Human memory by Radvansky
Studies and models in
Verbal learning
Information processing
Connectionist framewrokds
Overview and history
1. Memory
2. Learning
3. Metaphors of memory
4. Memory’s history
a. Ancient greek
i. Plato
1. What we see may be not real
2. Memory formed by our perception (formed by our senses, our
state at certain)-memory is more subjective thing
a. Sad time see and rmb more sad things
b. Happy time see and rmb more happy things which in turn
form a part of our memory
ii. Aristotle
1. 3 laws of associations
a. Similarity
b. Contrast
c. contiguity
b. Darwin
i. Memory evolve to capture important infor of the environment
ii. Having certain memory, the way we process information and store as
memory is for boosting our survival ability
iii. Memories have genetic component
c. Empiricist
i. Memory as a passive collection of associations built up from the
environment
d. Rationalist
i. Mind is actively building up ideas
e. Ebbinghaus
i. Learning curve
1. At the beginning, less amount of effort can reuslt in large gain. As
more effort paid, less gain as you get
ii. Forgetting curve
1. At the beginning, 20 mins cause forgetting around 50%. As time
passes, the rate of forgetting slow down
iii. Overleaning
1. Learn to the degree you can never forget anymore
iv. Savings
1. Knowledge seemed to be lost but does reside in memory and can
be more easily relearned than the first time
f. Sir fredrick
i. Reconstruction of memory is subject to bias-influenced by prior
knowledge/schemas formed throughout a person’s life
g. William james
h. Gestalt
i. Behaviorism
i. Verbal learning
j. Neuroscience
i. Carl lashley
k. Cognitive revolution
5. Modal model
a. Sensory registers (five sense)
b. Short-term store
i. Retains infor less than one min if left unprocessed
ii. Hold small amount
c. Long-term store
d. Control processes
i. Manipulate infor in short term store
1. Rehearsal- to remember
a. Repeat over again and again
b. Elaborate information
2. Transfer to long term memory
3. Reasoning
*control processes work with knowledge -> short term memory is more like
working memory
6. Multiple memory system
a. Triarchic theory of memory-classification for long-term memory
1. Declarative- easy to articulate and talk about
a. Semantic
i. hard to forget
ii. require conscious awareness
iii. Stable knowledge
iv. Not tied with time and location
1. Ex. what is a bird, red light stop
b. Episodic
i. specifc episode or events in our lives
ii. tied to time and space
1. Ex. When…, how.., have you done..
2. Easy to forget
3. Need self-knowledge (know who you are)
2. Non-declarative/procedural- difficult to articulate but influence
us, it’s the way you retrieve memory, not content
a. Explicit memory
i. Refers to when a person actively and conciously
trying to rmb sth
1. Recall sb’s name
2. Realise sth
b. Implicit memory
i. Refers to when a person is unaware that memory is
used
1. Reading, unaware how each word Is written
to make it meaningful
7. Issues
a. Neurological bases
b. Emotion
c. Multiple memory sources
i. Fuzzy trace theories
1. Detailed memory trace
2. General memory trace
d. Embodied cogntion
i. Situations (environment, mental, physcial states) affect memory
*converging operations: multiple sources of infor are consistent with the same explanation
Chapter 1 key words
1. Autobiographical memory
a. Store of personal experience
2. Reminscence bump/effect
a. When human approach age 60, surge in retreival of memories of youth (in
adolescent and early adulthood)
3. Déjà vu
a. 既视感
4. English galton
a. Associations experiment
i. Associations varied but not varied in fact concentrated on early life
5. German ebbinghaus
a. Forgetting curve
i.