Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students will be able to: Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building; List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major contributions in shaping the Filipino nation; Identify science and technology policies of the government; Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the Filipino nation; and Recognize the need for balance between freedom and responsible behavior during the exchange of ideas. Activating Prior Learning Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch the movie clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas. Happy watching and reading! Questions to Ponder: 1. What roles do science and technology play in the developmental progress of the country? Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward Link: https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q 2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines Link: https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640 From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram below by enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation. Then, choose one from your list and explain it to the class. Role of S & T in Nation Building Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson. Presentation of Contents Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines Pre – Colonial Period Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal – raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of technology is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos in their everyday life. Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They used indigenous technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation, both on land and on waterways. The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now considered as indigenous science or folk science. Colonial Period Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads, bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education system in the country. The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the country. They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in the field of science and technology. Post – Colonial Period After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important to note that some Philippine presidents introduced more developments in the field than others, which you will find out soon as you course through this topic. Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961) -lack of support of experimental work -marginal budget for scientific research -low salaries of scientists employed by the government -established the National Science Development Board Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986) -directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools - channelled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education - he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science Community - scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography - added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry. - support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 - he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National Academy of Science and Technology - He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982) - he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School to encourage careers in science and technology -established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains Authority, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company among others Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992) - National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology - science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted - created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP - Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.” - gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products domestically and abroad - R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free education up to the secondary level - “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy among Filipinos Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998) -significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field -addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao - government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions related to S&T - Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of hightech equipment for student - Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established - award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act or Republic Act No. 7459) - programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology -enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in the field of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994) - enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001) launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies - establishment of one science high school in every province - advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age, -passage of the e-Commerce Act Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010) - the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age“ during her term - Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level - the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia - Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum - imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech) (Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines) Filipino Scientists and their Inventions Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation. Dr. Arturo Alcaraz Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal energy development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an electric light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first geothermal power generated in the Philippines. Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988) Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut. Pedro Escuro (1923 - ) Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice breeding in the country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are: Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and C-12. Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986) Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science in the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of production for the poultry and livestock industry. Felix Maramba Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas systems. Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999) Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural products, essential oils, and the medicinal qualities. Emerita De Guzman Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the propagation of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to the faster propagation of pure macapuno trees and increased macapuno nut production from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented tissue culture techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and banana plants. Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011) Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that lead to the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving device. Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978) Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the twoway television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a "photo phone signal separator network"; discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around 1930); invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952). (Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors) For more information, please go to the links provided below, then watch and read the following: Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc Read: 1. The Philippine Men and Women of Science. http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf 2. Philippine Great Inventions
