLUCK PAPER
 The writer tries to disguise
plagiarism by copying from several
different sources, tweaking the
sentences to make them fit together
while retaining most of the original
phrasing.
THE POOR DISGUISE
 Although the writer has retained the
essential content of the source, he or
she has altered the paper’s
appearance slightly by changing key
words and phrases.
sources, making it impossible to
find them
THE TOO-PERFECT PARAPHRASE
 The writer properly cites a source,
but neglects to put in quotation
marks text that has been copied
word-for-word, or close to it.
Although attributing the basic
ideas to the source, the writer is
falsely claiming original
presentation and interpretation of
the information.
THE RESOURCEFUL CITER
 The writer properly cites all
sources, paraphrasing and using
quotations appropriately. The
catch?

THE LABOR OF LAZINESS
 The writer takes the time to
paraphrase most of the paper from
other sources and make it all fit
together, instead of spending the
same effort on original work.
THE SELF-STEALER
 The writer “borrows” generously
from his or her previous work,
violating policies concerning the
expectation of originality adopted
by most academic institutions.
The paper contains almost no
original work! It is sometimes
difficult to spot this form of
plagiarism because it looks like any
other well-researched document.
THE PERFECT CRIME
 [T]he writer properly quotes and
cites sources in some places, but
goes on to paraphrase other
arguments from those sources
without citation. This way, the
writer tries to pass off the
paraphrased material as his or
her own analysis of the cited
material.