Journal
Appl
Journal of Applied Horticulture, 21(3): 218-222, 2019
Journal
of Applied
Horticulture
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.38
ISSN: 0972-1045
The new composition of liquid organic fertilizer for improving
organic tomato yield and quality
Gina Aliya Sopha1,2* and Liferdi Lukman3
Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute, Lembang, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat. Indonesia. 2Present address:
School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 3Directorate General of
Horticulture of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. *E-mail: ginasopha80@gmail.com, Sopha@massey.ac.nz
1
Abstract
The increasing demand of organic products of improved quality has become a priority to meet customer needs. Nine different organic
material were studied to determine the suitable composition for liquid organic fertilizer. The study was conducted as a pot trial to
evaluate the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato yield. The study reported that Leucaena leucocephala had great potential
as nitrogen source, Pennisetum purpureum and goat manure for phosphorus, and rabbit manure had the highest amount of potassium
content. The applications of liquid organic fertilizer made from these materials increased the tomato growth and yield compared to
control. Application of 75 % organic manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer improved the tomato yield by 83 % and increased
the vitamin C content (66 %) than the control.
Key words: Organic farming, liquid organic fertilizer, Lycopersicum esculentum, organic matter, manure
Introduction
Area under organic farming is increasing around the world.
Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM
– Organics International at BIOFACH reported that nearly 70
million hectares of farmland are organic (Willer and Lernoud,
2019). This number will increase linearly with the consumer
demand. Healthy diet and agriculture sustainability are the main
reasons for increasing the demand of organic product. In spite of
the enhancing demand of organic products, organic farming has
problems like low yield and the high of production cost.
One of the production cost that contribute to the organic farming
system is organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers commonly have
low nutrient content and need to be applied in a huge amount
to fulfil the crop nutrient demand and some times makes it
ineffective and inefficient. Therefore, liquid organic fertilizers
are developed to improve the crop growth and to achieve high
yield (Sopha and Uhan, 2013).
The tomato is one of the most important vegetables in most part
of the world. The economy and nutrition importance of this crop
are undeniable. On a worldwide scale, the production of fresh
tomatoes is approximately 160 million tonnes per year and 25 %
of those are used in the processing industry (The Global Tomato
Processing Industry, 2019). Organic tomato is reported to have a
better quality than conventional tomatoes. It contains 57 % more
total soluble solids and 55 % more vitamin C than conventionally
grown tomatoes (Oliveira et al., 2013). This finding encourages
the organic tomato production to improve and develop.
Liquid organic fertilizer was reported to improve the tomato
fruit yield in different studies. Murtic et al. (2018) reported
that Ergonfill, liquid organic fertilizer that was made from the
hydrolysis of animal protein, increased cherry tomato yield up
to 40 % than control in water stress condition. Similarly, Yarsi
(2019) reported that liquid worm fertilizer improved the tomato
yield up to 40 % than control. In addition, it is reported that liquid
organic fertilizer made from animal-based fertilizer could replace
the chemical fertilizer in greenhouse conditions (Guajardo-Rios et
al., 2018). Different nutrient sources could give different effects
on the tomato growth and yield (Anila et al., 2019). In spite of
the benificial effect of liquid organic fertilizer on tomato yield,
every area has different organic manures.
Use of organic material locally available in the area as the liquid
organic source is beneficial and practicaclly adaptable to the
local farmers. Thus, it is important to analyze the nutrient content
of these local materials to obtain a high quality liquid organic
fertilizer. This study aims to identify the organic materials that
have potential as liquid organic fertilizer in West Java, Indonesia
and study the effect of the liquid organic fertilizer from these
materials on organic tomato growth and yield.
Materials and methods
Experimental site: The study was conducted in an experimental
field of the Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI) in
2015. The site is situated in highland Lembang, Bandung Barat,
West Java, Indonesia (latitude: 6o48’S, longitude: 107o39’E,
1250 m above sea level). Climatic data were collected from
Meteorological and Geophysical Agency of West Java. The
annual rainfall was 2216 from January to December 2015. Mean
temperature ranged from 23.1 to 24.5oC with the minimum
temperature from 18.1 to 20.6oC and the maximum temperature
from 28.4 to 31.9 oC. The average of relative humidity was 63
to 82 %.
The soil type was andosol with soil pH = 5.4 (acid), high organic
carbon 7.26 %, total nitrogen 0.55 %, the C/N ratio 13, low
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato
219
available phosphorus (P-Bray) 12 mg P kg-1 and high available
potassium (K-Morgan) 804 ppm.
the last measurement. To calculate the weight per fruit the total
weight was divided by the number of fruits.
The study consisted of two experiments: (1) formulation of liquid
organic fertilizer and (2) the evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer
on organic tomato growth and yield.
The diameter and the length of the fruits were measured with
calipers. To measure the water content, the fruits were dried
in oven (65 oC) (Memmert type UN 450) and weighed in an
electrical balance (Precisa type XB 620C). Total soluble solid
was measured by refractometer. Fruit texture was measured by a
manual food texture tester (Atago N1). Vitamin C was analyzed
by the titration method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA)
was performed using SAS with a comparison of means using
DUNCAN at α=5 %.
Formulation of liquid organic fertilizer: The experiment was
conducted from March to May 2015. The organic materials viz.,
leaves of white leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala), leaves of
velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), leaves of snap bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris), leaves of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum),
chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) manure, cow (Bos taurus)
manure, rabbit (Lepus negricollis) manure, goat (Capra aegagrus
hircus) manure and bat (Ordo: Chrioptera) manure were collected
from different areas in West Java, Indonesia and analyzed for the
chemical content.
Plant samples were cleaned, cut and oven dried at 70 oC (Memmert
type UN 450). The dry samples were ground to 0.5 mm size. For
animal manure, the samples were ground until homogenous and
sieved at 2.0 mm prior to analysis. N-Kjeldahl (%) was measured
by distillation to calculate the N-organic and N-NH4 using NaOH
40 %. Phosphorus content was analyzed by spectrophotometer
using HNO3 and HClO4. Furthermore, potassium content was
determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer on organic
tomato growth and yield: The tomato cultivar Zamrud from
Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute was used. ‘Zamrud’ is
determinate cultivar and tolerant to wilting bacteria (Rhizoctonia
solanacearum). ‘Zamrud’ seeds were sown in a well-prepared
nursery seedbed (andosol soil: manure 1:1 (v/v)). The seed was
sown and was watered by watering can and no insecticide was
used during the growth period. When seedling reached the fourleaf stage (15 cm height), they were transplanted in polybags (5
kg). Every polybag had one seeding.
The pot trials were carried out in the greenhouse Randomized
Complete Block design with six treatments and four replications
were employed to address the aims. The treatments were: (L0)
100 % solid manure + 0 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (control);
100 % solid manure + 10 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L1);
100 % solid manure + 15 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L2);
100 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L3);
75 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L4);
and 50 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L5).
The horse solid manure was applied with recommended dose 30
t ha-1 or equal to 1 kg per plant. The liquid organic fertilizer was
foliar applied and was given at 15, 30 and 45 days after planting
with spraying volume 300 to 500 L ha-1.
Growth and yield data were obtained from five randomly
chosen plants in each plot. Plant heights were measured from
the soil surface to the top of the longest mature leaf; chlorophyll
contents were measured at 6 weeks after planting. Chlorophyll
was extracted in 80 % acetone and absorbance read at ʎ=663 nm
and ʎ=650 nm.
To measure the fruit yield per plant, fruit weight of all five
harvests was pooled. To measure the number of fruits, all the fruits
that harvested for every time was counted manually and sum in
Results and discussion
Formulation of liquid organic fertilizer: The results show that
white leadtree had the highest amount of nitrogen (5.41 %), while
rabbit manure had the highest amount of phosphorus content (2.64
%) and elephant grass and goat manure had the highest content of
potassium (2.58 %) (Table 1). The organic materials that would
be used as liquid organic fertilizer sources were white leadtree,
rabbit manure, elephant grass and goat manure with formulation
2:2:1:1 (v/v/v/v).
Table 1. The mineral content of organic materials
Organic Materials
N-total (%)
P (%)
0.32
5.41
White leadtree
0.20
2.94
Velvet bean
0.35
3.28
Snap bean
0.25
2.50
Elephant grass
0.26
0.61
Chicken manure
1.83
1.67
Cow manure
2.64
2.28
Rabbit manure
1.00
1.12
Goat manure
0.25
1.16
Bat manure
K (%)
1.87
1.10
2.09
2.58
0.86
1.08
1.20
2.58
0.40
White leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala) extract had the highest
content of nitrogen. Application of white leadtree extract was
reported to give positive impact on Chinese cabbage growth
and yield (Simanjuntak, 2012). In addition, Pawar et al. (2019)
reported that application Leucaena leucocephala lopping
increased the N total and available phosphorus. White leadtree
can be mixed with other organic materials to improve the
nutrient content and give a better impact to the plant growth
(Pancapalaga, 2013; Ratrinia et al., 2014). The organic residue
of Leucaena leucocephala contains 464 g kg-1 total carbon,
41 g kg-1 total nitrogen, 11 CN ratio and 12 mg polyphenol
GAE/g. The total nitrogen of Leucaena leucocephala was
higher compared to Centrosema pubescence, Gliricidia sepium,
Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica and Theobroma cacao
(Ansong-Omari et al., 2018).
Rabbit manure contains high amount of phosphorus. Furthermore,
rabbit manure is identified too increase soil nutrition, soil physical
condition, soil microbial activity, improves soil aeration and
retention of water (Youssef and Eissa, 2017). Several studies
reported that application of rabbit manure improve the biomass
of corn (Zea mays) (Ningrum et al., 2017), Chinese cabbage
(Brassica juncea L) (Nurrohman et al., 2015) and kailan
(Brassica oleracea group Albograbla) (Nahak et al., 2018). The
combination of rabbit manure, rock phosphate, feldspar and biofertilizers enhance the tomato fruit yield by 30 % compared to
chemical fertilization (Youssef and Eissa, 2017).
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
220
Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato
Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is rich in nutrition
(Scoriza et al., 2016) and known well as a forage crop for dairy
farm and biofuel crops (Cordovil et al., 2017). In addition,
compost of Pennisetum purpureum with other organic materials
bovinza and Gliricidia sepium improved the weight of Eiseina
foetida up to 60 %. However, the information about using
elephant grass as the source of liquid organic fertilizer for other
crops is very limited.
K, 0.79 ppm Ca, 0.14 ppm Mg and 0.07 ppm S (Tan, 2009). Horse
solid manure increased soil P-availability through the addition of
P-residue, increased P recovery and reduced the P-soil absorption
that increase the soil P-availability and release of phosphorus
by organic material during the decomposition. In addition,
soil P-available improved because the manure made a complex
ion that minimize the immobilization process and replaced the
phosphate (-) in the soil structure (Azeez et al., 2014).
Goat manure contains high potassium and improve the nitrogen
uptake to the plant significantly (Putra et al., 2014). Dry goat
manure contained 4.60 g P kg-1, 17.8 cmol (+) kg-1 Ca2+, 20.0 cmol
(+) kg-1 Mg2+, 38.7 cmol (+) kg-1 K+ and 38.40 cmol (+) kg-1 Na.
The potassium content of goat manure was higher than poultry
manure and cattle manure (Oladipupo et al., 2019). Application
goat manure increased the yield of snap bean (Santosa and
Anggita, 2019), roselle (Norhayati et al., 2019), spinach (Abro
et al., 2019) and sunflower (Borges et al., 2019).
Effect of liquid organic fertilizer on plant height of tomato and
chlorophyll content at 6 weeks after planting can be seen in Table
3. At 2 weeks after planting, there was no significant difference of
plant height for each treatment. However, at 4 weeks after planting
the application of liquid organic fertilizer with reducing the doses
of solid horse manure gave a higher effect rather than 100 %
horse manure plus liquid organic fertilizer. Moreover, there was
no significant difference between chlorophyll in all treatments.
In spite of the number of reports regarding the effectiveness
of these materials in increasing the crop growth and yield, the
information about the effectiveness of these materials, as liquid
organic fertilizer sources was lacking. To understand the effect
of liquid organic fertilizer from those materials, Leucaena
leucocephala, rabbit manure, elephant manure and goat manure,
the evaluation experiment was carried out.
Evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato
growth and yield: The soil analysis before and after the
experiment is presented in Table 2. Organic fertilization increased
the soil pH from 5.4 to 5.7-6.0. Application of liquid organic
fertilizer increased the C-organic insignificantly from 7.26
% to 7.28-7.96 % and nitrogen from 0.55 % to 0.56-0.59 %.
Application of solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer
also increased the P-Bray from 13 mg P kg-1 to 57-80 mg P kg-1.
However, there was a decrease in the potassium content from
K-Morgan 804 ppm to 209-572 ppm. These values are still in
the range of the high concentration of K-available in the soil.
Overall, application of solid horse manure increased the soil
pH. Horse manure increased bacterial diversity and the bacterial
community composition and diversity in soil pH (Wang et al.,
2018). Manure increases soil pH because of the decomposition
process that release organic compound and humic acid. Organic
material increases soil pH and reduce aluminium toxicity that
usually occur in acid soil conditions (Haynes and Mokolobate,
2001).
Table 3. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on plant height and
chlorophyll
Treatments
Plan height (cm) Chlorophyll
-1
2 wap 4 wap 6 wap (mg g )
-1
ns
b
ab
ns
23.5 31.8
100 % SM + 0 mL L LOF (control) 9.2
4.15
100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1)
9.3 20.1b 29.7b
4.47
100 % SM + 15 mL L-1 LOF (L2) 9.8 23.2b 30.2b
3.60
9.2 19.4b 26.4b
3.72
100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3)
9.9 30.0a 37.8a
3.73
75 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L4)
10.0 24.7ab 31.3ab
3.97
50 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L5)
CV (%)
7.41 15.21 12.93
19.57
SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic oertilizer; wap=weeks
after planting; means presenting the same letter are not statistically
different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance; CV=coefficient of variance.
Table 4 shows the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on fruit yield.
Application 75 % solid horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic
fertilizer obtained the highest fruit yield compared to other
treatments. The lowest fruit yield was recorded in 100 % solid
horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer treatment. The
results showed that the application of liquid organic fertilizer
with lower dose of solid horse manure gave a better fruit yield
compared to full doses. In addition, the average weight per fruit
was significantly higher than the control. Application 75 % solid
horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer increased the
fruit yield up to 83 % than control.
The fruit quality is described by shelf life, diameter and length of
fruit, water content, total soluble solids, vitamin C and texture.
Horse solid manure contains 0.70 ppm N, 0.10 ppm P, 0.58 ppm
The shelf life of tomatoes after harvesting was 4 to 8 days with
diameter 2.6 to 3.6 cm and the length
Table 2. The soil analysis result for before and after experiment.
of the fruit 3.2 to 4.4 cm (Table 5). The
Soil sample
pH
C (%)
N (%)
C/N
P- Bray
Kwater content of tomato was 95-96 %
(mg P Morgan
with total soluble solids 3.3 to 4.0 %.
-1
kg )
(ppm)
The control contents vitamin C, 16.0 mg
Before experiment
5.4
7.26
0.55
13
13
804
100 g-1. The average of liquid organic
After experiment
fertilizer was 21.3 to 28.4 mg 100 g-1.
209
61
13
0.57
7.23
5.7
100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control)
The average of texture was 4.2 to 6.1
573
75
13
0.60
7.96
6.0
100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1)
mm s-1 100 g-1 and it shows that the fruits
-1
240
57
13
0.59
7.63
5.8
100 % SM + 15 mL L LOF (L2)
in treatments with 50 and 75 % of solid
252
81
13
0.59
7.63
5.7
100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3)
organic fertilizer were firm than 100 %
-1
224
67
13
0.58
7.28
5.7
75 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L4)
solid organic fertilizer. However, this
-1
249
70
13
0.56
7.36
5.8
50 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L5)
result did not have a negative correlation
SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer.
with the shelf life.
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)
Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato
Table 4. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on tomato yield
Treatments
Fruit yield
Number
per plant
of
(g/plant)
fruits
15.3ab
100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control) 282.2bc
Weight per
fruit
(g/fruit)
18.2b
100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1)
328.2bc
13.5ab
22.7ab
100 % SM + 15 mL L LOF (L2)
282.3
13.8
ab
20.2b
100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3)
218.7c
11.0b
19.3b
75 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L4)
515.8
16.3
ab
35.8a
50 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L5)
502.3ab
23.5a
23.7ab
CV (%)
22.51
20.99
36.68
-1
-1
bc
a
SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer; means presenting
the same letter are not statistically different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance;
CV=coefficient of variance.
Application of liquid organic fertilizer without decreasing the dose
of solid manure did not give a positive impact on the tomato yield.
It seems that application of liquid organic fertilizer plus 100 % solid
manure gave an over-supply fertilization status. The situation can
reduce the fruit yield. Oversupply of nitrogen reduces the tomato yield
significantly (Scholberg et al., 2000). In contrary, application of liquid
organic fertilizer plus 50 and 75 % solid manure improved the fruit
yield significantly. The best treatment, 75 % solid manure application
+ 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer increased the fruit yield up to 83 %
from 282.2 g/plant to 515.8 g/plant. Similar findings reported that the
application of liquid organic fertilizer enhanced the fruit yield of tomato
(40 %) (Murtic et al., 2018; Yarsi, 2019). Increase in the tomato fruit
yield in this trial was because of the increased fruit size that increased
the tomato weight per fruit. Increase in fruit diameter was 38 % (from
2.6 to 3.6 cm), in length of fruit, 40 % (from 3.2 to 3.5 cm) and in
weight per fruit 97 % (from 18.2 to 35.8 g/fruit).
Furthermore, application of liquid organic fertilizer enhanced the
vitamin C by 25-78 % from 16 mg 100 g-1 to 21.3-28.4 mg 100 g-1.
The increase in vitamin C occurred in all treatments with liquid organic
fertilizer application. Antonious et al. (2019) reported that the growth
media used influenced the vitamin C content of tomatoes. Furthermore,
the trial, 75 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer induced
the fruit texture firmer than the control. In conclusion, applying liquid
organic fertilizer made from Leucaena leucocephala, rabbit manure,
elephant manure and goat manure (2:2:1:1, v/v/v/v) not just increased
the fruit yield but also the quality of organic tomato fruits.
Acknowledgements
The Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture funded the research (Indonesian
Agency of Agriculture Research and Development, DIPA-BALITSA
2015) reported in this paper. We thank Warsi Suherli from IVEGRI for
his technical assistance in the greenhouse experiment.
221
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Treatments
Shelf
Fruit
Length
Water
TSS
Vit C
Texture
life
diameter
of fruit
content
(%)
(mg/100 g) (mm/s/100 g)
(days)
(cm)
(cm)
(%)
2.6b
4.0ns
16.0b
7ns
100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control)
3.2b
94.9ns
4.0b
-1
ab
a
a
100 % SM + 10 mL L LOF (L1)
4
3.1
3.8
95.4
3.9
24.8
4.8b
-1
b
b
a
100 % SM + 15 mL L LOF (L2)
5
95.7
3.3
2.7
3.4
26.6
4.6b
-1
a
a
a
6
95.1
3.6
100 % SM + 20 mL L LOF(L3)
3.4
3.8
21.3
5.1b
-1
a
a
a
8
95.5
3.3
75 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L4)
3.6
4.4
26.6
6.1a
-1
a
a
a
6
95.2
3.4
50 % SM + 20 mL L LOF (L5)
3.5
4.1
28.4
6.0a
SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer; means presenting the same letter are not statistically different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance.
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Received: August, 2019; Revised: August, 2019; Accepted: August, 2019
Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net)