CHAPTER 1
Overview of Anatomy &
physiology
Levels of Structural
Organization
Maintaining Life
Homoestasis
The Language of
Anatomy
OBJECTIVES
Overview of Anatomy
and Physiology
1. Define Anatomy &
Physiology
2. Explain how anatomy
& physiology are related
scientific
discipline that
investigates the structure of
the body
Greek words:
ana-apart; tomy-to cut
to dissect
to cut apart and
separate the parts of
the body for the study
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Systematic anatomy
- the study of body by systems
Regional anatomy
the study of organization of body by areas
Surface anatomy
–study of external features; uses superficial
structures to locate deeper structures
Scientific discipline that deals with the
processes or functions of living things:
The study of how the body and its parts
work or function
( physio-nature; logy-study)
Subdivsion examples:
 neurophysiology
– explains the working of nervous
system
 Cardiac physiology – studies the functions of the heart
Major goals of physiology
•
To understand and predict the
body’s responses to stimuli
• To understand how the body
maintains conditions within a
narrow range of values in the
presence of a continually changing
environment
*how they are related?
study of the structure
and function
of the human body
ENGAGE…
Choose between Anatomy & Physiology
Beating of the heart……?
Brain structures…..?
Cube- shaped epithelial tissues….?
Kidney function…..?
Bone growth…..?
Tiny blood vessels…..?
I. Overview of Anatomy and
Physiology
1. Define Anatomy &
Physiology
2. Explain how anatomy &
physiology are related
OBJECTIVES
II. Levels of Structural Organization
3. Name the six levels of structural
organization that make up the human
body and explain how they are related.
4. Name the 11 organ systems of the
body and state briefly their major
functions and the major organs of each.
Levels of Structural Organization
Structural & functional organization
The structural and functional
characteristics of all organisms are
determined by their chemical makeup.
Atoms combine to form molecules.
basic structural and functional unit of
organisms, such as plants and
animals.
The smallest units of
all living things
Small structure that make up cells
It carry out specific functions within
a cell
Examples are Nucleus and golgi
bodies
a group of similar cells that
have common function
epithelial, connective,
muscular, nervous
It is composed of two or
more tissue types that
together perform one or
more common functions for
the body.
Ex: small intestine
It is a group of
organs classified as
a unit because of a
common function
or set of functions.
Ex: digestive
system
It is any living thing
considered as a
whole, whether
composed of one
cell, such as
bacterium, or
trillions such as
human.
ENGAGE:
Identify the six Levels of
structural organization from the following
Cardiac muscle …..?
Nervous System….?
Glucose molecules…?
Nucleus of the cell…?
Liver….?
Bacteria…?
II. Levels of Structural Organization
3. Name the six levels of
structural organization
that make up the human
body and explain how
they are related.
OBJECTIVES
II. Levels of Structural Organization
4. Name the 11 organ systems of
the body and state briefly their
major functions and the major
organs of each.
Integumentary
system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Urinary system
Female reproductive
system
Male reproductive
system
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury
and drying out
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors(temperature, pressure &
pain)
• Secretes salts & urea in perspiration
• Regulates body temperature
• Major organ: skin
Organ System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body
organs
• Provides muscle attachment
for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
( hematopoises)
• Stores minerals
• Major Organs: Bones,
cartilages, ligaments, joints
Organ System Overview
• Muscular System
• Large freshly
muscles attached to
bones
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• Major organ:
muscular organ
Organ System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to internal and
external change
• Activates muscles and
glands
• Major Organs: brain,
spinal cord, nerves,
sensory receptors
Organ System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones-controls
body activities
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
• Major Organs:
pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroids, adrenals,
thymus, pancreas,
pineal, ovaries, testes
Organ System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
• Major organs: Heart
& blood vessels
Organ System Overview
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids from the
blood back to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunitydestroys bacteria and
tumor cells
• Major Organs: lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes,
lymphoid organs-spleen &
tonsils
Organ System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
• Transported gases to and
from the blood through
the thin walls of air sacs
• Major organs: nasal
passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs
Organ System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
• Major organs: oral cavity,
esophagus, stomach, small
& large intestines, rectum,
accessory organs-liver,
salivary glands, pancreas
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
• Major Organs : kidneys,
ureters, bladder &
urethra.
Organ System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
• Testes- (male) produces sperm
• Ovaries –(female) produces eggs
or ova
• Uterus- provides sites for the
developing fetus once fertilization
has occurred.
• Major organs: Male- testes
scrotum, penis, accessory glands,
duct system
• Female: ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina
EXPLORE : Group Activity:“think, share & tell”
Form 11 groups (random counting)
A. Name one organ system
B. Give the anatomical description/s of the chosen organ system
C. Enumerate at least 1 major organs/tissues of the chosen organ
system
D. Discuss the major function/s
E. Think of the best ever code/phrase/unique name for the chosen
organ system
Example:
A. muscular system;
B.freshly muscle attached to the bone;
C. muscular organ;
D. Movement or locomotion;
E. ”the walking organ-system”
II. Levels of Structural Organization
4. Name the 11 organ
systems of the body and
state briefly their major
functions and the major
organs of each.