Wildlife A historical and philosophical perspective 1. The place where an organism lives is called habitat. 2. Humans are present in almost every habitat because they can modify their environment according to their need. 3. The only record about animal-habitat relationship was provided by naturalists for centuries. 4. The first best early naturalist was the Aristotle who wrote many books about cluding breeding behavior, diets, migration and hibernation. 5. Fish are found in sea estuaries because of two reasons; firstly for food and secondly for breeding. 6. Interest toward natural history vanished after Aristotle during the growth of RomanEmpire. 7. Little new information about animal habitat was added for nearly 1700 years after the death of Aristotle. 8. Klopfer and Ganzhorn (1985) noted painters in the medieval and pre-Renaissance period still showed an appreciation of specific animal with particular feature of the environment. 9. System of naming and classification of organism was given by Carl Linnaeus. 10. Europeans collected feathers, eggs, pelts, horns and other parts of animals for collection cabinets. 11. Theory of natural selection was given by Charles Darwin in 1959. 12. Theory of evolution by natural selection forms the foundation of field of ecology. 13. Merriam in 1890 identified the changes that occur in plants and animals on an elevated gradient. 14. Adams 1908 studied changes in bird species that accompany plant succession. 15. Davis lack was first to recognize the features of appropriate environment trigger the animal to select a place to live. 16. Lack´s idea gave birth to the concept of habitat selection. 17. Svardson (1949) developed a general conceptual model of habitat selection and Hilden later expressed similar ideas. 18. Svardson found that factors other than those associated with the structure of the environment influence selection. 19. Habitat selection is a complicated process involving several levels of discrimination and spatial scale and a number of potentially interacting factors. 20. The distribution of animal is intimately tied to the concept of niche. 21. Grinnell formerly introduced the term niche when he was attempting to identify the reason for the distribution of a single species of birds. 22. Elton described the niche as the status of an animal in the community and focused on trophic position and diet. 23. Hutchinson articulated the multivariate nature of causes of animal distribution. 24. Odum in 1959 viewed the niche as the position or status of an organism in an ecosystem resulting from its behavior and morphological adaptations. 25. Use of fire by Native Americans altered the ecosystem in which they lived and influenced the number of animals they hunted. 26. Marco polo reported that in the Mongol Empire in Asia, Kublai Khan increased the number of quail and partridge. 27. H.L.Stoddard´s work on bobwhite quail, published in 1931, and Errington and Hammerstrom´s work on pheasants, published in 1937, exemplify early efforts. 28. In the United States in 2001, 66 million people over 16 years of age spent over $38.4 billion observing, feeding, or photographic wildlife. 29. In Arizona non game program is funded by a fixed percentage of the funds generated by the state lottery. 30. An effort to increase the funding base for managing non game animals and their habitats was started in the mid-1900s. 31. Christopher D.Stone, Jermy Bentham and Peter Singer argue that animals deserve the focus of ethical consideration. 32. Ecological concept was proposed by J.Baird Callicott and was most eloquently advanced by Leopold in his book A County Almanac. Notre: Acts and legislations are not included. Topic: Concept of an Ecosystem 1) Ecosystem is natural and functional unit. 2) An ecosystem is a region with specified and recognizable landscape. 3) Nature of an ecosystem is based on its geographical features. 4) At global level skin of earth on the land, the sea and air, forms the biosphere. 5) Ecosystems are structurally and functionally identified able. 6) Overuse or misuse of resources has led to serious degradation of our environment. 7) The most undisturbed forests are located mainly in our National parks and wildlife sanctuaries. 8) Grassland covers area where rainfall is low and/or soil depth and quality is poor. 9) Low rain fall in grassland prevent growth of large number of trees and shrub. 10) Desert and semi-arid lands are highly specialized and sensitive ecosystems that are easily destroyed by human activities. 11) Rajasthan is in the Thar desert. 12) These ecosystems provide human beings with a wealth of natural resources. 13) The special abiotic features are its physical aspects such as the quality of water. 14) Aquatic ecosystem may be classified as stagnant ecosystem or running water ecosystems. 15) Aquatic ecosystems are classified as freshwater, brackish and marine ecosystems. 16) Coral reefs are rich in species. Scientific, philosophical and educational value 1) Scientific value of wildlife is value of wild population as object of scientific study. 2) Charles Darwin gave concept of natural selection as part of principle of evolution. 3) There were immense ramification in biology, geology, religion and ethics. 4) Our awareness of danger of chlorinated hydrocarbons pesticides was enhanced when sensitive species of wildlife were affected. 5) For man’s understanding and management of himself affects the quality and persistence of human life. 6) The philosophical and educational value of wildlife may b critical to developing an ecological and evolutionary ethic. 7) Tall grass praries are an extinct ecosystem. 8) Wildlife is subject of literature, poetry, art and music. 9) An individual’s physical and mental health, enhanced by participating in outdoor recreation. 10) Negative values of wildlife are cost of wildlife damages to crop and other property and cost of controlling these damages. The variety of advocates for wildlife 1) Laissez-faire group, apathetic toward wildlife, uncaring. 2) The greatest threat to wildlife in US is that this laissez-faire group will grow, resulting in declining political support for wildlife conservation. 3) Waterfowl marshes and floodplain forests provide some of the best opportunities to preserve urban wildlife habitat. 4) Sentimentalists oppose use or management of wildlife on moral principles. 5) Manipulation of populations or habitats is moral. 6) Man cannot exist without using other forms of life or without manipulating habitat. 7) Sentimentalists are sometimes attached to certain species, usually wild warm blooded species. 8) Sentimentalists view of biota and its complex function is limited. 9) Habitat destruction is the major cause of declining wildlife population. 10) Protectionists are concerned mostly for aesthetic values and non-consumptive uses of wildlife. 11) Protectionists tend to oppose the use of natural resources. 12) Protectionists distrust proposals of multiple use of land. 13) Single-use adherents prefer one value of wildlife over all other. 14) The trophy is proof of some physical accomplishment. 15) The goal of trophy is acquisition. 16) Classification is first necessary step toward understanding nature. 17) Many people have found their religion and philosophy in their perception of nature. CH:17 1) ……………. Are characterized by reduced number of teeth. a) Wild cats b) clvets c) wild boar d) deers 2) Dolphin is regarded as primitive type of a) fishes b) mammals c) whales d) vertebrates 3) Indus dolphin rises above to breathe after an interval of a) 9 to 120 sec b) 9 to 100 sec c) 1 to 100 sec d) 9 to 10 sec 4) Litter size of dolphin is a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 5) Wild boar has ………….. shaped tusks for defense. a) rectangular b) triangular c) flattened d) oval c) omnivore d) none 6) Wild boar is a) herbivore b) carnivore 7) In deer family antlers are found in a) males b) females c) both male and female 8) Today ………… species of deers are recognized in Pakistan. a) 4 b) 5 c) 9 d) 2 d) none 9) Musk is obtained from………. a) musk deer b) barking deer c) red deer d) black deer 10) Antelopes belongs to the family…… a) canidae b) bovidae c) homonidae d) none 11) In Pakistan there are ….. species of antelopes. a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 b) cat c) goat d) 6 12) Nilgai is…….. a) cow d) antelope 13) Gazeela gazeela is….. a) nocturnal b) diurnal c) semi-nocturnal d) semi-diurnal 14) In Pakistan there are ……. recognized genera of wild goat. a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8 15) Black buck Is ……………… mammal. a) fast running b) fast swimming c) fast flying d) slow running 16) Blue sheep shows characteristics intermediate between….. a) sheep and cat b) sheep and goat c) sheep and cow d) sheep and buffalo 17) In Pakistan there are five distinct subspecies of Markhor that can be separated on the basis of… a) horn shape b) skin color c) number of legs d) number of horns 18) Capra falconeri megaceros, commonly called as… a) Kabul Markhor b) Astor Markhor c) Chiltan Markhor d) Kashmir Markhor 19) Ovis orientalis vignei commonly called as…. a) Marcopolo sheep b) Shapu c) Ladakh urial d) both b & c 20) Common peafowl, Pavo crictatus are….. a) herbivore b) carnivore c) omnivore d none 21) Monal is a large…. a) bird b) mammal 22) The imperial Sandgrouse are…… c) reptile d) amphibian a) herbivore b) vegetarian c) both a & b d) carnivore 23) Which one of the following is known as game bird…. a) Markhor b) peacock c) crow d) Houbara Bustard 24) Houbara Bustard is a large sized…. a) running mammal b) running bird c) flying bird d) swimming mammal 1 Pakistan is bounded on north and northwest by ……………….. a) Afgananistan b) Iran c) India d) None of them 2 The area of Pakistan is ………………..square kilometer. a) 905,678 b) 665,895 c) 803,943 d) 112,365 3 The highest peak in the highland is …………………………in the Hindukush in north . a) K-2 b) Nanga purbat c) Tirich mir d) None of them 4 In the mountain region of Pakistan average winter temperature is ………………….degree Celsius. a) 15 b) 16 c) 13 d) 19 5 Most of the rain fall in the arid region of Pakistan occurs from……………. a) July to September b) May to June c) August to September d) April to may 6 About …………..% of land in Pakistan is waterlogged. a) 90 b) 80 c) 68 d) 10 7 The total number of vertebrate’s species found in Pakistan excluding fish only …………. a) 9-10% b) 11-12% c) 7-8% d) 4-7% 8 Present statuses of brown bear in Punjab ……………… a) Present b) Absent c) Vulnerable d) Endangered 9 Present status of Urialin Punjab ………………. a) Present b) Absent c) Vulnerable d) Endangered 10 some ………….. Species of plant are believed to be rare or threatened in Pakistan. a) 600 b) 300 c) 500 d) 900 11 Among freshwater fishes, only ………….. Species has been listed as endangered. a) Two b) One c) Three d) Five 12 Internationally threatened bird species occurring in Pakistan includes …………… a) 25 b) 60 c) 30 d) 35 13 Dry sub-tropical habitats may again be subdivided into ………… zones . a) Two b) Four c) Three d) One 14 Monkeys are represented by only …………….. species in Pakistan. a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 8 15 ………………. Terrestrial, nocturnal and burrowing mammal found in Pakistan. a) Red fox b) Badger c) Pangolin d) Martens 16 The wolf is comparatively larger in size than the ……………. a) Wild dog b) Indian fox c) Red fox d) Jackal 17 There ……………. Common species of foxes found in Pakistan. a) 3 b) 4 c) 8 d) 2 18 civets secretes a greasy substance from their anal gland called used in ……… making . a) Soap b) Powder c) Paint d) Perfumes Fossil are inclde (a) Biological resources (b) Physical resources (c) Unaltered resources (d) None (b) Physical resources Complex of plant, animals and micro-organisms communities, their non living environment interacting as a functional unit. (a)Ecosystem (b) community(c) population(d)None (a)Ecosystem Any plant or animal not existence today is called (a) Endemic (b) Exotic (c) Extinct (d) Feral (c) Extinct Domestic plants or animals which having escaped accidentally and now live wild under natural condition. (a)Endemic (b) Exotic (c) Extinct (d) Feral (d) Feral Taxonomic subdivision of a genus is called (a) Territory (b) population (c) species (d) None (b) species First national park was established in (a)1869 (b)1870(c) 1871(d)1872 (d)1872 Wild life is integral part of (a) Ecosystem (b) population (c)species(d)None Ecosystem Organisms that eat both plant and animal is called (a) herbivore (b) carnivore (c) omnivore(d) none (b) omnivore World wildlife fund was set up in (a) 1961 (b) 1962 (c) 1963 (d) 1964 1961 First zoological park was established in (a)1895 (b)1896 (c)1897 (d) 1898 (a)1895 Wildlife has an excellent value (a) Social (b)economic (c) aesthetic (d)none (b) Aesthetic
