Senior High School Applying Quality Standard Quarter 2 Module 2 Prepared by: Rody C. Lacson Jr. St. Ignatius Technical College, Inc. LEGAL HISTORY TESDA: Technical-Vocational St. Ignatius Technical College, Inc. with business address at Zone 11, National Highway, Barangay Poblacion, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental, a family owned technical school for secondary graduates who intend to pursue technical studies on Computer Technology was granted a juridical personality by the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 29, 2003 through its Registration No. CN 200322733. The school started its operation by offering TESDA courses namely: Two Years Diploma in Computer Technician and Two Years Diploma in Computer Programming. SITC has run these programs for almost three years before each respective title was changed. In 2007, TESDA Director General issued a directive that all diploma courses will be delivered based on the number of hours as determined and prescribed by the technical school management. Consequently, SITC diploma courses were changed from Diploma in Computer Technician to Computer Hardware Servicing NC II with 1,800 hours duration of course delivery. Similarly, Diploma in Computer Programming was changed to Programming NC IV with 1,800 duration of course delivery. SITC management has successfully delivered the same computer courses under their new titles until 2011. Another mandate was released by TESDA Director General in 2011, limiting the number of hours of delivery of TESDA courses based on TESDA Training Regulations. With such mandate, Computer Hardware Servicing NC II with 1,800 hours duration of course delivery was limited to 292 hours only, since that year up to the present. TESDA did not offer any more Programming NC IV because of some stringent requirements of the program. SITC continue its operation with only one program being offered to students. In 2015, when the demand for Bookkeeping NC III was rising, SITC management endeavoured to apply with TESDA R10 to offer the course and luckily the Tech- Voc agency on April 23, 2015 granted a Registration No 201510043033, WTR 2436 for St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE i Bookkeeping NC III 292 hours duration of course delivery. Since May 2015 up to the present SITC continue teaching Bookkeeping NC III to interested students. DepEd: Senior High School In July, 2015 when the Department of Education (DepEd) encouraged the private school owners to participate in the delivery of the new program of the basic education which was the senior high curriculum, SITC management endeavoured to apply through DepEd Central Office. After compliance with all the requirements asked by the education agency submitted through DepEd regional and provincial offices, the school was granted a Government Permit No. 230, s. 2015 on December 10, 2015 to operate one Academic Track: Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM), and a Technical -Vocational Track: ICT- Computer Hardware Servicing NCII effective SY 2016-2017 During SY 2016-2017, while the delivery of two senior high school tracks were going on, many parents as well as graduating junior high students kept on requesting SITC management to offer another academic track which was Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS).Consequently, in March 2017, SITC management endeavoured to apply to offer HUMSS for the next SY 2017-2018. Luckily, on May 8, 2017 DepEd, ROX, GOVERNMENT PERMIT No. SHS-P 076, s. 2017, was granted to the school to operate the aforementioned academic track effective SY 2017-2018. Again, owing to the persistent demand of many prospective senior high students for a Technical-Vocational LivelihoodTrack on Automotive Servicing, SITC management endeavoured to apply for a new permit to deliver Automotive Servicing NC I & NC II. On July 19, 2019, a DepEd RO-X, Government Permit SHS P-155, s. 2019 was granted to the school to operate the aforementioned Tech-Voc Track effective SY 2019-2020. To date, SITC is delivering four tracks: two academics (ABM and HUMSS) and two Tech-Voc (ICT and Automotive). St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE ii St. Ignatius Technical College, Inc. Vision, Mission and Core Values Vision Statement St. Ignatius Technical College will be a premier private institution in Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental focusing on a continuing tradition of excellence in a fast changing world. Within a conducive and supportive school environment, we provide relevant high–quality senior high school tracks and technical training and prepare our diverse student body for future endeavours. As learner-focused education community, SITC maximizes student learning potential by providing them with specialized knowledge in traditional and emerging technical areas as well as general knowledge that fosters a life of learning. Mission Statement St. Ignatius Technical College strives to prepare all students to become lifelong learners, law-abiding and responsible citizens ready to face the challenges of the future. In partnership with families, community, government, business, industry, and educational systems, we will achieve our goals of creating a relevant learning opportunities for students-both inside and outside the classroom – that help them develop the knowledge, critical thinking skills, and human behaviour needed to succeed in a technologically advanced world; thus, realizing our value proposition of “Real Learning, Real Job, Real Life.” CORE VALUES To fulfil its mission, St. Ignatius Technical College is committed to the following values: Excellence – setting high and challenging standards for teaching, learning and professional leadership, advocate continuous improvement of programs, processes and services, and encourage a results-oriented organization to ensure St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE iii that our students are well positioned for success in career and technical fields, and college transfer. Respect – embracing diversity and individual differences, respecting others’ contributions and everyone’s right to learn free of interruption. Innovation – embracing enthusiastic pursuit of new ideas and responsible risktaking attitude. Sustainability – valuing the responsible use of resources to achieve balance among social, economic and environmental practices. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE iv Table of Contents St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. Legal History i SITC Vision, Mission and Core Values ii Introduction 1 2–3 General Instructions Lesson 1 Quality improvement 4 – 12 Lesson 2 Flow Chart & Check Sheet In 7 QC Tools 13 - 24 Lesson 3 Cause and Effect & Scatter Diagram in 7 QC Tools 25 – 36 Lesson 4 Control Chart in 7 QC Tools 37 – 46 Lesson 5 Pareto Chart and histogram in 7 QC Tools 47 – 57 St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE v INTRODUCTION Quality standards are defined as documents that provide requirements, specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose. Standards provide organizations with the shared vision, understanding, procedures, and vocabulary needed to meet the expectations of their stakeholders. Because standards present precise descriptions and terminology, they offer an objective and authoritative basis for organizations and consumers around the world to communicate and conduct business. This module contains information and suggested learning activities on Computer Hardware Servicing. It includes training materials and activities for you to complete. Completion of this module will help you better understand the succeeding module on Computer Hardware Servicing. This module consists of 5 lessons. Each lesson contains learning activities supported by each instruction sheets. Before you perform the instructions read the information sheets and answer the activities provided to as certain to yourself and your teacher that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion of the particular lesson. Module 1 is composed of the following lessons: Lesson 1 – Quality improvement Lesson 2 – Flow Chart & Check Sheet in 7 QC Tools Lesson 3 – Cause and Effect & Scatter Diagram in 7 QC Tools Lesson 4 – Control Chart in 7 QC Tools Lesson 5 – Pareto Chart and Histogram in 7 QC Tools St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS You are about to start your study on Module 1 for your subject Applying Quality Standard. Don’t be in a hurry. To get much result from your effort, please observe the following: 1. Select a place in your home that is conducive for learning. 2. Pre-condition yourself before you start reading the lesson. 3. Ensure that you have a dictionary at hand always for ready reference in case you cannot understand a word in the lesson. 4. Shut off your smart phone and keep it in your closet. 5. Read your lesson at least three times (3X) to ensure you have understood the concept and ideas presented in the lesson. 6. Take note of some important points as you continue your study. 7. If you think you have digested the lesson very well, you may now take your activities and quizzes. 8. Do not attempt to copy the answer from your lesson. This is a home study method; you will learn nothing if you cheat as you are just fooling yourself. Study honestly. 9. Follow all the instructions stipulated in each activity and quiz. 10. You are graded based on this grading system: Written Works Performance Task - 70% Total - 30% -100%. 11. Use 1 whole yellow paper for quizzes and long bond paper for activities. Use back or blue ball pen only. 12. You are only allowed to contact your subject teacher during the subject schedule. Only relevant topics will be entertained and treated as an official interaction between you and the teacher. Personal matters are prohibited. 13. The hard copies of your weekly outputs should be placed in the long brown envelope with plastic cover. Submit it to your subject teacher on the designated dates. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 2 14. All hard copies of activities, quizzes, including your first quarter test questionnaire should be filed in a long white folder with plastic cover and fastener. This will serve as your portfolio and a requirement for this subject and will be submitted at the end of the Second Quarter. 15. Submission dates for your learning outputs are as follows: WEEK/LESSON DATE & TIME WEEK/LESSON DATE & TIME 1 November 23, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 1, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 7, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 14, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 4, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 11, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 18, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am 1 November 25, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 2, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 9, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 16, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 6, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 13, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 20, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am 2 3 ABM 4 5-6 7 8 3 AS 4 5-6 7 8 WEEK/LESSON DATE & TIME WEEK/LESSON DATE & TIME 1 November 24, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 1, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 8, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 15, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 5, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 12, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 19, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am 1 November 26, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 3, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 10, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am December 17, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 7, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 14, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am January 21, 2020 8:00 am – 11:00 am 2 HUMSS 2 3 4 5-6 7 8 2 3 ICT 4 5-6 7 8 16. Any question on any part of your lesson(s), just call or text these cell number: 09676647731(TM). St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 3 Lesson 1 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT Learning Competency: Participate process improvement procedures in relative to workplace assignment Carry out work in accordance with process improvement procedures Monitor performance of operation or quality of product of service to ensure customer satisfaction Learning Objectives: Engage in quality improvement General Instructions 1. Read and follow instructions carefully in each lesson. 2. Take note and record points for clarification. 3. Do the activities to fully understand each lesson. 4. Answer all given tests and exercises. 5. Use 1 whole yellow paper for quizzes and 1 long bond paper for Activities. Use black or blue ball pen. 6. Make sure to indicate your name, track, strand, section, date of submission, complete name of the subject teacher, title of lesson, activity/quiz number in your answer sheets. Empower Yourself In technical usage, quality can have two meanings: 1. The characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. 2. A product or service free of deficiencies. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 4 The quality of a product or service refers to the perception of the degree to which the product or service meets the customer's expectations. Quality has no specific meaning unless related to a specific function and/or object. Quality is a perceptual, conditional and somewhat subjective attribute. The dimensions of quality refer to the attributes that quality achieves in Operations Management: Quality <-> Dependability <-> Speed <-> Flexibility <-> Cost Quality supports dependability Dependability supports Speed Speed supports Flexibility Flexibility supports Cost. In the manufacturing industry it is commonly stated that “Quality drives productivity.” Improved productivity is a source of greater revenues, employment opportunities and technological advances. The best way to think about quality is in process control. If the process is under control, inspection is not necessary. However, there is one characteristic of modern quality that is universal. In the past, when we tried to improve quality, typically defined as producing fewer defective parts, we did so at the expense of increased cost, increased task time, longer cycle time, etc. Quality Management Terms: Quality Improvement can be distinguished from Quality Control in that Quality Improvement is the purposeful change of a process to improve the reliability of achieving an outcome. Quality Control is the ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process to maintain the reliability of achieving an outcome. Quality Assurance is the planned or systematic actions necessary to provide enough confidence that a product or service will satisfy the given requirements for quality. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 5 Quality and Task-Completion Checking With development teams of two or three in daily contact and frequently exchanging views and criticisms, detailed, written quality and task-completion checking procedures may be felt to be unnecessary. Procedures still need to be agreed and the results need to be documented. The need to check quality and task completion applies at all stages of the development process but is underlined especially during the prototype validation stages. The importance of documenting checks applies whatever the size of the team and whatever the complexity of the software. In the production of assets, this may involve checking to confirm the following: that all the asset files listed in the product specification document have been produced; that files are correctly named; that files are the correct byte size or near the projected file size (examining the file-sizes in a directory listing can be helpful in identifying problem files which are either much too large or much too small); that files are the correct resolution (screen-size and bitdepth in the case of graphics; duration, sampling frequency and bit-depth in the case of sound files); that the quality of files displaying on the target monitor or heard on target listening equipment is acceptable. Note that sampling is seldom a satisfactory checking method. Checking should be exhaustive, unless for reasons of time or economy this is impossible. Usually, however, trying to economize on checking and testing is a false economy and cutting corners here will often come back to haunt the development team. At the end of the day, all files will need to be tested and, if at all possible, this should be done sooner rather than at a later trial stage. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 6 Quality Improvement Processes Manufacturers can choose from a variety of tools to improve their quality processes. The trick is to know which tools to use for each situation and increasing the sophistication of the tools in the repertoire. Easy to implement and follow up, the most commonly used and well-known quality process is the plan/do/check/act (PDCA) cycle (Figure 1). Other processes are a takeoff of this method, much in the way that computers today are takeoffs of the original IBM system. The PDCA cycle promotes continuous improvement and should thus be visualized as a spiral instead of a closed circle. Another popular quality improvement process is the six-step PROFIT model in which the acronym stands for: P = Problem definition. R = Root cause identification and analysis. O = Optimal solution based on root cause(s). F = Finalize how the corrective action will be implemented. I = Implement the plan. T = Track the effectiveness of the implementation and verify that the desired results are met. If the desired results are not met, the cycle is repeated. Both the PDCA and the PROFIT models can be used for problem solving as well as for continuous quality improvement. In companies that follow total quality principles, whichever model is chosen should be used consistently in every department or function in which quality improvement teams are working. Once the basic problem-solving or quality improvement process is understood, the addition of quality tools can make the process proceed more quickly and systematically. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 7 Seven simple tools can be used by any professional to ease the quality improvement process: flowcharts, check sheets, Pareto diagrams, cause and effect diagrams, histograms, scatter diagrams, and control charts. (Some books describe a graph instead of a flowchart as one of the seven tools.) The key to successful problem resolution is the ability to identify the problem, use the appropriate tools based on the nature of the problem, and communicate the solution quickly to others. Inexperienced personnel might do best by starting with the Pareto chart and the cause and effect diagram before tackling the use of the other tools. Those two tools are used most widely by quality improvement teams. 7 QC tools 7 QC tools for process improvement are systematic and scientific methods for Problem Solving and they are used for Product and Process Improvement. 7 QC tools is a systematic and scientific method for the Problem Solving Technique. It is used to solve 90% of shop floor problems very easily and it improves our workplace. From where did the 7 QC Tools come? Primarily Kaoru Ishikawa introduced the 7 QC Tools. Ishikawa has known for the “Democratizing (Visual Aids/Symbols) Statistics”. Good visual aids make statistical and quality control more comprehensive. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa was a professor at the engineering college at Tokyo University. Why we use The 7 QC Tools for Process Improvement? The 7 QC tools for Process Improvement is a set of graphical techniques identified as being most helpful in troubleshooting issues related to quality. It is a fundamental concept to improve the process and product quality. It is used to examine the production sequence, identify the key issues, control fluctuations of product quality, and give solutions to avoid future defects. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 8 This facilitates the organization to resolve the basic problems. These 7 QC tools are easy to understand and implement and they do not need complex analytical/ statistical competence, hence it is simple yet powerful. What is the use of 7 QC Tools? ➝ It encourages the way of problem-solving and improvement. ➝ They are very simple to use but it is very powerful. ➝ It is a scientific approach for problem-solving. ➝ We can get an 80% result by applying 20% of the effort. ➝ Each tool has its own specialty for problem solving and analysis. ➝ It is very easy to understand, communicate, and use by the shop floor operator. The 7 QC Tools: 1. Flow Charts 2. Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone or Ishikawa) 3. Check sheet 4. Histogram 5. Pareto Chart 6. Scatter Diagram 7. Control Chart Note: We are considering here the Flow chart in this article as a part of 7 Basic QC Tools. Also, you can consider stratification as a part of this tool. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 9 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 1A Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ I. Multiple Choice (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. _________ can be distinguished from Quality Control in that Quality Improvement is the purposeful change of a process to improve the reliability of achieving an outcome. a. Quality Improvement b. Quality Control c. Quality Assurance d. Quality 2. _________ is the ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process to maintain the reliability of achieving an outcome. a. Quality Improvement b. Quality Control c. Quality Assurance d. Quality 3. _________ is the planned or systematic actions necessary to provide enough confidence that a product or service will satisfy the given requirements for quality. a. Quality Improvement b. Quality Control c. Quality Assurance d. Quality 4. _________ has no specific meaning unless related to a specific function and/or object. a. Quality Improvement b. Quality Control c. Quality Assurance d. Quality St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 10 5. _________ is a perceptual, conditional and somewhat subjective attribute. a. Quality Improvement b. Quality Control c. Quality Assurance d. Quality 6. All of it belongs to the 7 QC Tools is except one. (A. Gantt chart) a. Gantt Chart b. Flow Chart c. Pareto Chart d. Control Chart 7. Quality supports dependability, Dependability supports ________. a. Quality b. Speed c. Assurance d. Cost 8. Speed supports Flexibility, Flexibility supports__________. a. Quality b. Speed c. Assurance d. Cost 9. The “P” in of the six-step PROFIT model of quality improvement process stands for? a. Product definition b. Positive definition c. Problem definition d. None of the above 10. The “I” in of the six-step PROFIT model of quality improvement process stands for? a. Incorporate the plan b. Ignite the plan c. Implement the plan d. None of the above St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 11 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 1B Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ I. Enumeration (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. Enumeration the 7 QC Tools. II. True or False, Write T of the statement is True and F if False. 1. Quality Improvement can be distinguished from Quality Control in that Quality Improvement is the purposeful change of a process to improve the reliability of achieving an outcome. 2. Quality Control is the ongoing effort to maintain the integrity of a process to maintain the reliability of achieving an outcome. 3. Quality Assurance is the planned or systematic actions necessary to provide enough confidence that a product or service will satisfy the given requirements for quality. St. Ignatius Technical College Inc. NOT FOR SALE 12 Lesson 2 FLOW CHART | CHECK SHEET IN 7 QC TOOLS Learning Competency: Participate process improvement procedures in relative to workplace assignment Carry out work in accordance with process improvement procedures Monitor performance of operation or quality of product of service to ensure customer satisfaction Learning Objectives: Engage in quality improvement General Instructions 7. Read and follow instructions carefully in each lesson. 8. Take note and record points for clarification. 9. Do the activities to fully understand each lesson. 10. Answer all given tests and exercises. 11. Use 1 whole yellow paper for quizzes and 1 long bond paper for Activities. Use black or blue ball pen. 12. Make sure to indicate your name, track, strand, section, date of submission, complete name of the subject teacher, title of lesson, activity/quiz number in your answer sheets. Empower Yourself What is a Check Sheet? It is a systematic method of colleting, recording, and presenting the relevant data in a simple manner for analysis of the process and it is also known as a “Tally Sheet”. It can collect qualitative and quantitative data. It is one of the most popular tools of 7 QC tools for process improvement. 13 What is a Check Sheet used for? Data Collection Monitoring the manufacturing process performance. It is also used for traceability purpose 5 Basic Types of Check Sheets 1. Process performance 2. Defect item 3. Defect location 4. Task conformation 5. Defect Cause How do I make a Check Sheet? 1. Establish what information is needed. 2. Determine 5W and 2H. 3. Construction. 4. Testing. 5. Take the final approval for Use. 14 Step 1. Establish what information is needed Define what information is needed? Sometimes this is known as record form, data form etc… Step 2. Determine 5W 2H: Why is the data needed? What type of information collection is required? Where the data should be collected from? (Plant/machine/place) Who has to collect the data? When will the information be collected? How the data should be measured? How much data is essential? Step 3. Construction of the sheet: Check Sheet has three types of information. 1. Title 2. Source information a. Name of the project/problem theme. b. Location of data collection. c. Date and/ or time. d. Name of the person recording name. 3. Content information a. Column/Raw with defect/event b. Then column/raw to record frequency c. And column/raw to record total. Step 4. Testing of Sheet: Test the sheet with at least three different collectors. Reconfirm that the columns/row are relevant ad required. Check if the sheet is east to record and use. Make changes based on the feedback. 15 Step 5. Final approval for using this sheet: Explain the use of this sheet to the data collector. Ensure that the data collector understands the reason for which the data is being collected. Collect data. Standardize its use to assure consistency. Defect cause check sheet Example: For a better understanding refer below picture. In this example, we have mentioned the day-wise count of the defect and at the end of the week analyze the defect to take appropriate action to eliminate those. The example of the defect collection tally sheet is mentioned below. In this example, we have counted the frequency of various defects at the time of checking the product in ongoing production. 16 Benefits of check sheet: By using this we can make data gathering simple, systematic, easy and effective. We can save time and get easily data collection in regular manufacturing process It is used for monitoring process performance We can use this for different purposes like counting, tracking, etc. It is also very helpful for traceability. What is Flow Chart? It is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed to get the desired result and it is also known as Process Flow Diagram. As per Wikipedia, it is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or sequence of operation. The flow chart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows. It is used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a workflow or program in various fields. 17 Process Flow Chart uses: Planning a new project Documenting a process Managing workflow Also used for auditing purposes How to make a flow chart? The process needs to start from top to down, from left to right. The graph size needs to be the same and the start symbol only appears once, but the end symbol can use more. There is only one arrow path graph for the same path. The line should avoid the cross, if need crossed should be used across the graph. Flow chart Symbol: Terminator (Oval shape) o This is used for start and end activity or we can say beginning or end of a program. o In this symbol generally “Start” or “End” word used. Other phrases also used such as “Submit inquiry” or “Receive product”. Flowline / Arrow Line o The flowline or arrow line shows the order of operation. o Arrow line used to indicate line coming from one symbol and ending at another. Decision (Diamond) o Is used for decision-making purposes. o Uses closed ended questions which is answerable by single word such as “YES” and “NO”, “Open” and “Close”. Process (Retangle) o Indicates some particular operation o Use for change value, shape or location of data. 18 Data (parallelogram) o Used for input and output data. o Entering data or displaying results. Single document graph o Used to display a single document in any process. Multiple documents graph o Used to display multiple documents in any process. Delay activity or bottleneck o Represent a waiting period where no activity is done. 19 Different types of Flowchart: 1. Macro 2. Mini 3. Micro 4. Matrix flowchart 20 21 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 2A Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ I. Enumeration (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. the 5 steps for making check sheet. 2. 5 basic types of check sheet. 3. Benefits of check sheet. 4. Types of flowchart. 5. Flowchart symbol and their names. 6. Uses of flowchart. 22 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 2B Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ II. True or False, Write T of the statement is True and F if False. (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. Check Sheet used for data collection. 2. Basic types of check sheet are process performance, defect item, defect location, task conformation and defect cause. 3. Check Sheet can collect qualitative and quantitative data. 4. Check Sheet has three types of information. 5. Check Sheet is one of the most popular tools of 7 QC tools for process improvement. 6. Macro, Mini, Micro, Matrix flowchart are the types of flowchart. 7. The flowline or arrow line shows the order of operation. 8. Flowchart also used for auditing purposes. 9. Making flowhart the line should avoid the cross, if need crossed should be used across the graph. 10. In flowchart oval is used for start and end activity or we can say beginning or end of a program. 23 Applying Quality Standard Activity 2A Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ Direction: look into some tools, testing device and materials in your home and Take a photo. classify them using a check sheet provided below to determine the condition. Condition Tools Good Defective 1. 2. 3. Testing Device 1. 2. Materials 1. 2. 24 Lesson 3 Cause and Effect & Scatter Diagram in 7 QC Tools Learning Competency: Participate process improvement procedures in relative to workplace assignment Carry out work in accordance with process improvement procedures Monitor performance of operation or quality of product of service to ensure customer satisfaction Learning Objectives: Engage in quality improvement General Instructions 13. Read and follow instructions carefully in each lesson. 14. Take note and record points for clarification. 15. Do the activities to fully understand each lesson. 16. Answer all given tests and exercises. 17. Use 1 whole yellow paper for quizzes and 1 long bond paper for Activities. Use black or blue ball pen. 18. Make sure to indicate your name, track, strand, section, date of submission, complete name of the subject teacher, title of lesson, activity/quiz number in your answer sheets. Empower Yourself What is a Cause and Effect Diagram? A cause and effect diagram examines why something happened or might happen by organizing potential causes into smaller categories. It can also be useful for showing relationships between contributing factors. One of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality, it is often referred to as a fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram. 25 One of the reasons cause & effect diagrams are also called fishbone diagrams is because the completed diagram ends up looking like a fish's skeleton with the fish head to the right of the diagram and the bones branching off behind it to the left. Cause and Effect Analysis To begin making a cause and effect diagram, write the main issue or problem to be analyzed in a box that is typically on the right edge of the page, halfway down the drawing area or page. A line called the "spine" or "backbone" should extend to the left starting from the edge of the main box. Next, angle branches off of the spine, each representing a cause or effect of the main issue. Each of these branches can contain additional branches. Most cause and effect diagrams examine a similar set of possible causes for any issue analyzed. In the manufacturing industry, these are referred to as the 6Ms: • Methods. Are there well-written and appropriate training guidelines in place? Are certain policies or regulations causing slow-downs or creating unnecessary steps? 26 • Machines. Are there any maintenance issues with the tools used or the number of tools available? • Materials. Are there any issues getting raw materials from suppliers? Any problems with transportation (timing) or with the quality of the supplies? • Measurements. Could there be errors in calculation or contamination that caused false readings? Could the way you measure be inconsistent in some way? Is your equipment regularly calibrated and maintained? • Mother Nature/Environment. Is there too much moisture in the environment? Are temperatures too hot or too cold? Is there excessive dust or other contamination? • Manpower/People. Do you have too little of your workforce devoted to a process? Are new people adequately trained? Is the training consistent? Are the right people with the right experience being hired or promoted? Is there a specific position creating a bottleneck or making frequent mistakes? Occasionally, a manufacturing analysis will also include two other categories: Management and Maintenance. In the service industry, these are described as the 4S: • Surroundings. Does your establishment project the right image? Is it rundown? Is it impersonal? Is it comfortable? 27 • • • Suppliers. Are there any issues delivering your service? Do you have problems with low quality food deliveries? Are there too many dropped phone calls? Can your server handle traffic spikes? Are you getting enough traffic through advertising channels you're paying for? Systems. Do you have policies and procedures in place for all scenarios? Do you have modern cash registers that help your servers place orders and deliver checks efficiently? Skill. Are your employees properly trained? Do they have the right experience? Occasionally, a fifth category will be included called "Safety". In the marketing industry, cause and effect diagrams will often consist of 7Ps: • • • Product. Consider all aspects of what you're selling including its quality, its perceived image, availability, warranties, support and customer service. People. When people buy your product or service they may interact with many people: sales people, customer service people, delivery people, and so on. Are there any potential problems with your company culture? Process/Procedure. How do you handle problems when they arise? Are they escalated properly? Is your staff trained appropriately and do they follow their training? 28 • • • • Promotion. Consider advertising, sales, PR, branding, direct marketing, partnerships, and social media. Price. How does the price of your product or service compare to competitors? What discounts and payment methods are available? Physical evidence/Packaging. How is your product or service consumed? Is how or where you present your product hurting your ability to convert? Are your facilities clean and tidy? Is the packaging cheap or expensive? Place/Plant. Is your distribution efficient and cost-effective? Is your product sold in the right stores or neighborhoods? Are your stores convenient for your target customers? Best Practices in Cause and Effect Analysis These are the best and most common practices when creating cause and effect diagrams. • • • • Identify the problem. Define the process or issue to be examined. Brainstorm. Discuss all possible causes and group them into categories. Draw the backbone. Once the topic is identified, draw a straight, horizontal line (this is called the spine or backbone) on the page, and on the right side, draw a rectangle at the end. Write a brief description of the problem in the rectangle. Add causes and effects. Causes are added with lines branching off from the main backbone at an angle. Write the description of the cause at the end of the branch. These are usually one of the main categories discussed above. Details related to the cause or effect may be added as sub-categories branching off further from the main branch. Continue to add branches and a cause or effect until all factors have been documented. The end result should resemble a fish skeleton. 29 • Analyze. Once the diagram has been completed, analyze the information as it has been organized in order to come to a solution and create action items. What is a Scatter Diagram in 7 QC tools? Scatter diagram is used to study and identify the possible relationship between two variables. It is also used to validate the relationship between cause and eects and it is also known as the validation tool. Scatter chart in 7 QC tools is a graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes of the graph, the pattern of the resulting points will say the correlation. We use this chart to ind out the relation between cause and its effect by using cause and effect diagram. This tool is commonly used in the analyze phase in the Six Sigma Methodology. Scatter Plot Examples Refer below the relations of two variables that we can found in our real life. Wight and height of a man. Hardness and carbon content in the product. Visual inspection mistakes and Illumination levels. Child’s height and Father’s height. Curing Temperature and Curing Time. Advertise and sales. What is a scatter diagram used for? It is used for validation of two different variable It is also used for checking the trend with respect to time The scatter diagram is used to confirm a hypothesis testing between two variables How to draw a scatter diagram? 30 1. Data collection 2. Choose independent and dependent variables 3. Construct the graph and add the titles & trend line 4. Interpret the graph Step 1. Data Collection: Now we are taking one example to understand how to make a chart? In this example, we are taking 50 readings of different curing temperatures on different curing times for a product manufactured on the thermosetting press. we want to find out the relation between curing time and curing temperature. We have to find is any correlation is present or not between curing temperature and curing time. If we have more data sample then it will give a more precise result. Step 2. Choose Independent and Dependent Variables: 31 The dependent variable is usually plotted along the vertical axis i.e. in Y-axis and it is called a measured parameter. The independent variable is usually plotted along the horizontal axis i.e. in X-axis and it is called a control parameter. In this case, we are taking heating temperature as an independent variable on the x-axis, and curing time is dependent on heating temp. so we mentioned it on the y-axis. Step 3. Construct the Graph and add the titles & trend line: Now based on recorded data construct a graph and add a suitable title, horizontal axis name, vertical axis name, and make trend line. Step 4. Interpret the Graph We will interpret the chart based on the trend line. Types of Correlation in Scatter Diagram in 7 QC Tools: There are many different types of correlation found between the Independent and Dependent variables which are mentioned below with pictorial representation. Mainly three relations available between two variables we can say that Strong, Moderate, and No Relation. 32 A strong positive correlation means it is a clearly visible upward trend from left to right, a strong negative correlation means it is a clearly visible downward trend from left to right. eg. In positive relation, as the value of x increases, the value of y will also increase we can say that the slope of the straight line drawn along the data points will go up and the pattern will resemble the straight line. For example, in the summer season the temperature increase, icecream sales will also increase. A negative correlation, as the value of x increases, the value of y will decrease and the slope of a straight line drawn along the data points will go down. For example, in the summer season the temperature increase, the sales of winter coats decrease. A weak correlation means it is less clear that the relationship is either positive or negative? No correlation means neither positive nor negative relation and indicates the independent variable does not affect the dependent variable. What are the 3 types of scatter plots? → There are main three types are mentioned below. (1) Positive (2) Negative (3) Neutral → The subtypes of the scatter plot are mentioned below and you can refer the pictures for your better understanding. (1) Strong Positive (2) Moderate Positive (3) Weak Positive 33 (4) Strong Negative (5) Moderate Negative (6) Weak Negative (7) Random Pattern Benefits of Scatter Diagram: → It is beneficial to confirm a hypothesis (assumption) between two variables that are related or not. → Provide both visual and statistical means to test the strength of a potential relationship. → It is a very good validation tool. → Used for proving the relation between cause and effect. → Plotting the diagram is relatively simple. Limitation of Scatter Plot: → It does not show you the quantitative measure of the relationship between the variable. → This chart does not show you the relationship for more than two variables at a time. 34 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 3A Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ I. Enumeration (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 7. 3 types of scatter plots. 8. Steps in making scatter diagram. 9. Steps in constructing fishbone diagram. 10. 6M main cause in manufacturing industry. 11. 8P main cause in marketing industry. 12. 4s main cause in Service industry. 35 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 3B Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ II. Essay (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. What is fishbone diagram? 2. What is the benefit in using fishbone diagram? 3. What is Scatter diagram? 4. What is the benefit in using scatter diagram? 36 Lesson 4 Control Chart in 7 QC Tools Learning Competency: Participate process improvement procedures in relative to workplace assignment Carry out work in accordance with process improvement procedures Monitor performance of operation or quality of product of service to ensure customer satisfaction Learning Objectives: Engage in quality improvement General Instructions 19. Read and follow instructions carefully in each lesson. 20. Take note and record points for clarification. 21. Do the activities to fully understand each lesson. 22. Answer all given tests and exercises. 23. Use 1 whole yellow paper for quizzes and 1 long bond paper for Activities. Use black or blue ball pen. 24. Make sure to indicate your name, track, strand, section, date of submission, complete name of the subject teacher, title of lesson, activity/quiz number in your answer sheets. Empower Yourself What is a Control Chart in 7 QC Tools? - It is a statistical tool used to differentiate between process variation resulting from a common cause & special cause. - The Control_Chart in 7 QC Tools is a type of run_chart used for studying the process_variation over time. - This is classified as per recorded data is variable or attribute. 37 - In our business, any process is going to vary, from raw material receipt to customer support. - Machines have wear, tear, and malfunction and tear after a long run. - Control _harts measure variation and show it to you graphically and we can easily say that it is within an acceptable limit or not? - Many processes can be tracked by this graph like defects, production time, inventory on hand, cost per unit, and other metrics. - Also, we can use this graph to measure non-manufacturing processes like billing errors, missed appointments, customer support calls, bill payment dues, days between billing and payment, expenses, on-time delivery failure, unplanned absences, etc. Use of Control Chart It is used to predict the performance of the manufacturing process Find out the special causes within the process Identify the trend of the process History: - It was invented by Dr. Walter A. Shewhart working for Bell Labs in the 1920s. - So this is called "Shewhart Control_Charts". - The company's engineers had been seeking to improve the reliability of their telephony transmission systems. - Because amplifiers and other equipment had to be buried underground, there was a stronger business needs to reduce the frequency of failures and repairs. - By 1920, the engineers had already realized the importance of reducing variation in the manufacturing operation. Principles of variation: - Every process has variation. - More the variation, the more loss to the Organization. - Two types of causes are responsible for the variation. 38 (1) Common cause (2) Special cause - Action entirely depends on the type of cause identified. [1] Common Cause: "Common cause is fluctuation caused by unknown factors resulting in a steady but random distribution of output around the average of the data." e.g. the rubbing effect of matting part like gears, bearings, etc... [2] Special Cause: "Special cause is caused by known factors that result in a non-random distribution of output" e.g. machine breakdown, accident, etc... Types of data: - There are two types - Attribute and Variable (1) Attribute: - Attribute data that can be counted or can give an answer in Go/No Go, OK/Not OK or Pass/Fail - e.g. aesthetic look of product ok or not ok (2) Variable: - Variable data can be measured. - e.g. Weight, Height, Length, Hardness, Diameter, Angle Types of Control Charts: - There are many types of control charts are available in Statistical Process Control. - The classification depends on the below parameters. o Nature of recorded data type such as variable or attribute o The number of samples is available in each subgroup or we can say subgroup size. o Focus on defects (occurrence) or defectives (pieces or units) o The subgroup size is equal or not? - For better understanding refer below picture which is very easy to understand with the help of classification. 39 How do I create a control chart? - Here we take an example of the most common (X-Bar, R_chart) - To understand this example we are taking variable data and subgroup size=5 as per the classification mentioned above - We can easily construct (X-Bar, R_chart) in simple 8 steps which are mentioned below: 1. Collect the data. 2. Calculate the subgroup average. 3. Determine the overall average. 4. Calculate the range. 5. Compute the average of the range. 6. Calculate the control_limit 7. Plot the data in the graph. 8. Interpret the Graph. Step 1: Collect the data: → Record the readings and stratify it into subgroups as per our sampling plan and record it in the Check Sheet. Control Chart Formulas: Step 2: Calculate the subgroup average: 40 → In the second_step, we find the individual sub group's average as per the formula mentioned in the picture. Step 3: Determine the overall average X-double bar: → Here we find the overall average by using all sub group's individual average. Step 4: Calculate the subgroup Range (R): → In the fourth_step, we find the individual sub group's range as per the mentioned formula. Step 5: Calculate the Average Range (R-bar): → Here we find out the average range of all individual subgroups range. 41 Step 6: Calculate the control_limit → In this_step, we find the limit of the X-bar and R_chart with the below-mentioned formula. → Different Constants value are mentioned in below pictures which is very important for the Graph: → The source of this constant value is the AIAG-SPC handbook. Step 7: Plot of the data: → Vertical axis: X-Bar and R values. → Horizontal axis: subgroup number. 42 → Draw the central line: X-double bar and R-bar → Draw all control_limits UCL & LCL. → Plot the X-Bar and R values and join the points. → Write necessary items like the name of the operation, product, size of the subgroup, work conditions, shift, etc. Control Chart Example: ➨ [A] Example of X-Bar and R_Chart: Step 8: Interpret the Graph: [A] Process stability: ➝ Look at the pattern of variation. ➝ It should be random and not a systematic pattern. ➝ Look for the presence of special causes. ➝ For detailed information, go through these 8 rules of special cause identification. 43 [B] Process capability: ➝ Compare with specification and establish Process Capability e.g. are our processes capable enough to achieve customer's specifications? Advantages of Control Chart: ➝ Control chart gives information about the common causes and special causes. ➝ It also helps in determining whether the Process is capable or not & stable or not? so, we can get the information about the behavior of the process. ➝ It helps in predicting operation performance. ➝ It makes possible to implement substantial Quality Improvement. 44 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 4A Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ I. Enumeration (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. the 8 steps for making Control Chart. 2. Uses of Control Chart. 3. Types of causes. 4. Types of data. 45 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 4B Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ II. True or False, Write T of the statement is True and F if False. (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. Control chart gives information about the common causes and special causes. 2. we can get the information about the behavior of the process in control chart. 3. It helps in predicting operation performance. 4. It makes possible to implement substantial Quality Improvement. 5. Control chart is one of the most popular tools of 7 QC tools for process improvement. 6. Control chart can collect qualitative and quantitative data. 7. Control chart used to predict the performance of the manufacturing process. 8. Control chart can find out the special causes within the process. 9. Control chart can identify the trend of the process. 10. Control chart is a statistical tool used to differentiate between process variation resulting from a common cause & special cause. 46 Lesson 5 Pareto Chart and Histogram in 7 QC Tools Learning Competency: Participate process improvement procedures in relative to workplace assignment Carry out work in accordance with process improvement procedures Monitor performance of operation or quality of product of service to ensure customer satisfaction Learning Objectives: Engage in quality improvement General Instructions 1. Read and follow instructions carefully in each lesson. 2. Take note and record points for clarification. 3. Do the activities to fully understand each lesson. 4. Answer all given tests and exercises. 5. Use 1 whole yellow paper for quizzes and 1 long bond paper for Activities. Use black or blue ball pen. 6. Make sure to indicate your name, track, strand, section, date of submission, complete name of the subject teacher, title of lesson, activity/quiz number in your answer sheets. Empower Yourself What is Pareto Chart in 7 QC Tools? → It was invented by Mr. Vilfredo_Pareto and it is a combination of a bar graph and a line graph. It helps us to prioritization. → In this diagram the order of the largest number of occurrences by item or by classes and the cumulative sum total are available. → The bar graph shows the number of defects in descending order and the line graph 47 shows the cumulative percentage of the defect. → It is the most popular prioritization tool out of 7 QC Tools for Process Improvement. What is the Pareto Chart used for? This tool is used for Prioritization It is used to calculate the potential impact of the things It is used for identifying the vital few and trivial many. History: → Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher. → He shows an observation that is: "80% of the land in Italy was owned by about 20% of the population." → He introduced the concept of efficiency and helped to develop the field of microeconomics. → The Pareto principle was named after him. → He also contributed to the fields of sociology and mathematics. What is the Pareto Principle? → It is also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few or the principle of factor sparsity → 80% of the Problems come from 20% of the causes. → 80% of the Output comes from 20% of the Input. → It Distinguishes between Vital Few from Trivial Many. → 80% of the Results come from 20% of the effort 48 How to Do Pareto Chart Analysis? → As mentioned in the above picture we can analyze the chart based on the 80/20 rules such as the 20% causes that are responsible for 80% of the problems. Similarly, by applying the 20% efforts we can get rid of 80% of the problems. How do I make a Pareto chart? ➝ Refer below five steps for Making a Pareto_Chart: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the problem. Collection of data. Sort data & calculate the cumulative percentage. Draw the axes, bars, cumulative percentage line, and labeling. Identify Priority and plan further action. Step 1. Select the Problem: ➝ Select the problem for investigation. ➝ Determine the data collection method and period of collection. ➝ Design a separate Check Sheet if necessary. ➝ E.g.: Defect analysis. Step 2. Collection of data: ➝ The second step is data collection for the graph after the selection of the problem Step 3. Sort data & calculate the cumulative percentage: ➝ The third step is to sort out data and find the cumulative percentage. ➝ Refer the below picture for better understanding and clarification 49 Step 4. Draw the axes, bars, cumulative percentage line, and labeling: ➝ Now, we have to draw the axes, bars, cumulative percentage line and give title and labeling to the_chart ➝ See the below picture in which all the above things are mentioned. Step 5: Identify Priority and plan further action: → Now we analyze the chart and identify Vital Few problems from the Trivial Many by using 80:20 principle and plan further action: → Let's say in our example we are taking defect D, E, F, and defect A for further action because the contribution of these defects is almost around 81%. it is as per 80:20 Rule. → It is not mandatory to take defects up to 80% we can take only the first two defects which contribute around 65% problem. → Now we will take action on these defects by finding the root cause with the help of any root cause analysis method (i.e. Cause and Effect Diagram or 5 Why analysis) of defect generation and implement preventive action on it. | Benefits → We can easily distinguish between Vital Few and Trivial Many. → It displays the relative importance of causes of the problem. → It helps the team to focus on those causes that will have the greatest impact when solved. → By using 20% of resources we can solve 80% of problems. → We can easily understand the impact of the defect on our production → It is very easy for analysis by this tool and also this tool is very useful in the various project of six sigma, QCC, and 7QC Tools. 50 What is a Histogram graph in 7 QC Tools? → It is a type of bar chart representing the frequency distribution of the data from a process. → Only one parameter can be used for constructing this chart. → It is a frequency distribution tool of the Basic 7 QC Tools for the process improvement. → The parameter must be variable data, i.e., measured on a continuous scale. ( eg. weight, time, temperature, dimensions, speed, etc.) → This tool is used in the DMAIC Methodology of Six Sigma Project What is a histogram used for? It is used for showing a large data set graphically Problem forecasting Study the variation in the ongoing process Key Concept of Histogram in 7 QC Tools: ➨ The Key Concept is: ⇢ Data always have a variation ⇢ Variation has Pattern ⇢ Patterns can be seen easily when summarized pictorially How to Make a Histogram? → Seven Steps are mentioned below for making the histograph: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Data Collection Compute the Range Determine the numbers of intervals Determine the interval width Summarize the record Construct the Graph Analyze the pattern of the chart [01] Data Collection: → For better analysis and forecasting of process collect at least 100 record points. → Here we take an example of 150 record points for making a chart. 51 [02] Compute the Range: → Largest Value = 442 → Smallest Value = 204 → Range of Values = 442-204 = 238 [03] Determine the No. of intervals required: → This step is for determining the no. of intervals required. [04] Determine the interval width: → Step 4 is for determining the width of intervals to construct. 52 [05] Summarize the record: → In Step 5 we will summarize the data as per the interval and count the frequency of data as per range value for construction of the_graph. [06] Construct the Graph: → Now we will construct the_graph by mentioning the Title, → Y-axis/Vertical axis = Interval width, X-axis/Horizontal axis = Interval width, → Graph - Trendline and Legend (if applicable). ➨ Five Important Parameters in Histogram: ⇢ Title ⇢ Y-axis/Vertical axis = Interval width ⇢ X-axis/Horizontal axis = Interval width ⇢ Graph - Trendline ⇢ Legend (if applicable) ⇢ For a better understanding of these 5 parameters study below chart: 53 [07] Analyze the Graph pattern: → Interpretation of the Graph ⇢ Central Tendency ⇢ Process Variation ⇢ Histogram Shape ⇢ Process Capability (Comparison with the specification) Examples of Histogram Graphs Types of Histogram Patterns → Various types of Histograms based on patterns are mentioned below ➨ [A] Normal Distribution: ⇢ Bell Shaped Curve ⇢ A peak in the middle ➨ [B] Skewed Distribution: ⇢ A peak is off-center either right or left ⇢ Analysis of very pure products is skewed i.e. product cannot be more than 100%. ⇢ The range is not set properly for operation 54 ➨ [C] Double-Peaked / Bi-modal: ⇢ Two Bell Shaped distributions. ⇢ Maybe a combination of records of two processes or two shifts. ➨ [D] Multi Peaked / Multi-modal: ⇢ Maybe readings of several processes are plotted on the same graph. ⇢ Range selection is not proper. ➨ [E] Edge Peaked: ⇢ Borderline doubt for inspection and take it as ok. ⇢ Instrument error. ➨ [F] Truncated or Heart-cut: ⇢ The supplier might mix apart within spec and out of spec. limit. ⇢ 100% of Incoming inspection and screening of mixed parts. 55 Benefits of Histogram: → Summarize Large data set Graphically → Confirms measurements to Specification → Excellent problem forecasting tool in the process → Assist to decision making in the ongoing process 56 Applying Quality Standard Quiz 5A Name: _____________________________ Subject Teacher:__________________ Year Level/Section: ___________________ Date: ___________________________ I. Essay (note write your answer in 1 whole yellow paper. Use either black or blue ball pen only.) 1. What is the difference between Pareto Chart and Histogram 57
