PSK 4U
Introductory Kinesiology
This course focusses on
the study of:
•Human movement, growth,
and development
•Effects of physical activity
on health and performance
•Physiological, psychological,
and social factors affecting
participation in physical
activity and sport
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COURSE TEXTBOOK
KINESIOLOGY
AN INTRODUCTION TO EXERCISE SCIENCE
© 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
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Unit 1
Society, Physical
Activity, and Sport
2. The History of Physical Activity
and Sport
3. Business, Physical Activity, and
Sport
4. Ethical Issues, Physical Activity,
and Sport
Unit 2
Anatomy and Physiology
5. The Skeletal & Articular Systems
6. The Muscular System
7. Energy Systems & Physical
Activity
8. The Cardiovascular & Respiratory
Systems
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Unit 3
Human Performance
and Biomechanics
9. Human Growth and Development
10.Motor Learning & Skill
Acquisition
11.Biomechanical Theory and
Concepts
12.Seven Principles of Biomechanics
13.Analyzing the Efficiency of
Human Movement
Unit 4
Nutrition, Training, and
Ergogenic Aids
14.Nutrition for Human Performance
15.Training and Human Performance
16.Ergogenic Substances and
Techniques
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University of Windsor
Honours Bachelor of Human
Kinetics
Admission Requirements:
• Minimum grade of 70% in
Grade 12U Biology
• Minimum grade of 70% in
Grade 12U English
• Minimum average of approx.
78% in top six Grade 12 U
courses
Specialize in one of two honours
Majors: Movement Science and
Sport Management
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Ist Year HK
Principles of Mental
Skill Training
Ethics in sport and
Physical Activity
Fundamental
Mechanics of Human
Motion
Functional Anatomy
One non-Kinesiology
option
HK Book Award Criteria
· Student must be in their graduating year
· Student must be an excellent scholar
· Student must be involved in co-curricular activities
· Student must demonstrate leadership, administrative
and/or organizational ability in school activities.
2010-Candice Chevalier
2011-Steph Bonneau
2012-Jessika Veigli
2013-Alicia Zanier
2014-George Koumisidis
2015-Colin Lauzon
Chapter #1
Physical Activity and
Sport Today
pg24
What Is Kinesiology?
~~~
Kinesiology is the
systematic study of
the physiological,
psychological, and
sociological aspects
of human movement
and how it can be
optimized.
•The study of human
movement
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pg24
Bioscientific Areas Covered in Kinesiology
• Anatomy and Physiology
• The Skeletal and
Articular Systems
• The Muscular System
• Human Energy Systems
• The Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Systems
• Human Growth and
Development
• Biomechanics
• Nutritional Science
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pg24
Sociocultural Areas Covered in Kinesiology
Kinesiology covers the impact of the following
sociocultural factors on the study of sport and
human movement:
•History
•Politics
•Economics
•Race and ethnicity
•Gender
•Sport ethics
Kinesiology also covers the reverse—that is,
the impact of sport and human movement on
sociocultural factors.
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pg24
Other Names for Kinesiology
The field of study, research, and professional
practice known as “Kinesiology” is
sometimes referred to by related names,
such as:
•Exercise Science
•Physical Education
•Sport Science (or Sport Studies)
•Human Kinetics
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pg25
The Discipline of Kinesiology
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pg26
Sample Academic and Career Pathways
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pg28
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Occupations in Kinesiology
17
pg28
Occupations in Physical Education
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pg29
Occupations in Recreation & Leisure
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pg29
Occupations in Health Education
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pg4
A Sound Mind in A Healthy Body
• Mens sana in corpore sano. “A sound mind in a healthy body”.
• A person is only healthy when he is occupied both intellectually and
physically.
• Originated from a Roman poet
• Latin
• The sentence was first used with this meaning in 1861 by the
Englishman John Hulley, as a motto for his Liverpool Athletic Club.
This motto fitted the elitist nineteenth-century vision on sport that
came about in England. At English boarding schools wealthy boys
received not only an intellectual education, but also a thorough
physical training, based on the ideal of a complete education.
Page 4
Mental Benefits of Regular Physical
Activity & Healthy Eating
• Reduced stress and
depression
• Improved self-image
• Improved concentration,
attention span, and mood
• Improved memory
• Increased productivity
• Slowed-down brain aging
Composite brain images of 20 students
taking the same test after sitting quietly
(top) and after a 20-minute walk.
(Courtesy of Dr. Charles Hillman,
University of Illinois.)
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The Physical Inactivity Crisis—Males
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The Physical Inactivity Crisis—Females
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The Health-Care Costs of Inactivity
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World Health Trends
Throughout the
world, the numbers
of persons who
are obese or
overweight have
escalated steadily
in most countries in
recent years.
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Health Risks of
Physical Inactivity &
Obesity
Inactivity and obesity are primary determinants
of lifestyle diseases such as:
•Coronary artery disease
•Ischemic strokes
•Type 2 diabetes
•Some cancers
•Osteoporosis
•Kidney disease
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
•Chronic liver disease
•Depression
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Physical Inactivity and Obesity Crises
Causes for the twin problems of
inactivity and obesity include:
•Urbanization
•Motorized transport
•Mechanization of labour
•Sedentarism (TV watching, Internet, video
games)
•Processed foods high in sugars and
starches
•Increased portion sizes
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8
Pg.12
Environmental Barriers
Built environments play a major role in levels
of physical activity:
•Built environments are human-made settings for
human activity.
•Consist of buildings, neighbourhoods, cities,
infrastructure, and parks or green space
•Sometimes discourage active transportation
(walking, biking, rollerblading)
•Sometimes encourage passive transportation via
cars and public transit
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Overcoming Environmental Barriers
Suggestions:
•Establish “Active and Safe Routes to School”
community programs.
•Pressure governments to increase funding for
parks, playgrounds, safe pedestrian walkways,
bike paths, street lighting, etc.
•Take stairs rather than elevators or escalators.
•Engage in “mobile meetings” and walk or bike
rather than drive or take the bus.
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Pg.13
Socioeconomic Barriers
~~~
Socioeconomic barriers are those associated
with the social standing of an individual or
group, typically measured as a combination of
income, education, and occupation.
For example:
•One in five Canadian families cannot afford to enroll
their children in recreation programs.
•These families need subsidies for registration,
equipment, and transportation costs.
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Pg.15
Psychological Barriers
~~~
Psychological barriers are obstacles that are
real and serious but could be thought of as
being largely, or at least partially, “in the
mind” or in the attitude of the individual.
These barriers might include:
•Fear of pain and physical exertion
•Self-consciousness about appearance
•A perception that physical exercise is boring
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Overcoming Psychological Barriers
Suggestions:
•Find a form of physical
activity that is fun.
•Stop a particular
exercise if it hurts.
•Work out in a less
competitive
environment.
•Seek out a support
system.
•Choose social activities
that don’t involve sitting.
•Reward yourself in
healthy ways.
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Pg.14
Cultural Barriers
~~~
Multiculturalism is a celebration of diverse ethnic,
religious, and cultural backgrounds. It was adopted as
official government policy during the 1970s and 1980s. By
the early
twenty-first century, newcomers from outside British and
French heritage composed the majority of the Canadian
population.
New Canadians tend to face barriers to sport and physical
activity despite Canada’s policy of multiculturalism.
•Canadian Sport Policy aims to increase access to sport for new
immigrants.
•More needs to be done to reduce language barriers and the
isolation that many newcomers experience.
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Overcoming Cultural Barriers
Suggestions:
•The Sport Information Resource Centre and Sport Canada are
concerned about cultural barriers to physical activity.
•Lack of government policies with respect to multiculturalism and
sport must be addressed.
•Government and support agencies must find ways to provide
information
newcomers.
about
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sport
and
recreation
opportunities
to
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Pg.15
Personal Barriers
~~~
Personal barriers are obstacles that are definitely real and
serious but could be thought of as being largely, or at least
partially, under the control of the individual (finding time to
exercise, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, and so on).
These barriers might include:
•Lack of time
•Lack of energy
•Poor diet
•No access to gym or gym equipment
•Financial constraints
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Overcoming Personal Barriers
Suggestions:
•Take stairs; walk, jog, bike, rollerblade, skateboard to
school or work.
•Reduce TV watching and screen time.
•Work out during TV commercials.
•Start at 10 min of exercise per day and build from there.
•Use your own body; there is no need for fancy gym
equipment.
•Switch from junk food to healthy foods.
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Reduce Lifestyle Diseases By
Changing Diet, Environment, & Activity
Level
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Pg.16
Lifestyle Diseases
~~~
Lifestyle diseases (“acquired diseases”) are illnesses that
are largely preventable and that appear to increase in
frequency as countries become more industrialized.
They can include some kinds of cancer, chronic liver
disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2
diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, osteoporosis,
stroke, and depression.
Probable Causes:
•Poor diet
•Harmful lifestyle habits
•Sedentarism
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Pg.18
What Is Physical Literacy?
Physical literacy is a powerful educational
movement pioneered by British educator
Margaret Whitehead.
•Individuals who are physically literate move with
competence and confidence in a wide variety of
physical environments.
•Physical literacy benefits the development of the
whole person.
•Movement competence
•provides a pathway to active,
healthy living.
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Champions of Physical Literacy
Canadian champions of
physical literacy include:
•Physical and Health
Education Canada (PHE
Canada)
•Ontario Physical and Health
Education Association
(Ophea)
•Canadian Sport for Life
(CS4L)
•Canadian Society for
Exercise Physiology (CSEP)
•ParticipACTION
•Ever Active Schools
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Canadian Sport for Life (CS4L)
Long-Term Athlete
Development (LTAD)
Canadian Sport for
Life has
conceptualized a
cradle-to-grave life
cycle of physical
activity and sport—
the LTAD model.
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The LTAD Model
The Long-Term Athlete Development
(LTAD) model
•Emphasizes physical literacy across the
lifespan
•Provides a seven-stage training,
competition, and recovery pathway
•Takes into account the different
developmental stages we undergo as
children, adolescents, and adults
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The Seven Stages of the LTAD Model
There are seven stages to the Long-Term Athlete
Development model. These are:
•Stage 1: Active Start (0-6 years)
•Stage 2: FUNdamentals (girls 6-8, boys 6-9)
•Stage 3: Learn to Train (girls 8-11, boys 9-12)
•Stage 4: Train to Train (girls 11-15, boys 12-16)
•Stage 5: Train to Compete (girls 15-21, boys 16-23)
•Stage 6: Train to Win (girls 18+, boys 19+)
•Stage 7: Active for Life (any age participant)
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Physical Benefits of Regular Physical
Activity & Healthy Eating
• Maintenance of a healthy body weight
• Prevention of lifestyle diseases
• Improved fitness for healthy, strong muscles
and bones
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Social Benefits of Regular Physical
Activity & Healthy Eating
• Reduced behavioural problems in
school
• Enhanced academic performance
• Increased self-confidence and selfacceptance
• Opportunities to make friends
• Greater overall community health
and cohesiveness
• Higher levels of social capital
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Social Benefits of Community &
School Sport and Physical Activity
Programs
• Reduced use of drugs and
alcohol
• Development of improved social
skills and employability skills
• Support for at-risk youth and
new immigrants
• Greater inclusiveness and
accessibility to sport and
physical activity for everyone
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