SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
and POVERTY
Allan WM Estillore, DPA Student
ISSUES
Understanding Youth’s Role to Achieving
Sustainable Development Goals
Population and Aging in Asia:
The Growing Elderly Population
Strategies for Providing Social Protection to All
The Marawi Relief Effort
Ambitious Vision to End Poverty in the
Philippines 2040
‘Social Development’
• ‘Social’ means relating to society or its
organization
• ‘Develop’ = to unfold itself or to grow into
fuller or mature condition
• ‘Ment’- referring to an instrument of action,
an act or process
• Therefore, Social Development refers to the
progressive improvements in the living
conditions and quality of life enjoyed by
society and shared by its members.
Social Development
• Social development has been described as
a process of change from the traditional
way of living of rural communities to
progressive ways of living.
• As a method by which people can be
assisted to develop themselves on their
own capacities and resources, social
development is more concerned with the
investment in human beings.
Social Development
• A unit of investment in education, health,
social welfare etc., social development
aims at the total development of people.
• Social development is inter-sectoral, interregional and inter- disciplinary and
visualizes institutional and structural
reforms to provide greater social justice.
Social Development
• According to Bilance, 1997 “Social Development
is the promotion of a sustainable society that is
worthy of human dignity by empowering
marginalized groups, women and men, to
undertake their own development, to improve
their social and economic position and to
acquire their rightful place in society.”
• According to Amartya Sen, 1995 “Social
Development is equality of social opportunities.”
Social Development
• The Copenhagen Social Summit, 1995
defined Social Development in terms of
three basic criteria:
 Poverty Eradication
 Employment Generation
 Social Harmony
Social Development
• According to M.S Gore, the concept of
social development is inclusive of
economic development but it emphasizes
the development of the society in totality
that is, in its economic, political, social and
cultural aspects.  In the broadest sense “it
signifies all aspects of development that
are of collective nature pertaining to the
society as a whole.”
Social Development
• In a narrower sense, it would be used with
reference to the human welfare aspects of
development, that is improving the quality
of life and more equitable distribution of
material and cultural goods.
• Social development may be used in
connection with structural transformation
in society seeking changes in the system of
stratification and in degree of mobility.
Social Development
• Social development requires decentralization of
power and decision making so that process of
planning at the grass root level is made possible.
• Active people’s participation in making political
and economic decision involving their welfare.
There should be combination of central leadership,
central coordination and central resources
contribution with decentralized decision making
and mobilization of local resources to make social
development programs more effective.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Social development: Equitable growth
for all.
• Social development is about achieving
equitable and sustainable
improvements in the physical, social,
and economic well-being of individuals
and groups, especially the socially or
economically disadvantaged.
Dimensions of Social Development
• Two interrelated dimensions:
 First, the development of capacity of
people to work continuously for their own
and society’s welfare.
 Secondly, the alteration of institutions so
that human needs are met at all levels
especially the lowest, through the process
of improving the relationships between
expression of needs and the means to
attain them.
Areas of Development
 Economic Development
 Political Development
 Social Development
Goals of Social Development
• To create a society where living conditions of
the people are better.
• People do not suffer from hunger and are not
denied the basic necessities of life.
• To remove regional imbalance and rural-urban
disparities.
• To create infrastructure where basic needs of
the people are met at all levels, including
those who constitute the poorest and
deprived sections of society.
Features of Social Development
• The process of social development is
inextricably linked to economic
development.
• SocDev has an interdisciplinary focus
which draws insights of the various social
sciences (be it political science, sociology,
philosophy, economics, psychology etc.)
Emerging Social Development Concepts
• Social development invokes a sense of
process, i.e., it is a dynamic concept in
which the notion of growth and change
is explicit. 
• The process of change is progressive in
nature, social development proclaims a
faith in the prospect of human
betterment.
Emerging Social Development Concept
• SocDev is about improving the
well-being of every individual in
society so they can reach their full
potential.
• The success of society is linked to
the well-being of each and every
citizen.
Emerging Social Development Concept
• SocDev is investing in people.
• It is about refusing to accept that
people who live in poverty will
always be poor.
• It is about helping people so they
can move forward on their path to
self-sufficiency.
Emerging Social Development Concept
• Social Development focuses on the need to
“put people first” in development processes.
Poverty is more than low income – it is also
about vulnerability, exclusion, unaccountable
institutions, powerlessness, and exposure to
violence.
• Social Development promotes social inclusion
of the poor and vulnerable by empowering
people, building cohesive and resilient
societies, and making institutions accessible
and accountable to citizens. (Worldbank)
POVERTY
• 1995:United Nations adopted two
definitions of poverty.
 Absolute Poverty
 Overall Poverty
Poverty
• Absolute poverty was defined as:
A condition characterized by severe
deprivation of basic human needs,
including food, safe drinking water,
sanitation facilities, health, shelter,
education and information. It depends
not only on income but also on access to
services.
Poverty
• Overall poverty takes various forms, including:
Lack of income and productive resources
to ensure sustainable livelihoods; hunger and
malnutrition; ill health; limited or lack of access to
education and other basic services; increased
morbidity and mortality from illness;
homelessness and inadequate housing; unsafe
environments and social discrimination and
exclusion. It is also characterized by lack of
participation in decision making and in civil,
social and cultural life.
Poverty
• Occurs in all countries
• as mass poverty in many developing countries,
• pockets of poverty amid wealth in developed
countries
• loss of livelihoods as a result of economic
recession
• sudden poverty as a result of disaster or conflict
• the poverty of low-wage workers, and
• the utter destitution of people who fall outside
family support systems, social institutions and
safety nets.
AmBisyon 2040
MATATAG, MAGINHAWA AT PANATAG NA BUHAY
TO LAY DOWN THE FOUNDATION FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH, A HIGH-TRUST
SOCIETY, AND A GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
“MALASAKIT”
ENHANCING THE
SOCIAL FABRIC
Ensure people-centered,
clean, and efficient
governance
Pursue swift and fair
administration of justice
Promote Philippine
culture and values
Ensure peace and
security
“PATULOY NA PAG-UNLAD”
INCREASING GROWTH
POTENTIAL
“PAGBABAGO”
INEQUALITY-REDUCING
TRANSFORMATION
Increase
access
to economic
opportunities
Expand
economic
opportunities
Promote
technology
adoption
Stimulate
innovation
IMPLEMENT STRATEGIC TRADE AND FISCAL POLICY, MAINTAIN
MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, PROMOTE COMPETITION
Accelerate
human
capital
development
Accelerate strategic
infrastructure
development
Reduce
vulnerability
of individuals
Ensure safety and
build resilience
Maximize demographic
dividend
Ensure ecological
integrity, clean and
healthy environment
• AmBisyon Natin 2040 represents the
collective long-term vision and
aspirations of the Filipino people for
themselves and for the country in the
next 25 years.
• It describes the kind of life that people
want to live, and how the country will
be by 2040.
• As such, it is an anchor for
development planning across at least
four administrations.
• AmBisyon Natin 2040 is a picture of the
future, a set of life goals and goals for
the country. It is like a destination that
answers the question “Where do we
want to be?”
• AmBisyon Natin 2040 is the result of a
long-term visioning process that began
in 2015. More than 300 citizens
participated in focus group discussions
and close to 10,000 answered the
national survey.
The Life We Want
Matatag
•
•
Living together with family
Time with family and friends
(work/life balance)
Maginhawa
•
•
•
•
Freedom from hunger
and poverty
Guaranteed mobility
Secure home ownership
Travel and vacation
opportunities
Panatag
•
Security of place
•
Resources adequate for dayto-day needs and unexpected
expenses
Passive income during
retirement
•
3.9
An overwhelming majority of
Filipinos aspire for a simple
and comfortable life…
%
Life of the Rich
16.9
%
Prosperous or
79.2
A ffluent Life
%
Simple and Comfortable Life
30
What is a “simple and comfortable” life ?
Own at least
one car
Have enough
money for dayto-day needs
Own a
medium-sized
home
Decent work
All children are
college-educated
Relax with
family and
friends
Business
owner
Able to take
occasional trips
around the country
What is a “simple and comfortable” life ?
P 120,000
Gross Monthly Family
Income
25,000
5,000
Own one car
10,000
Income Tax
All children are
college-educated
40,000
Have enough
money for day-today needs
30,000
Own a mediumsized home
4,000
Relax with family
and friends
6,000
Able to take occasional
trips around the
country
Vision for the Country:
Hunger, local employment and poverty are the main
socioeconomic issues that should be addressed
No one is hungry
64
All Filipinos have a chance for adequate jobs....
51
No one is poor
50
Everyone can get treatment when sick
50
38
All Filipino families have their own house
36
Everyone has modern lifestyle
The country is a world leader in science
Base: Total Interviews unwtd/wtd (10000/10000)
17
10
Eradication of corruption is the most important aspect of
governance that should be addressed
Eradication of Corruption
82
16 11
98
2
96
Fair enforcement of the law
76
22
2
98
2
96
Fast and easy processes
74
24
2
98
2
96
Order and Safety in the...
72
26
21
97
3
94
Fast response towards...
72
25
21
97
3
94
21
97
3
94
Enough avenues to be able...
Slightly important
Base: Total Interviews unwtd/wtd (10000/10000)
69
Slightly not important
28
Definitely not important
From vision to action
20292034
20232028
20172022
20352040
• Requires strong ownership and buy-in by
stakeholders and the country’s leaders over
the next 25 years
• Each plan must build on previous plan, not
change it unnecessarily
• Needs and preferences may change over
time
• Unexpected developments may arise (e.g.
climate, science & technology)
35
10-POINT SOCIO- ECONOMIC
AGENDA
1. Continue and maintain current macroeconomic
policies, including fiscal, monetary, and trade policies.
2. Institute progressive tax reform and more effective tax
collection, indexing taxes to inflation.
3. Increase competitiveness and the ease of doing
business.
4. Accelerate annual infrastructure spending to account
for 5% of GDP, with Public-Private Partnerships playing
a key role.
5. Promote rural and value chain development toward
increasing agricultural and rural enterprise
productivity and rural tourism.
10-POINT SOCIO- ECONOMIC
AGENDA
6. Ensure security of land tenure to encourage
investments, and address bottlenecks in land
management and titling agencies.
7. Invest in human capital development, including
health and education systems, and match skills and
training.
8. Promote science, technology, and the creative arts
to enhance innovation and creative capacity.
9. Improve social protection programs, including the
government's Conditional Cash Transfer program.
10. Strengthen implementation of the Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health Law.
EMERGING 10++ SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
1. Promote rural development to ensure food selfsufficiency;
2. Ensure access to land and property through
democratization & post-land distribution support;
3. Enhance broad-based, sustainable livelihood and
employment that are sector-specific and areabased;
4. Promote accessible, inclusive, nationalist, allencompassing and rights-based education;
5. Develop a culture-sensitive development
program that advances artistic expression and
strengthens Filipino Identity and Nationalism;
EMERGING 10++ SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
6. Encourage continuity of Peace Process and provide
development and protection in conflict-related areas in
the attainment of lasting peace;
7. Promote government accountability for community
empowerment, resiliency, safety and sustainability;
8. Ensure universal health care to basic social services,
especially heath care and education;
9. Invest heavily in human capital for health and education
systems; and
10. Uphold rights to self-determination of IPs, Bangsamoro
and other peoples.
Vision for Country
“By 2040, the Philippines shall be a prosperous,
predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor.
Our people will enjoy long and healthy lives, are smart and
innovative, and will live in a high-trust society”
Understanding Youth’s Role to Achieving
Sustainable Development Goals
“Connected to each other like
never before, young people want to
and already contribute to the resilience
of their communities, proposing
innovative solutions, driving social
progress and inspiring political
change.”
Youth and the SDG
“They are also agents of
change, mobilizing to advance
the Sustainable Development
Goals to improve the lives of
people and the health of the
planet.”
Youth and the SDG
• 1.8 billion people between the ages of 10-24
• 25 % of the global population, with 87 % of
this youth population residing in developing
countries
• Largest generation of youth in history.
• Close to 90 % live in developing countries.
• Expected to grow—between 2015 and 2030
alone, about 1.9 billion young people are
projected to turn 15 years old
Youth and the SDG
• Youth can be a driving force for supporting
development and contributing to peace and security.
• Youth-led organizations need to be empowered in
translating the 2030 Agenda into local, national and
regional policy.
• They play a significant role in the implementation,
monitoring and review of the Agenda and in holding
governments accountable.
• With political commitment and adequate resources,
the youth have the potential to make the most
effective transformation of the world into a better
place for all.
The UN and the Youth
• Building on its global convening role,
the United Nations is uniquely placed
to act as a source of protection and
support for young people, and a
platform through which their needs can
be addressed, their voice can be
amplified, and their engagement can
be advanced.
The UN and the Youth
• The UN recognizes young people as
rights-holders, and promotes and
facilitates transparency, accountability,
and responsiveness from
governments, international
organizations and others toward young
people.
Roles for Youth and the SDGs
• Critical thinkers:
Part of being young involves
making sense of personal experiences
and asking questions about the world
around them. Youth have the capacity to
identify and challenge existing power
structures and barriers to change, and to
expose contradictions and biases
Roles for Youth and the SDGs
• Change-makers:
Young people also have the power
to act and mobilize others. Youth
activism is on the rise the world over,
bolstered by broader connectivity and
access to social media.
Roles for Youth and the SDGs
• Innovators:
In addition to bringing fresh
perspectives, young people often have
direct knowledge of and insights into
issues that are not accessible to adults.
Youth best understand the problems they
face and can offer new ideas and
alternative solutions.
Roles for Youth and the SDGs
• Communicators:
Outside the international development
sector, few people are aware that world
leaders have come to a historic, far-reaching
agreement to improve the lives of people and
the planet by 2030. Young people can be
partners in communicating the development
agenda to their peers and communities at the
local level, as well as across countries and
regions.
Roles for Youth and the SDGs
• Leaders:
When young people are
empowered with the knowledge of their
rights and equipped with leadership skills,
they can drive change in their
communities and countries.
Youth and the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development
• World Youth Report on
“Youth and the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable
Development”,
prepared by the United
Nations Department of
Economic and Social
Affairs (UN DESA)
Youth and the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development
• “…mutually supportive roles of the
new agenda and current youth
development efforts.”
• provides insight into the role of
young people in sustainable
development in the context of the
implementation of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable
Development and related
frameworks.
Youth and the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development
• considers the role the 2030 Agenda
can play in enhancing youth
development efforts.
• examines how evidence-based
youth policies can help accelerate
youth-related objectives.
• explores the critical role of young
people in the implementation of
sustainable development efforts at
all levels.
Advancing Youth Development
• The active engagement of youth in
sustainable development efforts is
central to achieving sustainable,
inclusive and stable societies by
2030, and to averting the worst
threats and challenges to
sustainable development, including
the impacts of climate change,
unemployment, poverty, gender
inequality, conflict, and migration.
Why young people are key to
achieving the SDGs?
• The goals established that young
people are a driving force for
development – but only if they
are provided with the skills and
opportunities needed to reach
their potential, support
development and contribute to
peace and security.
Why young people are key to
achieving the SDGs?
• One way of doing this would be by
implementing an economic
citizenship strategy for children
and youth.
• It would help national policymakers and leading youth-serving
organizations achieve many of the
SDGs and sub-targets in the drive
to create a viable economic and
social system for the future.
What is economic citizenship?
• An emerging concept in the field of
development, economic citizenship
refers to “economic and civic
engagement to promote sustainable
livelihoods, sustainable economic and
financial well-being, a reduction in
poverty and rights for self and others”.
• An environment where every citizen has
the opportunity and the capacity to
exercise his or her economic, social and
cultural rights”.
Economic Citizenship
Economic citizenship has the potential to improve
economic and social well-being, increase economic and social
engagement, enhance understanding of and respect for basic rights,
reduce income and asset poverty, and lead to sustainable livelihoods
for children and youth.
Main Pillars of Economic Citizenship
1.
2.
3.
4.
Financial inclusion is access to safe,
appropriate, and affordable financial services.
Financial education includes instruction and/or
materials designed to increase financial
knowledge and skills.
Social education is the provision of knowledge
and skills that improve an individual’s
understanding and awareness of their rights
and the rights of others.
Livelihood education builds one’s ability to
secure a sustainable livelihood through skills
assessment and a balance between developing
entrepreneurial and employability skills
• Youth Campaigns
http://www.nottooyoungtorun.org/
• We believe that if you’re old enough to vote,
you’re old enough to run for office.
• 73% of countries restrict young people from
running for office, even when they can vote.
Population and Aging in Asia:
The Growing Elderly Population
Asia’s elderly population is
projected to reach nearly 923 million by
the middle of this century. As a result,
the region is on track in the next few
decades to become one of the oldest in
the world.
Over the coming decades Asia
will rapidly age, governments must
prepare for this reality.
Asia is on track to have the
oldest population in the
world in next few decades.
 The proportion of people aged 60
and over is projected to grow in all
Asian countries with Japan and
South Korea aging faster than
their neighbors.
 Laos will remain the youngest
nation in Asia.
 Japan has the largest population
of elderly people at 33.1 %.
 South Korea is growing older
faster than any other country. The
older population is projected to
grow from 18.5 percent to 31.4
percent by 2030.
 Thailand is the third rapidly aging
country in Asia. Thailand’s
population is projected to grow by
26.9 percent by 2030 which means
one out of four Thais will be a
senior citizen.
China’s one-child policy has
resulted in the
demographic transition the
Japan way.
The aged population is
Analysts: Negative impact on
projected to grow from 15.
China’s growing economy as
2 percent to 25. 3 percent.
the workforce will shrink faster
than its overall population
 Sri Lanka: 5th rapidly growing population
of older people in Asia.
 Vietnam: aging quickly with 17.5 % people
projected to be old by 2030 which means
1/3 of total population would be old.
Vietnam has proposed two child solution
and increasing retirement age to increase
the labor force in order to deal with
burden of the aging population.
 India remains a young nation; has
currently 8.9 % of older
population. 2030: 12.5 % of the
population that will be old.
 In 2008 India revised the scheme
for older people to provide nursing
care centers and respite care
homes.
 Nepal will have 10. 8 % older
population by 2030
 The Philippines and Bangladesh
will see an increase to 10.3 and
11.5 respectively.
 Cambodia, Pakistan and Mongolia
will have an increase in older
population by 10.4, 8.4 and 11.9
respectively.
 Laos will remain the youngest
nation in Asia and is estimated to
have just 8.1 percent population
aged 60 and over by 2030.
“Asia's worst aging fears begin to come true:
Policymakers in South Korea, China and
Japan stare into demographic abyss”
A nursing home in Japan:
Social security outlays have
ballooned over the past two
decades, forcing the government
to borrow to sustain the system.
(Photo by Akira Kodaka)
The Gray Abyss
 The Asian century is going to be gray.
 Aging populations - to fundamentally change societies,
business strategies and government policies.
 Trend could tilt the regional and global power balance, as
some economies are stunted while others continue to grow on
the back of still-plentiful labor.
How does
aging
population
affect the
economy?
 Population ageing is harmful for economic
growth; leads to a shrink in the workforce
relative to total population.
 Direct effect of population ageing through
labor market participation
 Rise in social security tax on the
workforce as the dependency ratio rises
 Increase in labor income tax in Asia given
the projected demographic transition.
Population ageing could lead to an
increase in government consumption due
to the rise in the demand for health care.
Singapore-based Asia Pacific Risk Center:
 Asia's population is ageing faster than
anywhere in the world; the swelling
ranks of the elderly will cost the region
$20 trillion in healthcare by 2030
 Health systems, businesses and families
across Asia-Pacific will come under huge
pressure as some 200 million people
pass the age of 65 by then.
 Yearly spending on caring for the elderly
is expected to reach $2.5 billion—five
times the cost in 2015
“Low fertility eventually
leads to too few people of workingage in a population—creating an
insufficient support ratio for catchup with advanced economies...
Fertility affects the support
ratio with a time lag and complex
dynamics.”
Strategies for Providing Social
Protection to All
What is SOCIAL PROTECTION?
ADB:
Social protection is defined as the set of
policies and programs designed to
reduce poverty and vulnerability by
promoting efficient labor markets,
diminishing people’s exposure to risks,
and enhancing their capacity to protect
themselves against hazards and
interruption/loss of income.
(https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutionaldocument/32100/social-protection.pdf)
Defining social protection
• “Social safety net” and “social security”
• “Social safety net” appears to have a less
precise meaning; some people use it to
mean the whole set of programs and
policies/strategies of social protection;
welfare programs targeted to the poor.
• “Social security” is generally used to refer
to the comprehensive mechanisms and
coverage in high-income countries, and is
less applicable to new areas such as
community and area based schemes.
(ADB)
• ADB:
The Asia and Pacific
Region has half of the world’s
population. Of the total 3.1
billion, 900 million are poor
(30%), 1.2 billion are children
and youth (40%) and 1.8 billion
live in rural areas (60%).
These populations are
highly vulnerable. Social
Protection systems should be
built to address these needs.
Social Protection: Concepts/Definitions
Concerned with protecting and helping those
who are poor, vulnerable, marginalized or dealing
with risks.
Vulnerable groups helped by social protection
include poor children, women, older people, and
people living with disabilities, as well as the
displaced, the unemployed, and the sick.
Social Protection: Concepts/Definitions
Social protection is commonly
understood as ‘all public and private initiatives
that provide income or consumption transfers
to the poor, protect the vulnerable against
livelihood risks and enhance the social status
and rights of the marginalized; with the overall
objective of reducing the economic and social
vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and
marginalized groups’ (Devereux & SabatesWheeler, 2004: i). https://gsdrc.org/topicguides/social-protection/what-is-social-protection/
Objectives of Social Protection
• The objectives of social protection vary
widely, from:
 reducing poverty and vulnerability
 building human capital
 empowering women
 improving livelihoods, and
 responding to economic and other
shocks.
• There is a great deal of variation in social
protection approach, composition, and
implementation.
(UNDP, 2016: 14)
Social Protection Frameworks
Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler (2004): most commonly
used conceptual framework/ 4 social protection
functions:
1. Protective: providing relief from deprivation (e.g.
income benefits, state pensions);
2. Preventative: averting deprivation (e.g. social
insurance, savings clubs);
3. Promotive: enhancing incomes and capabilities
(e.g. inputs, public works); and
4. Transformative: social equity and inclusion,
empowerment, and rights (e.g. labor laws).
Social protection and the Sustainable
Development Goals:
Source: BMZ (2017), adapted by DFID; UN (2015)
Social Protection for All
• Social protection systems must meet
three basic conditions if they are to
leave no one behind:
1. they must provide universal coverage;
2. be accessible to all, and
3. offer sufficient benefits to ensure
income security
Social Protection for All –
Universal Coverage
• United Nations Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:
“All persons should be covered
by the social security system,
especially individuals belonging to the
most disadvantaged and marginalized
groups, without discrimination on any
of the grounds prohibited under
article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights”.
Social protection coverage of
disadvantaged social groups
• Attributes such as age, gender, disability,
origin, ethnicity and race continue to
exacerbate the risk of being left behind in rich
and poor countries.
• Children, persons with disabilities, migrants,
members of ethnic or racial minorities and
indigenous peoples are at higher risk of
poverty than other groups.
• The income security of most older persons is
at risk once they leave the labor market.
• Lack of job
opportunities puts
young people at
high risk of poverty
as well, with great
costs for societies in
terms of wasted
human and
productive
potential.
• More data will be needed to ensure that everyone
is adequately covered by social protection systems.
• Cross-country data on access to other programs—
such as unemployment benefits for persons with
disabilities or households with children—is largely
lacking.
• Information on social protection coverage by race,
ethnicity, indigenous or migrant status is scant.
• Data on the coverage of young people are also
lacking.
• Information base on what appear to be largely
underserved groups of the population needs to be
improved
• Access to social protection varies significantly
between social groups but also between
countries, including those with similar income
levels or in the same region.
• For example, the proportion of older persons
who received a pension was estimated at 52
per cent in Ecuador but at only 19 per cent in
Peru in 2016, even though the two countries
have similar GDP per capita. Likewise, 100 per
cent of persons with disabilities receive
disability benefits in Mongolia, compared
with 3 per cent in the Philippines (ILO,
2017a).
• Women lag systematically behind in terms of
access to social protection across all
groups/countries. The disadvantages they face,
including in the labor market, curtail their
entitlements and hinder their effective coverage.
• Workers in the informal sector are insufficiently
covered by social protection, or not covered at all.
• Many other people—from members of ethnic
minorities with disabilities to homeless migrants
and people living in the most extreme poverty—
suffer from overlapping disadvantages.
Impact of Social
Protection
• Social protection is fundamental for
achieving the SDGs. Despite gaps in
coverage, social protection systems are
crucial to keeping people out of poverty
and helping them to escape poverty.
• They have also contributed to gains in
health and education among beneficiaries
and helped to reduce income inequality.
• Transfers/Interventions are often too small or
too short in duration to make a lasting difference
in the lives of recipients.
• Some social protection schemes can also
reinforce exclusion.
• Example: Disability benefits for persons of
working age that are linked to their capacity to
work can create disincentives for participating in
the labor market and thereby perpetuate
dependency.
• Targeted transfers can
result in improvements in
income and overall
economic wellbeing while,
in some cases, generating
community discord or
inducing a sense of
shame among recipients.
• Progress towards meeting SDG targets should
therefore be faster among individuals and
population groups that are currently lagging
behind—that is, gaps in well-being should be
closing.
• While there is ample evidence of the effects
of social protection on well-being, the
empirical literature says little about its impact
on inequalities between social groups.
• Not all individuals and social groups benefit
equally from social protection systems.
Inclusive social protection systems:
policy implications
• Social protection is but one of the
policy tools needed to combat poverty
and inequality, improve people’s wellbeing and facilitate the participation of
individuals and groups that are
excluded.
• Measures to promote access to land,
credit and other productive resources, to
ensure equal access to housing, and to
foster fair inheritance rights, full legal
capacity and access to justice by poor
women and men, are also critical for social
inclusion.
• Entitlement to contributory schemes is often
conditional on participation in the formal
labor market, putting them beyond the reach
of some members of society.
• First-time jobseekers, such as young people
and recently arrived migrant workers, are
unlikely to be covered by unemployment
insurance.
• Women, who bear a disproportionate share of
unpaid care and domestic work, are less often
covered by contributory schemes as well.
• Embedding social protection programs in
strong legal frameworks, as called for at the
World Summit for Social Development, helps
to secure long-term funding and institutional
stability for a comprehensive social protection
system (ILO, 2016e; Devereux, 2011).
 In contrast, absence of
strong legal and
institutional frameworks
puts the political and fiscal
sustainability of social
protection programs at risk
(Sepúlveda and Nyst, 2012;
European Commission,
2015d).
 Changes in political
priorities or fluctuations in
external funding can pose a
greater threat to
programes that are not
embedded in national
legislation than those that
Improving accessibility –
complementing universal schemes with
special measures
• Even in a policy framework grounded in
universalism, certain segments of the
population face greater challenges than
others in overcoming poverty and social
exclusion.
• Children, young people, older persons,
persons with disabilities, international
migrants and ethnic minorities and
indigenous peoples face barriers to
accessing even universal social protection
schemes.
• The effectiveness of conditions varies greatly depending on how
and in what context conditional transfers are implemented.
• Crucial factor for success is the existence of goodquality and appropriate public services (Barrientos and
others, 2013).
• Encouraging school attendance is unlikely to result in
improved educational outcomes if there are no schools
in the areas where potential beneficiaries live or if the
quality of education is low.
• Moreover, if employment prospects are poor, even
improvements in health and education may fail to
break the poverty cycle.
• Social protection systems require
strong coordination in order to
be effective.
• One institution must take charge
of overall coordination. It must
have the capacity to manage
and implement a social
protection system and enough
political influence to secure
resources and ensure that the
system is prioritized.
• Much can be done to simplify complex
and lengthy administrative procedures,
reduce paperwork and avoid
overlapping systems. Procedures that
require a high degree of literacy or time
investment tend to exclude those who
are most in need of support.
• The role of intermediaries should also
be curbed. They can make arbitrary
decisions on who may or may not have
access to support.
• Lack of beneficiary
participation in the design
or delivery of a scheme
results in unnecessary
barriers to access.
• Participation and
consultation are critical to
ensuring that such barriers
are identified and removed.
Providing sufficient benefits to ensure
income security - Sustainable financing
for social protection
• A critical factor for the establishment and
expansion of successful social protection
systems is sustainable funding.
• Social protection is usually financed from
a combination of sources: tax and other
revenue, contributions from employees
and employers, private savings and—in
some developing countries—development
assistance.
No “one size fits all” template for successful social protection
systems. Common elements that can improve outcomes:
Detailed and frequent monitoring and evaluation
Close coordination of systems at the policy, program,
and administrative levels.
Adoption of a single registry management information
Innovative outreach activities to improve access to
services
Strong governance and coordination among government
agencies.
Benefit portability to extend coverage to migrant
workers
The MARAWI Relief Effort
“Ladies and gentlemen, I hereby declare
Marawi City liberated from the terrorist
influence that marks the beginning of the
rehabilitation for the people.”
-
Pres. Rodrigo R. Duterte (Oct.17, 2017)
Overview: The Siege of Marawi
 The Islamic City of Marawi is the capital of the
province of Lanao del Sur, one of five provinces of the
former Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM.
 With a population of around 201,785 (PSA, 2015), it
is the largest urban center in the ARMM. It is a center
of commercial activities and institutional services
that attract many to find work and settle in the City.
 The siege of Marawi City is part of a
prolonged conflict that has exacerbated
the socio-economic conditions in the
conflict-affected areas.
 Lanao del Sur has long been the
epicenter of conflict between multiple
groups and clans, often resulting from
competition over access to and control
of land and resources.
 Lanao del Sur has the highest incidence of poverty among
all provinces in the Philippines: 71.9% of the population
living below the annual per capita poverty threshold of
about $442.8 (P22,802) in 2015 compared with 53.7% for
the entire region of ARMM and 21.6% nationally.
 This extreme poverty combined with land dispossession,
social exclusion, and constrained access to basic services
exacerbated the long-standing conflicts, including the
Bangsamoro struggle for self-determination, led by MILF
and MNLF, and the struggle of the Communist Party of the
Philippines-NPA.
Task Force Bangon Marawi
 Administrative Order No. 3 established the
TFBM.
 Post-Conflict Needs Assessment (PCNA) to
inform the formulation of the Bangon Marawi
Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Recovery
Plan.
 National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC), through its
secretariat, the Office of Civil Defense,
coordinated the activities related to the PCNA.
Human Impact
 Massive displacement of communities.
 Total of 369,196 individuals were displaced.
 Internally displaced persons (IDPs) were brought
to emergency shelters; home-based arrangements.
 Casualties and injuries: Government reports 168
casualties from the government forces; 114
civilians; 270 unidentified individuals; and 924
from the rebel forces. Around 88 individuals were
also reported missing by their relatives.
Immediate Disaster Relief
 In response to the emergency needs of the IDPs,
the Government has initially allocated $93.8
million (P5.0 billion) budget in over 100 shelters.
 Over 100 organizations, both local and
international, have extended assistance to attend
to the massive humanitarian needs of the
displaced.
 National government agencies also mobilized to
provide psycho-social and medical services to
the IDPs.
IDPs concerns:
 Unsatisfactory delivery of services in the evacuation
centers
 Poor quality of facilities (e.g., limited comfort rooms, poor
solid waste management, etc.)
 Non-issuance of disaster family access cards to extended
families and single parents
 Irregular provision of health service to far-flung evacuation
centers, and
 Non-equitable distribution of relief goods/assistance to
families, regardless of size.
 Emergency shelters are also not designed to meet specific
cultural needs, such as the segregation of males and
females.
Due to the large displacement
caused by the siege, the internally
displaced persons (IDPs) numbered
to a total of 369,921 individuals
(equivalent to around 77,170
families)
'Kambalingan'- a
maranao term which means
returning/ homecoming.
The return date for the
residents outside the 24 most
affected barangays was made
possible through the
collaborative implementation
of “Kambalingan
“Kathanor”, an
Internally Displaced Person
(IDP) profiling with a biometric
feature to identify bona fide
displaced individuals, their
original homes, their family
members and the
programs/services they have
availed themselves of from the
government and nongovernment interventions.
KAWIYAGAN.
A Maranao term means
livelihood, TFBM
Subcommittee on Business
and Livelihood in partnership
with humanitarian
organizations provide
livelihood assistance and
business intervention to the
displaced families of Marawi
City affected by the siege.