CHEMISTRY‌‌OF‌‌LIFE‌ ‌
I.‌‌ELEMENTS‌‌‌–‌‌A‌‌substance‌‌that‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌broken‌‌down‌‌by‌‌normal‌‌chemical‌‌means.‌ ‌
‌ .‌‌Most‌‌a bundant‌‌in‌‌living‌‌o rganisms:‌ ‌O xygen‌‌‌(65%),‌‌Carbon‌‌‌(18.5%),‌‌H ydrogen‌‌‌(9.5%),‌‌Nitrogen‌‌‌(3.2‌‌% )‌ ‌
A
‌B.‌‌Atoms‌‌‌-‌‌Smallest‌‌p art‌‌o f‌‌a n‌‌e lement‌‌that‌‌h as‌‌a ll‌‌o f‌‌its‌‌c haracteristics‌ ‌
‌1 .‌‌In‌‌nucleus‌‌= ‌ ‌
‌a .‌‌‌Protons:‌‌+‌‌c harge;‌‌The‌‌a tomic‌‌n umber‌‌specifies‌‌the‌‌p roton‌‌n umber‌ ‌
‌b.‌‌‌Neutrons:‌ ‌n eutral‌‌c harge;‌‌=‌‌Atomic‌‌m ass‌‌– ‌‌Atomic‌‌n umber‌ ‌
‌2 .‌‌‌Electrons:‌‌n egative‌‌c harge:‌‌in‌‌Energy‌‌levels:‌ ‌1 st‌
‌ ‌ ‌(2),‌ ‌2 nd‌
‌ ‌ ‌(8),‌‌3 rd‌
‌ ‌ ‌(8)‌ ‌
‌a .‌‌(‌‌Electron‌‌# ‌‌=‌‌p roton‌‌# ‌‌if‌‌there‌‌is‌‌n o‌‌c harge)‌ ‌
‌b.‌‌Electron‌‌# ‌‌=‌‌p roton‌‌# ‌‌-‌‌c harge‌ ‌
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‌Example:‌‌Boron:‌‌Atomic‌‌m ass‌‌= ‌‌11;‌‌Atomic‌‌# ‌‌= ‌‌5 ‌ ‌
● Proton‌‌number‌‌= ‌‌5 ‌‌(atomic‌‌# );‌ ‌ ‌
● Neutron‌‌# ‌‌= ‌‌6 ‌ ‌(Atomic‌‌m ass‌‌– ‌‌Atomic‌‌# ;‌‌11-5)‌ ‌
● Electron‌‌# ‌‌= ‌‌5 ‌ ‌(‌‌proton‌‌# ‌‌-‌‌c harge;‌‌5 -0)‌ ‌
● Atomic‌‌diagram:‌‌protons‌‌a nd‌‌neutrons‌‌in‌‌nucleus‌ ‌
● Electrons‌‌in‌‌“ energy‌‌levels”:‌‌ ‌
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C.‌‌Isotopes:‌‌Have‌‌a ‌‌d ifferent‌
neutron‌‌n umber‌‌than‌‌the‌‌m ost‌
commonly‌‌o ccurring‌‌a toms‌ ‌
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Carbon‌‌14‌‌has‌‌2‌‌
additional‌‌neutrons‌‌
than‌‌Carbon‌‌12.‌ ‌
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D.‌‌Ion:‌‌A‌‌c harged‌‌a tom‌‌(different‌‌n umber‌‌o f‌‌e lectrons‌);‌ ‌
‌ELECTRON‌‌# ‌ ‌=‌‌PROTONS‌‌– ‌‌CHARGE;‌‌Nitrogen‌‌-3‌‌h as‌‌1 0‌‌e lectrons‌‌(=7-‌‌-3)‌ ‌
‌a .‌‌Cation:‌‌‌+‌‌c harge‌
‌b .‌‌Anion:‌‌‌-‌‌c harge‌ ‌
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‌Nitrogen‌‌(-3)‌ ‌
E.‌‌Chemical‌‌Bonds:‌‌Atoms‌‌try‌‌to‌‌fill‌‌up‌‌their‌‌o uter‌
(valence)‌‌shell‌‌o f‌‌e lectrons‌ ‌
‌1 .‌‌Ionic‌‌b onds:‌ ‌Atoms‌‌transfer‌‌e lectrons‌‌a nd‌
become‌‌o ppositely‌‌c harged‌‌a nd‌‌a ttract‌ ‌
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‌Na‌‌🡪‌‌e -‌‌🡪‌‌Cl;‌ ‌-Na‌‌b ecomes‌+
‌ ‌,‌‌Cl‌‌b ecomes‌‌-‌‌🡪‌‌NaCl‌‌
(‌table‌‌salt‌)‌ ‌
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‌2 .‌
Covalent‌‌‌b onds:‌‌Atoms‌‌share‌‌e lectrons;‌‌.‌‌Strongest‌‌‌a nd‌‌m ost‌
common‌‌‌in‌‌b ody‌ ‌
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Polar‌‌‌– ‌‌Slightly‌‌c harged‌‌o n‌‌e ither‌‌side‌‌d ue‌‌to‌‌u neven‌‌sharing‌‌o f‌‌e lectrons‌ ‌
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Hydrogen‌‌bonds‌:‌ ‌
i.Between‌‌p olar‌‌m olecules‌
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Weakest‌‌b ond‌‌-‌ ‌
Cohesion‌‌(‌b onds‌‌to‌‌itself)‌ ‌
-‌Adhesion‌‌(‌b onds‌‌to‌‌something‌‌e lse‌ ‌
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4.‌‌Free‌‌r adicals‌‌– ‌‌Reactive‌‌a toms‌‌with‌
unpaired‌‌e lectrons‌ ‌
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-‌Antioxidants‌‌– ‌‌Have‌‌e xtra‌‌e lectrons‌‌that‌‌c an‌
donate‌‌to‌‌free‌‌radicals‌‌to‌‌stabilize‌‌them‌ ‌
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II.‌‌Chemical‌‌Reactions‌:‌
Bonds‌‌a re‌‌b roken‌‌a nd‌‌reformed,‌‌Leads‌‌to‌
energy‌‌storage‌‌o r‌‌release‌ ‌
-‌Activation‌‌‌e nergy:‌‌Energy‌‌n eeded‌‌to‌‌b egin‌
-‌Catalyst‌:‌‌Reduces‌‌a ctivation‌‌e nergy‌ ‌
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ANABOLIC‌ ‌
BUILDING‌‌m olecules‌‌u sing‌‌e nergy‌ ‌
SYNTHESIS‌ ‌
EXERGONIC‌‌(energy‌‌e nters‌‌the‌‌reaction)‌ ‌
Dehydration‌‌(water‌‌is‌‌p roduced‌‌in‌‌the‌‌p rocess)‌ ‌
A+B‌‌+‌‌e nergy‌‌🡪‌‌AB‌‌+‌‌H2O‌
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Ex:‌‌ADP‌‌+‌‌P‌‌+‌‌e nergy‌‌🡪‌‌ATP‌‌+‌‌H2O‌ ‌
CATABOLIC‌ ‌
SPLITTING‌‌MOLECULES‌‌RELEASING‌‌ENERGY‌ ‌
DECOMPOSITION‌ ‌
EXERGONIC‌‌(energy‌‌e xits‌‌the‌‌reaction)‌ ‌
HYDROLYSIS‌‌(water‌‌is‌‌split‌‌d uring‌‌the‌‌reaction)‌ ‌
AB‌‌+‌‌H2O‌‌🡪‌‌A+B‌‌+‌‌Energy‌ ‌
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Ex:‌‌ATP‌‌+H2O‌‌🡺‌‌ADP‌‌+‌‌P‌‌+‌‌e nergy‌ ‌
III.‌‌Adenosine‌‌Triphosphate‌‌‌(ATP)‌‌–‌‌Supplies‌‌energy‌‌to‌‌cells‌
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IV.‌‌Acids‌‌and‌‌Bases‌
A.pH‌‌scale‌‌–‌-Measures‌‌c oncentration‌‌o f‌‌H +‌‌ions‌‌in‌‌a ‌‌solution‌ ‌
‌ .7‌‌is‌‌n eutral;‌‌Acid‌‌=‌‌<7;‌‌Base‌‌=‌‌>‌‌7 ‌ ‌
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‌2 .‌‌BLOOD‌‌p H=7.35-7.45‌ ‌
B.‌‌LOGARITHMIC‌‌SCALE‌ ‌
‌1.‌‌A‌‌change‌‌in‌‌1‌‌number‌‌on‌‌the‌‌scale‌‌equates‌‌to‌‌10X‌
‌change‌‌in‌‌strength‌ ‌
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‌2 .‌‌Example:‌‌4 ‌‌is‌‌1 0X‌‌m ore‌‌a cidic‌‌than‌‌5 ,‌‌1 00X‌‌(10^2)‌ ‌
‌m ore‌‌a cidic‌‌than‌‌6 ,‌‌a nd‌‌1 000X‌‌(10^3)more‌‌a cidic‌‌than‌‌7 ‌ ‌
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V.‌‌Organic‌‌Compounds:‌‌‌
‌A.‌‌Contain‌‌a ‌‌Carbon‌‌‌“ skeleton”:‌‌‌“ BACKBONE‌‌O F‌‌LIFE”‌ ‌
‌CARBON‌‌‌FORMS‌‌MULTIPLE‌‌c ovalent‌‌BONDS‌ ‌
Organic‌‌
Common‌‌ Building‌‌blocks‌‌ Main‌‌
(monomer‌ ‌
Compound‌ ‌ Name‌ ‌
function‌ ‌
Carbohydrates‌ Sugars‌ ‌
Examples‌ ‌
Monosaccharides‌ ‌ Quick‌‌energy‌ ‌ ●
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Lipids‌ ‌
Fats‌ ‌
Fatty‌‌acids‌ ‌
Proteins‌ ‌
XXXX‌ ‌
Amino‌‌acids‌ ‌
Nucleic‌‌Acids‌ ‌ Blueprint‌‌
of‌‌life‌ ‌
Nucleotides‌ ‌
Monosaccharide‌s‌‌-‌‌Glucose‌
Fructose,‌‌Galactose‌ ‌
Disaccharid‌e‌ ‌-‌‌Lactose,‌‌Sucrose,‌‌
Maltose‌
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Polysaccharide‌‌‌-‌‌Glycogen‌ ‌
Triglycerides‌‌–‌‌Stored‌‌energy‌ ‌
Phospholipids‌‌–‌‌Cell‌‌membrane‌ ‌
Waxes‌ ‌
Hormones‌ ‌
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Energy‌‌
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reserves‌ ‌ ●
● Protection‌ ‌ ●
● Cell‌‌
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membrane‌ ‌
● Catalysts‌‌ ‌ Enzymes‌
‌Keratin‌ ‌ ‌
● Growth,‌‌
Hemoglobin‌ ‌Myosin‌ ‌Actin‌
maintenan‌ Melanin‌ ‌
ce,‌‌repair‌
Heredity‌ ‌
DNA‌‌(2‌‌strands)‌ ‌
RNA‌ ‌(1‌‌strand)‌ ‌
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B.‌‌Enzymes‌:‌‌Proteins‌‌that‌‌a ct‌‌a s‌‌a ‌‌c atalyst‌‌in‌‌a ‌‌living‌‌o rganism‌ ‌
1.‌‌Described‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Lock‌‌a nd‌‌K ey‌‌Model‌ ‌
‌a .‌‌ENZYMES‌‌ARE‌‌SPECIFIC‌‌TO‌‌1 ‌‌MOLECULE‌‌AND‌ ‌
‌ARE‌‌RELEASED‌‌UNCHANGED‌ ‌
‌b .Enzymes‌‌c an‌‌b e‌‌d enatured‌‌b y‌‌p H‌‌a nd‌‌temperature‌
changes,or‌‌switched‌‌o ff‌‌b y‌‌g enes‌ ‌
2.‌‌.‌‌Name‌‌u sually‌‌e nds‌‌in‌‌“ ‌a se‌” ‌‌(‌lactase‌,‌‌sucrose)‌ ‌