SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 - Module 2: Animal Reproduction (Week 3) Earth and Life Science – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2-Module 2: Animal Reproduction First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V Development Team of the Module Author/s: Rafael Silagan Reviewers: Content- Jean S. Macasero, Language-Shirley Menda, Duque Caguindangan, Eleanor Rollan, Rosemarie Dullente, Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Layout- Mary Sieras, Arnold Langam, Amelito Bucod Evaluator: Hazel R. Balan Illustrator and Layout Artist: Jessica Bunane Cunado, Kyla Mae L. Duliano Management Team Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V Schools Division Superintendent Co-Chairpersons: Members Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief Jean S. Macasero, EPS- Science Joel D. Potane, LRMDS Manager Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II Gemma Pajayon, PDO II Evelyn Q. Sumanda, School Head Cely B. Labadan, School Head Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro Telefax: (08822)855-0048 E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph Senior High School Senior High School Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 – Module 2: Animal Reproduction (Week 3) This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph. We value your feedback and recommendations. Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines Introductory Message The study of life in general is vast and complex. Science as a general body of knowledge has been doing its best to continually uncover secrets and themes to make understanding life better and easier. From the ancient notion anything that moves is alive, life has now properties that make it easier to identify living from the non-living. Aside from the properties, themes were developed. These themes help to understand life and what binds it from those that exhibit it. This module will introduce you to various topics under the unifying reproduction (as a property of life) of representative animals. This module will give you a glimpse of the ties that bind in the study of biology and life in general. This will be facilitated through various scientific evidences that has been gathered throughout the years. You will be able to understand just how connected organisms are in the grand scheme of things. You will also understand the miracle that is reproduction. That reproduction goes beyond just having a heterosexual partner because nature provides for different mechanisms for an organism to propagate. The affective part of this module will let you reflect on the concept of unity amidst diversity that our uniqueness has been just an outward expression of the things that we are similar to. This will allow you to appreciate other forms of life in general. This module will also permit you to develop a deep sense of wonder, and perhaps of gratitude for being alive. Both lessons contained in this module will let you, if you allow it, develop the inkling how precious and miraculous life is. You will be guided with symbols (icons) used as you go about in the completion of this module. Lastly, this module contains varied activities that will not only help you validate your learning of the lessons contained in this module but, it will also help you as an impressionable senior high learner develop or make informed choices in the preservation of life in general. The following are the lessons contained in this module: 1. Animal Reproduction 2. Methods of Fertilization How to Learn from this Module To accomplish the above-mentioned objectives, you are to maximize the use of this module by performing the following: Provide enough time for the reading of the lessons with understanding. Follow diligently the instructions provided for each of the activities and or exercises. Answer all tests, exercises, and activities contained in this module. Icons of this Module This module has the following parts with their corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correctly, you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to strengthen your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers in the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or open-ended statements to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations. Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also develops retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. What I Need to Know At the end of this module, you should be able to: Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce. (S11/12LT-IIej- 15) At the end of this lesson, you should be able to demonstrate understanding of the four main concepts under animal reproduction: 1. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction 2. Mechanisms of Fertilization What I Know Multiple Choices: Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which of the following animals undergo asexual reproduction? a. Cat c. Rat b. Dog d. Starfish 2. Which of the following is an example of hermaphroditism? a. Earthworm c. Frog b. Eel d. Starfish 3. What asexual reproduction is involved in starfish? a. Budding c. Fragmentation b. Binary Fission d. Parthenogenesis 4. Which of the following reproduction is a sexual type? a. Budding b. Binary fission c. Hermaphroditism d. Parthenogenesis 5. Which of the following organisms undergo budding reproduction? a. Aphids c. Hydra b. Frog d. All of the above 6. All of the following are undergo asexual reproduction EXCEPT ______. a. Aphids c. Hydra b. Frog d. Sea stars 7. What is the best description of sexual reproduction? a. The combination of gametes. b. A female’s egg develops into new organism without being fertilized by a sperm cell. c. An offspring grows directly out of the body of the parent. d. All of the above 8. Aphids undergo on this type of reproduction. a. Binary fission c. Fragmentation b. Budding d. Parthenogenesis 9. What is common on the following organisms: Humans, Cats & Pig? a. They undergo the budding process b. They are all hermaphrodites c. They undergo fragmentation d. They undergo sexual reproduction 10. An oyster is considered as _____________. a. Protogynous hermaphroditism b. Protrandrous hermaphroditism c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b Identification: Classify the following organism according the methods fertilization. Choose from the word in the box for your answer. Viviparous 1. Pig 2. Sharks 3. Duck 4. Snake 5. Bears Oviparous Ovoviviparous of Lesson 1 Types of Animal Reproduction What’s In We are products of billions of years’ worth of evolution, and we know this much thanks to reproduction. Through reproduction, nature has selected organisms that have a gene pool that is capable of surviving and thriving. Animals have both adapted and evolved to better fit their environments thanks to variation. While us, humans, have goals in life some animals were born to reproduce and die immediately after. So now you ask, why is reproducing offspring so important to animals? This is one of question that we will be answering into later, on this module. In this lesson, we will understand key concepts about the complexities of reproduction in animals and synthesize our learning at the end. Lastly, this lesson will also allow you to appreciate the true importance of why a continuity of a species is important. According to the UN, there are about 360,000 babies born every day in the world. Reproduction is one of the key survivals of a species – it is a way to continue life. A male and a female organism will mate and produce an offspring. These parent organisms will then pass on genetic information to their offspring, and in time, their offspring will pass their own genetic information as well. What’s New Activity: Guess the Riddle! Read the riddles below and try to answer it. 1. I am twelve letters word. They need me to produce many species. Without me the world is empty. Who am i? 2. I am two-word words. My first word is six letters and my second word is twelve letters. You need a partner to produce the others. Without a mate you cannot create. Who am i? 3. I am two-word words. Seven letters is my first word and the second word is twelve letters. I don’t need anybody to produce somebody. I can do it alone to create my own. Who am i? What Is It From our previous lesson of mitosis and meiosis, we know that cellular division plays an important role in reproduction. The relationship between these two processes is vital to animal reproduction. Some organisms like cows, sheep, dogs and will require two parent organisms (sexual reproduction) in order to reproduce an offspring, while others do not (asexual reproduction). Sexual vs. Asexual Figure 2.1 shows how sexual and asexual reproduction produces offspring. In an asexual reproduction, a parent organism will not need a mate or partner for it to produce its own offspring. The offspring of asexual organisms are an exact same copy of its parent organism. In sexual reproduction, a male and female gamete is needed in order to produce an offspring. In most instances, there is a male and female organism to produce the gametes but, this isn’t always the case. Finding a partner for sexual animals can sometimes prove difficult, and so, as an adaptive mechanism and evolutionary solution, some animals exhibit hermaphroditism. This is when an organism has both male and female reproductive system. This is common among sessile (stationary) animals. In hermaphroditism, the organism may or may not have a partner for fertilization to occur. Unlike, an asexual offspring, a sexual offspring is genetically unique from its parent organisms. Notice how there are two apparent sexes in sexual organisms, while there is no definite sex in the asexual organism. Types of asexual reproduction 1. Binary Fission – occurs in single celled organisms. It is when a parent cell divides itself into two equal parts and creates an offspring. This type of reproduction is like cloning as shown in figure 3. To easily remember and understand the reproduction process of binary fission it is valuable to remember what the terms mean. The word binary means something having two parts (the new daughter bacteria) while the word fission means the movement of splitting (the dividing of two equal parts). Ex. Bacteria Figure 2.3 Binary Fission in Bacteria 2. Fragmentation – occurs when an organism breaks a part of itself into a fragment, and the fragment develops into a new organism as shown in figure 4. Ex. Starfish & acoel flatworms Figure 2. 4 Sstarfish undergoing fragmentation 3. Budding – happens when a parent organism grows a bud attached to its body. When the bud is developed it will detach itself from the parent and form a new organism. Ex. Yeast and Jellyfish https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/phylum-cnidaria/ Figure 2.5 Jellyfish Lifecycle 4. Parthenogenesis – occurs when the embryo of an organism can grow and develop without fertilization. Example: Some species of ants & Honeybees. https://www.britannica.com/animal/hymenopteran/Natural-history Figure 2.6 Parthenogenesis in bees Table 2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages in Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Types Advantages - The population is less likely to catch diseases Sexual Disadvantages - reproduce. all at once. Reproduction - Has more chances of - Has genetic variation. - - Only one parent reproduce. Reproduction - Faster than sexual reproduction. Has less surviving chances due to the lack of genetic organism is needed to Asexual Takes more time to reproduce. survival - Needs a partner to variation. - Population is more likely to catch diseases at the same time. What’s More Identify the type of reproduction described in the organisms in column A. Write your answer in column B. Column A 1. a single organism that functions as both the male and female in reproduction. 2. An organism that requires both a male and a female to reproduce. 3. This organism breaks a part of itself to reproduce. 4. A male and a female pig mate to reproduce piglets. Column B 5. This organism’s embryo does not need fertilization to develop into an offspring. 6. This organism divides itself into two equal parts to reproduce. 7. An organism that grows buds to reproduce. Lesson 2 Fertilization What’s In Direction: Use the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast the two types of animal reproduction. What’s New Activity: What’s the meaning of this? In your own words, define the following words. 1. Fertilization 2. External fertilization 3. Internal Fertilization What Is It Organisms are diverse, unique and have equally unique features that help them survive in their environment. These features tailor to the animal’s environment, size, habitat, and so many more factors. One unique feature is the way these organisms undergo fertilization. Mechanisms of Fertilization There are two types of fertilization – internal and external. Internal fertilization occurs when the fusion of gametes is inside the female body, while an external fertilization is the opposite where fusion of gametes is outside the female body. The 3 types of internal fertilization 1. Oviparity – the female has fertilized eggs laid outside its body. The young will get nourishment from its yolk and will be protected by the external covering of the egg. The types of eggs will vary in different animals. Chicken eggs will have high calcium carbonate concentrations, while reptiles will produce leathery eggs. Example: Chickens 2. Viviparity – most common in mammals, the offspring develops within the female and is nourished by the mother’s blood in the placenta. Ex. Bears 3. Ovoviviparity – like oviparity, ovoviviparity has fertilized eggs that nourish the young from its yolk. The key difference between them, is that ovoviviparous animals only lay the eggs when they are ready to hatch. Ex. Great White Sharks The table below will better summarize the key difference and similarities of the two fertilization processes. Table 2.2 Summary of Features for Internal and External Fertilization Internal Fertilization Process - Egg is fertilized inside External - female body. - Success rate - Male gamete is Fertilization Egg is fertilized outside female body. - Male gamete is discharged unto the discharged unto the female gamete. female gamete. Since the offspring is - Has a less chance of developed inside the survival because the body of the female, it offspring develops will have more chances without protection in of surviving even in the open environment. harsh environments because it is protected. key features - Has three types: - Survives best in 1. Oviparity moist/aquatic 2. Viviparity environments. 3. Ovoviviparity - - few offspring are Has a greater number of offspring produced. produced. Examples - Elephants, goats, and cats - Fish and Frogs What’s More Activity 1: Fill me Up! In your own words, describe the type of fertilization given below and give an example of an animal that has that type of fertilization. Description Animal Viviparity Internal fertilization External fertilization Oviparity Ovoviviparity Activity 2: Let’s write it! Make an essay about the question below. Question: Why do you think there is a difference in the types of fertilization among animals? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ What I Have Learned To ensure species continuity, nature allows for both sexual and asexual reproduction in the animal kingdom. Sexual reproduction requires the union of female and male gametes to form a diploid zygote. Asexual reproduction on the other hand can produce an offspring without the union of gametes. Several mechanisms for asexual reproduction include budding, fission, and fragmentation. There are also some variations through reproduction can still occur. These are through hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis, in which environmental and hormonal factors have control in the reproductive cycles. Fertilization can either occur externally when both materials are released outside the body, or internally when a male fertilizes an egg in the female reproductive system. Unlike asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction is a form of partnership between organisms and at the same time, it promotes competition between individuals and even between gametes. What I Can Do Knowledge is power! Let us put your synthesizing skills to the test through this animal profiling activity. 1. Pick an animal and draw his ID picture in the box. 2. Fill in the rest of the information by checking the right choice and filling out the blanks! 1. Animal and Species: _____________ 2. ( ) Asexual ( ) Sexual 3. *if your animal is asexual, please specify what type: ______________ 4. ( ) Internal Fertilization ( ) External Fertilization 5. *if you checked internal fertilization, please specify what type:______________ 6. Place where this animal preferably gives birth:__________________ Now that we’re done with general profiling, let’s compare and contrast this animal’s reproduction with humans using the venn diagram below. Essay Let us see how well our knowledge truly understand these ideas through essay writing. 1. Why do you think is asexual reproduction present among animals? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ 2. Is it possible for humans to undergo asexual reproduction? Why? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ 3. Why is reproduction important for species survival? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ 4. What makes hermaphrodites unique organisms? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ 5. What is the difference between oviparity and ovoviviparity? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________ Post Assessment: Multiple Choice. Read the sentences or questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. A house lizard is ________, in terms of mechanism of reproduction. a. oviparous c. ovoviviparous b. viviparous d. asexual 2. Earthworms are _____ in nature. a. asexual c. none of the above b. hermaphrodites d. all of the above 3. Cats and pigs undergo ______ reproduction. a. Asexual c. Both a and b b. Sexual d. Neither a nor b 4. Which of the following animals undergo budding? a. Aphids c. Sea star b. Hydra d. Tapeworm 5. Humans are considered as ______. a. Asexual c. Both a and b b. Sexual d. Neither a nor b True or False. Write the word true if the statement is correct and the word false if it is not. 1. Both internal and external fertilization has the male gamete discharged unto the female reproductive system. ________ 2. Internal fertilization has more offspring produces compared to external fertilization. ________ 3. Humans are ovoviviparous. ________ 4. Parthenogenesis is when an organism has both the male and female gametes. ________ 5. Mostly invertebrate’s animals undergo asexual reproduction. Identification: Identify the methods of reproduction do the following animals undergo. Choose from the word from the box for your answer. Sexual hermaphroditism Parthenogenesis Fragmentation Budding 1. Earthworm 2. Sea urchin 3. Hydra 4. Aphids 5. Tapeworm Additional Activities Paste at least two pictures of animals that undergo on the following reproductive process. 1. Sexual reproduction 2. Asexual reproduction 3. Oviparous 4. Viviparous 5. Ovoviviparous Post Assessment Multiple Choices 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B True or False 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T Identification 1. Sexual hermaphroditism 2. Fragmentation 3. Budding 4. Parthenogenesis 5. fragmentation What I Know Multiple Choices 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. B Identification 1. Viviparous 2. Oviviparous 3. Oviparous 4. Oviparous 5. viviparous Answer Key References Boundless. “Boundless Biology.” Lumen. Accessed July 10, 2020. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/phylumcnidaria/. Lindauer, Martin. “Natural History.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., November 12, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/animal/hymenopteran/Natural-history. Manosa , Susan D., and Frederick T. Talaue. “Science - C & E Bookshop.” Accessed July 10, 2020.https://www.cebookshop.com/index.php?route=product/category&pat h=57_1017&page=13. SimplyScience. Accessed July 10, 2020. http://www.simply.science/. Strauss, Eric, and Marylin Lisowski. “Chapters 35, 36, and 37.” Essay. In Biology: the Web of Life, 852–905. Reading, MA: Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley, 2000. Urry, Lisa A., Martha R. Taylor, Michael Pollock, and Neil A. Campbell. “Chapter 1.” Essay. In Study Guide for Campbell Biology, 1–27. N
