Bio 214
Lecture Exam 1 Review
Epigenesis: theory and founder?
Spontaneous generation: definition, who disproved?
Natural selection: define theory, who founded?
Examples of natural selection
Gregor Mendel
Contributions to genetics
Chromosomal theory of inheritance: define
Genetic terminology (slide 13)
What is genetics
DNA: discovered by who?
Structure of DNA
Significance of double helix (how are the strands held together?)
RNA: structure, function, formation and final location
Genotype and phenotype: sickle cell disease
Model organisms
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Contents of eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria and chloroplasts—how are they similar? What do they contain?
Centrioles, centrosome, spindle fibers
Centromere: definition; locations in chromosomes and designations based on this
Chromosome number: diploid vs haploid
Karyotypes
Phases of the cell cycle
Interphase
G1, (G0) S, G2,
Mitosis: steps, prtoeins involved (chromosomal proteins)
Meiosis: steps, differences between meiosis and mitosis
Gamete formation
Crossing over
Mendelian genetics
What was important about the “feature” that Mendel chose to study?
Mendel’s success due to methodology
Monohybrid cross
You should be able to complete a Punnett square and describe the genotypes and phenotypes.
Additionally, you should be able to determine expected ratios, and determine parental genotypes
When given genotypes of the offspring
Dihybrid cross: same as monohybrid
Mendel’s postulates
Product Law
How to calculate probability in a tri-hybrid cross
Independent assortment and genetic variation
Product law and sum law
Pedigrees
Mendels postulates were based on independent assortment and expression of genes. Other ways genes can
be expressed, alternatives to dominance/recessive
X and Y inheritance, X-linked genes
Mutations: loss of function, gain of function, neutral
Ways alleles are symbolized
Incomplete/partial dominance, and example
Codominance, examples (particularly the blood types mentioned)
Multiple alleles
Lethal alleles
Effects of alternative forms of inheritance on the traditional offspring ratio
Epigenesis
Epistasis
Complementary gene interaction
Inheritance patterns in a dihybrid cross featuring a traditional gene and non traditional (albinism and blood
type example from slides)
Sex-limited inheritance
Conditional mutations (read over examples cat and rabbit, flowers)
Onset of genetic expression of inherited disorders
Mitochondrial and chromosome mutations
Sex chromosomes: in humans X and Y
Which chromosome determines maleness in humans?
Specifics of Y chromosome, genes located on the chromosome that play a role in male development
XY chromosome disorders: what are chromosomal abnormalities for each?
Klinefelter, Turner, Triplo X
Sexual differentiation in humans:
Specific genes required for maleness (MSY, SRY, TDF, others)
Barr bodies and Barr body formation, phenotypes caused by this
Temperature variation and sex determination
Patterns of sex determination
Aromatase: how does this enzyme work?