Manhattan Project • https://www.history.com/topics/w orld-war-ii/trinity-test • Cue before lesson to play through commercial • Hotspot phone CHAPTER 1: FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY Foundations of Chemistry Chapter 1, p. 1 Objectives • Justify why a Christian should value chemistry • Describe how a scientist’s worldview affects his work • Evaluate the statement, “Scientific models reveal what is true about the world.” • Create a timeline for the history of chemistry based on the information in this section Biblical Application Romans 11:36 “For of Him and through Him and to Him are all things, to whom be glory forever. Amen” War on Malaria • Harmless mosquito bite • Host for Plasmodium –Causes malaria • Female Anopheles mosquito bite –Coma –Death War on Malaria • Thrives in tropical and subtropical regions • Threatens half the world • 2017… –219 million people were infected • Killing over 435,000 • Mostly children War on Malaria • Sub-Saharan Africa—most aggressive form of malaria –b/c weather conditions –Bad sanitation practices –Few resources to fight War on Malaria • Relies on chemistry to fight against malaria • 2015… –First vaccine –Success rate low • Major milestone in eliminating malaria CHEMISTRY: MODELING MATTER SECTION 1.1 Chemistry and Worldview • World filled problems –Need answers • Contaminated drinking water (#1) • Pollution • Increase crop production Why Chemistry? • Enrich lives –Medication –Safer automobiles –Better food packaging –Etc Applied Science • Chemistry –Solve real-world problems –Applied science Specific Application… meat-packing U.S. Air Force Technical Sergeant Shanice Spearman at Aerospace Fuels Laboratory NCO prepares fuel samples for flashpoint testing. Learn new things about universe Astronomer searching new asteroids Pure Science • To understand how and why things work the way they do • Both applied and pure science –Not separate from each other Applied and Pure Science • Scientists must first… –Discover how and why of something –Then apply knowledge to solve problem What is Chemistry? Study of matter and the changes it undergoes Matter • Anything that takes up space and has mass • Sitting on, using, wearing, eating chemicals all the time Worldview • Bible gives distinct worldview • Perspective from which one sees and interprets all of life Your worldview is made up of what you believe about the most important things in life. Chemistry as Modeling • Relies on observation of world • Limited ability • Simplify problem using finer details Chemistry as Modeling • Model… –Simplifies… • Explain • Describe • Represent it • Must be workable Richard Feynman • Great American physicists in 20th century • Worked on atomic bomb • Investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger accident Richard Feynman • Said, “What I cannot create, I do not understand” –“Is possible to live and not know” • Only God’s Word can tell us what is true Models • Atomic model • Manhattan Project… –Secret program –Atomic bomb Scientific Model A simplification to explain, describe, or characterize a phenomenon in nature Manhattan Project led to the development of nuclear weapons Manhattan Project • https://www.history.com/topics/w orld-war-ii/trinity-test • Cue before lesson to play through commercial CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY Ancient Chemistry The Philosophers The Alchemists Classical Chemistry Modern Chemistry Ancient Chemistry • Five generations after Cain –Working with metals • Joseph’s Egypt culture used… –Apothecaries—early pharmacists • “science” of chemistry involved trial and error The Philosophers • Ancient Greeks –Applied reasoning to think about matter • Never made to laboratory • Idea matter was made of atoms rose from Greeks culture The Alchemists • Emphasis on experimentation –Surge of discoveries • Alchemy— –Most important contribution made to modern chemistry • Experimental approach The Alchemists • Searched for immortality through… –Medicines –change The Alchemists • Known try turn common metals to gold Biblical Application Genesis 2:11-12 A land “where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good” (Genesis 2:11-12) Alchemists: Revolutionized Science Tycho Brahe Isaac Newton Robert Boyle Francis Bacon • Wednesday Aug 25 • Ck hw –1.2 terms Jabir ibn Hayyan • Persian alchemist • Contributed much to laboratory practices Classical Chemistry • 1600s – gained acceptance –Elements redefined –Chemist isolated in laboratory Classical Chemistry • In America –Benjamin Rush • First professor of chemistry in United States • Provided medication –Lewis and Clark Benjamin Rush 1800s— Chemistry first taught as academic subject Classical Chemistry • Branches of chemistry developed around the world as –Chemist used atomic models to interpret results of experiments The Rise of Modern Chemistry Chemistry in History • Developed out of • Practicality –Clothes –Food –Tools –Medicines Modern Chemistry • Use different models to interpret –Nature of matter and changes that it undergoes Review What are physical, descriptive, or mathematical representations that characterize a system or explain a phenomenon… Scientific models Review Led to the development to nuclear weapons… Manhattan Project Review Which scientist investigated Space Shuttle Challenger? Richard Feynman Review This is how we see and interpret all of life… Worldview Review God’s first command to mankind and reveals why God made humans is known as the… Creation Mandate Review Threatens ½ world population… Malaria Review Early pharmacists… Apothecaries Review Who were the first people to introduce a reasoned approach to chemistry? Greeks Review When was chemistry first taught as an academic subject? 1800s Homework Read pp. 6-9. Terms 1.2, p. 17 Biblical Worldview of Chemistry p. 6 Objectives 1B • Summarize a biblical worldview in one sentence • Justify the practice of chemistry from a biblical worldview • Compare the worldviews of naturalists and Christians A Biblical Worldview • Eradicate malaria but not death • Chemistry solve great problems… –Not biggest in life • Only Creator can Three Events— Framework for all of life Creation Fall Redemption Creation • Proper worldview… –Genesis 1 • Man-greatest masterpiece • In His image Fall • Adam and Eve chose disobedience…. –Broken condition –Discomfort, Despair –Disease, Death • Affects world outside and inside us Redemption • Thoughts and actions –Governed by God’s Word • Chemistry –Limited to explanation of observations Redemption • Christians should –Defend it claim God is who reveals His interpretations of world through His Word Creation Mandate • God’s first • Commandment –Gen. 1:26, 28 • Dominion over His creation (Gen. 1:26-28) Creation Mandate • Study earth • Discover best way to use knowledge to… • help others –create products –solve problems Exercising Wise Dominion • Weighing consequences of action • People are valuable… –Made in God’s image Exercising Wise Dominion • For example… –World War II used DDT.. • Insecticide control malaria and typhus • Affects on environment God’s Commandments • How does God’s image in us affect what we do and how we act? God’s Commandments • First commandment… • “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God” • Second commandment… • “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself” Loving Thy Neighbor in Chemistry • Increase crop production = reduce starvation • Purify drinking water = reduce disease • etc MODELING AND A BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW Presuppositions Ideas a person assumes to be true without proof Are specific beliefs within our worldview Naturalists • Worldview that assumes that matter is all that exists, and that human reason informed by science is the only reliable path to truth Naturalism • Carl Sagan –“The Cosmos is all that is or ever was or ever will be.” • Naturalists have faith in themselves! • Study chemistry from biblical worldview –Have perspective to expose error in science –Fight against dominant secular worldview Most Widespread Problem Contaminated drinking water Review Led to the development to nuclear weapons… Manhattan Project Review A simplification to explain, describe, or characterize a phenomenon in nature… Scientific models Review This is how we see and interpret all of life… Worldview Review God’s first command to mankind and reveals why God made humans is known as the… Creation Mandate Review Who said, “What I cannot create, I cannot understand” Richard Feynman REVIEW World War II insecticide to control diseases like malaria… DDT REVIEW Most widespread problem.. Contaminated drinking water REVIEW The three basic concepts that encapsulate a biblical worldview… Creation Fall Redemption REVIEW The worldview that assumes that matter is all that exist, and that human reason informed by science is the only reliable path to truth is called… Naturalistic worldview REVIEW Persian alchemist who contributed much to laboratory practices Jabir ibn Hayyan REVIEW First professor of chemistry in the United States Benjamin Rush REVIEW European alchemist whose discoveries revolutionized science Robert Boyle Quiz 1 1. Early pharmacists were called… A. Metallurgies B. Alchemists C. Herbalists D. Apothecaries Quiz 1 2. When a scientist explores nature simply to learn more about the world in which we live, he or she is performing ___science. A. Experimental B. Pure C. Applies D. Observational Quiz 1 3. An idea assumed to be true without proof is called a(n)… A. Presupposition B. Worldview C. Faith D. Theory Quiz 1 4. Who were the first people to introduce a reasoned approach to chemistry? A. Sumerians B. Greeks C. Phoenicians D. Sumerians Quiz 1 5. Chemistry is the study of ___and the changes that it undergoes. A. The universe B. Atoms C. Matter D. Molecules Quiz 1 6. Name the three basic concepts that encapsulate a biblical worldview. Quiz 1 7. The first professor of chemistry in the United States… A. Robert Boyle B. Benjamin Rush C. Richard Feynman D. Jabir ibn Hayyan Quiz 1 8. Nobel Prize-winning physicist who said, “What I cannot create, I cannot understand” A. Robert Boyle B. Benjamin Rush C. Richard Feynman D. Jabir ibn Hayyan Quiz 1 True or False 9. Everything in the material universe is composed of chemicals. Quiz 1 True or False 10. The goal of science is to establish truth. Quiz 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. D. Apothecaries 8. C B. Pure 9. True A. Presupposition 10. False B. Greeks C. Matter Creation, Fall, Redemption 7. B. Rush Classwork: Chemistry WB, pp. 1-4 and Applied/Pure Science handout Chemistry in Action (Doing Chemistry) p. 10 Objectives • Label examples of reasoning as inductive or deductive reasoning • Correctly use scientific terms related to experimentation Observation and Reasoning • Malaria… –Shaped human culture (esp. wars) –Empire outcomes (decline or rise) Observation and Reasoning • People who had malaria… –Chinese emperors –Egyptian pharaohs –Citizens of Roman Empire –George Washington Malaria Patient Observations • 1800s… –Answering scientific questions with observations • Senses • Scientific tools to help… –Microscopes, telescopes, mini video cameras, etc. Types of Data • Quantitative data… –Numbers through measuring • Qualitative data… –Describes something • After obtaining data… –Scientist use models and reasoning to connect data Types of Reasoning • Deductive… –General to specific conclusion –Proves conclusion to be true if evidence is true Example—Deductive • All dolphins are mammals, all mammals have kidneys; therefore, all dolphins have kidneys • General to specific conclusion Types of Reasoning • Inductive… –Specific to general conclusion –Conclusion likely –Cannot prove –Conclusion true based on evidence under consideration Inductive Sir Ronald Ross • Grew up in India • Malaria widespread • Grandfather contracted • Late 1800s connected malaria to mosquitoes • Deliberately exposing uninfected mosquitoes to malaria patient • Found parasite in mosquito intestine DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE The Scientific Process • Two types –Survey –Experimental Scientific Inquiry • Ask a question • Make a hypothesis (educated guess) • Experiment • Organize and analyze data • Evaluate the hypothesis Scientific Inquiry • Begins with observation • Question • Research –Determine what is known about problem • Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis • Operational science –Testing effectiveness of vaccine • Historical science –Origins of matter • Happened in past • Cannot be repeated Experiment—Key Part • Repeatable procedure involves... –Observing a natural process –Controlled conditions • Purpose… –Analysis whether hypothesis • Right or wrong Controlled Experiment • Only one condition changes at a time –Scientist can isolate effect on experiment’s outcome Experiment • Data or conclusions that result from careful experimentation –Empirical (verifiable) Variables • Different factors that change –Variables • Independent variable… –Changes one factor • Placebo/actual treatment Variables • Independent variables can cause – Dependent variable • Changes scientists did not directly cause – Expected to change when the independent variable is manipulated Variables • Experimental variables… –Exposed to independent variable –Patients • Control group… –NOT exposed to the variable Variables • What scientist observes or determines using data from experiment –Empirical data Variables • Key element to valid results –Repetition • Each trial provides more data Natural Experiments • Scientists cannot control conditions • Determine what variables interacting –Ecology –Meteorology –Astronomy Surveys • Process randomly selecting samples • Can work together with experiments Surveys • 1993… –Missouri and Mississippi river basins flooded –$15 billion damages (50 deaths) –Contaminated water supplies Surveys cont • Survey—water quality conducted in 9 states –Collected samples… • Contaminated bacteria and fertilizer –Analyzed Surveys cont • Conclusion… –Survey protect thousands of people from illness Using the Results • Peer review –Accepted—publish –Not accepted—back to project Using the Results • Theories… –Offer explanations –Scientific models –Use only to make predictions –Proves reliability USING THE RESULTS Using the Results • After experiment or survey –Scientist formulated results • Work examined in peer review • If accepted –Publish results Law • Describes recognizable, repeating pattern in nature • Based on observations • Very reliable • No contradictions –Newton’s laws of motion Thinking like a scientist Case Study 1: Malaria Vaccine • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation –Donated 115 million –Develop malaria vaccine • Mosquirix® (RTS,S) Malaria • Does not prevent malaria entirely • Reduce severe malaria in children • Those contracted malaria after vaccine –Less symptoms Mosquirix • Researchers trying to improve its effectiveness Nanoscience • Science on scale one billionth of meter • Carbon atoms linked to form many substances –Graphite –Coal –Diamond Nanoscience • Can form Buckminster-fullerene molecule • 1991 –Sumio Iijima discovered nanotubes Nanotubes • Form by linking carbon atoms or other atoms –Make tubes only a few nanometer in diameter • One fifty-thousandths of human hair Sumio Iijma transform carbon technology medicine clothing nanomaterials: carbon, layered materials and clay minerals Quinine in Time • Severe case malaria • Quinine matter life and death • Quechua people of Peru –First to use quinine—first treatment • Derived from bark –Cinchona trees Bark of cinchona tree Quinine in Time • Ground bark mixed with water • Drank as tonic –Reduce chills from fevers • Quinine cross Atlantic with Jesuit missionaries –To Europe Quinine in Time • Became known as Jesuit’s bark • Most precious cargos –Between Europe and Peru Quinine in Time • Demand for cheaper and accessible • European push colonize Africa –Quinine essential to avoid “white man’s grave” • Other forms of quinine… –Fewer side effects Bayer Laboratories • Developed chloroquine 1934 • Polaroid laboratories 1944 Bayer Laboratories • Cut off from supplies –WW II • American chemists –Synthesize quinine –Succeeded 1944 Artemisia annua • Found medical manual from AD 340 • New weapon war against malaria –Herb called Artemisia annua –anti-malarial chemical called… • Artesunate • Most promising treat malaria Artemisia annua • Can be injected • Fewer side effects • More effective than any other medication Artemisia annua PESTICIDES P. 19 Consequences • Rachel Carson –Silent Spring… • Killed animals • Public outcry Consequences • DDT banned –Malaria skyrocketed • Seek balance… –Saving lives –Caring for creation DDT • Bringing back in limited uses –Treating mosquito nets –Spraying indoors • Damage done SRQ 1.3 (2-5; 10-12), p. 16. Chapter 1 Review Review During WW II, what insecticide was used to control diseases like malaria? DDT Review The doctor who suggested controlling mosquito populations to combat malaria… Sir Ronald Ross Review Which American president contracted malaria? George Washington Review What led to the development of nuclear weapons? Manhattan Project Review Nobel-Prize winning physicist who said, “What I cannot create, I cannot understand”? Richard Feynman Review What is the most widespread environmental problem? Contaminated drinking water Review First professor of chemistry in the United States… Benjamin Rush Review What was the first treatment for malaria? Quinine Review The physicist who first formed carbon nanotubes… Sumio Iijima Review When a scientist explores nature simply to learn more about the world in which we live, he is performing ___ science. Pure Review Who were the first people to introduce a reasoned approach to chemistry? Greeks Review To determine the level of soil pollution across several states, a scientist would most likely use which method of gathering data? a scientific survey Review What is the name given to the process that scientists use to identify a problem or question, form a hypothesis, test it, and evaluate the results? Scientific inquiry Review The mass of a crystal as measured on a balance would be an example of _____ data. Quantitative data Review For a model to be useful it must… Workable Review The idea that matter was made of atoms rose from the… Greeks Idea matter was made of atoms rose from Greeks culture Review Scientific inquiry begins with… Observation Review Early pharmacists prepared and sold a wide variety of chemicals and herbs. What were the pharmacists who sold these goods called? Apothecaries Review When was chemistry first taught as an academic subject? 1800s Review Jesuit’s bark is another name for Quinine Review Which of the following is the most important contribution made to modern chemistry by alchemists? Experimental approach Review Name the three basic concepts that encapsulate a biblical worldview. Creation Fall Redemption Review Define matter. Anything which occupies space and has mass Review Alchemists were known for turning ordinary metals into… Gold Review A statement that describes a recognizable, repeating pattern in nature… Law Review God’s command to exercise good and wise care of His creation is called… Creation Mandate Review The worldview that assumes that matter is all that exists and that human reasoning informed by science is the only reliable path to truth is called Naturalism Review The cost of an item is $1.00. The cost of the labor to create it was only $0.50. Since the retail sale price is $7.00, we can conclude that the item has a good profit margin for the store who sells it. Inductive reasoning Review All scientists approach their work with certain _____, which are ideas that they assume to be true. Presuppositions Review Define chemistry. The study of matter and the changes that it undergoes Review An idea that explains a phenomenon Theory Review What is God’s first commandment? To love God with all thy heart and all thy soul Review The perspective from which someone sees and interprets all of life… Worldview Review The process of identifying a problem or question, forming a hypothesis, testing it, and evaluating the results… Scientific inquiry Review A workable explanation, description, or representation of a phenomenon… Model Review A testable suggested explanation for a scientific question… Hypothesis Review The use of science to study realworld problems is called… Applied science Review Testing the effectiveness of vaccine is an example of… Operational science Review Inductive or Deductive In the year 2000, there were an estimated 18 million chemical compounds with another estimated 1 million being added each year; therefore, in the year 2020, there will be 38 million chemical compounds. Inductive Quiz 1. Jesuit’s bark is another name for… A. DDT B. Quinine C. Artesunate D. Aspirin Quiz 2. The use of science to study realworld problems is called… A. Historical science B. Pure science C. Applied science D. Operational science Quiz 3. Which of the following was the first formed carbon nanotubes? A. Jabir ibn Hayyan B. Benjamin Rush C. Sir Ronald Ross D. Sumio Iijima Quiz 4. Doctor who suggested controlling mosquito populations to combat malaria…. A. Jabir ibn Hayyan B. Benjamin Rush C. Sir Ronald Ross D. Sumio Iijima Quiz 5. American president who contracted malaria was ____ (first and last name). Quiz 6. The worldview that assumes that matter is all that exists, and that human reasoning informed by science is the only reliable path to truth is… A. Naturalism B. Creationism C. Scientism D. Polytheism Quiz 7. All scientists approach their work with certain ___which are ideas that they assume to be true… A. Assumptions B. Presuppositions C. Laws D. Theories Quiz 8. An idea that explains a phenomenon… A. Assumption B. Presupposition C. Law D. Theory Quiz True or False 9. Qualitative descriptions do not usually involve the use of numbers. Quiz True or False 10. While inductive reasoning can prove a statement to be true, deductive reasoning can show it to be probable or likely. Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. B. Quinine 9. True C. Applied science 10. False D. Sumio Iijima C. Sir Ronald Ross George Washington A. Naturalism B. Presuppositions D. Theory Review Inductive or Deductive Since Labor Day is always on a Monday, and Tuesday is the day after Monday, the day after Labor Day is always a Tuesday. Deductive Homework Chapter Review 1-6, p. 20 Read pp. 8-17 SRQ 1A, p. 8 Finish Terms, p. 19 Read pp. 8-11 Major Branches of Chemistry • Inorganic… – Study of all elements (except carbon) and their components—often ability to conduct electricity • Organic… – Study of compounds containing carbon… • Mostly in living things • Biochemistry… – Study of chemical processes in living things Major Branches of Chemistry • Nuclear… – Study of radioactivity, the nucleus, and the changes that the nucleus undergoes • Physical… – Foundational theories of chemistry that allow detailed study of interactions between substances and their changes they undergo Analytical Chemistry • Techniques used in all branches of chemistry to… – Discover what substances are in a sample (qualitative) – Determine how much of each component it contains (quantitative) Analytical— • Qualitative: What is it? • Quantitative: How much? SRQ1B, p. 12. Read pp. 12-18 Homework Handout Test Tuesday, Aug. 27th Chapter 1 Review Review Scripture tells us… Why we should study chemistry How and when the elements came into existence Our substance and significance How to use chemistry p.5 Faces of Chemistry • Archaeological chemistry… – Chemistry of artifacts – Similar to forensic chemistry • Astrochemistry… – Chemistry of celestial bodies Faces of Chemistry • Combinatorial chemistry… – Computer modeling of similar molecules – Useful in developing medicines Faces of Chemistry • Environmental chemistry… – Study of chemical processes in nature – Soil chemistry – Marine chemistry – Green chemistry (sustainable products and energy) Faces of Chemistry • Food chemistry… – Chemical content in food – FDA to create Nutrition Facts on food packaging Faces of Chemistry • Forensic chemistry… – Chemistry used in law enforcement – Test poisons – Explosives – DNA – Evidence Faces of Chemistry • Polymer chemistry… – Long-chain molecules – Useful in plastics industry Faces of Chemistry • Sonochemistry… – High-frequency sound waves and their effect on chemical processes • Theoretical chemistry… – Using theory and reasoning to predict the results of chemical processes CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY: TIMELINE c. 5000 BC Creation c. 4500 BC Tubal-Cain’s metallurgy c. 3400 BC The Genesis Flood c. 2200 BC Sumerian metallurgy c. 1550 BC Eber’s papyrus of medical prescriptions CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY: TIMELINE c. 460 BC Empedocles’s theory of earth, air, fire, and water c. 430 BC Democritus’s atomic theory c. AD 770 Arabic alchemy in full progress CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY: TIMELINE 1242 Roger Bacon’s recipe for gunpowder 1610 the first-ever chemical equation 1661 Robert Boyle’s definition of the elements 1754 the isolation of carbon dioxide CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY: TIMELINE 1774 the isolation of oxygen 1775 Antoine Lavoisier’s revision of the theory of combustion 1803 Dalton’s atomic theory CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY: TIMELINE 1869 Dimitri Mendeleev’s periodic table 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen’s experiments with x-rays 1912 Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford’s atomic structure models 1953 Watson and Crick’s DNA model CHEMISTRY IN HISTORY: TIMELINE 1991 Sumio Iijima’s discovery of carbon nanotubes 2010 Discovery of tennessine (Ts), the 117th element on the periodic table
