Architecture Department
College of Engineering / University of Sulaimani
Vernacular Architecture (MSc)
Review Article:
An Analytical Study of Building Elements affected by Natural lighting in
Vernacular Architecture
By
Tablo Hassan Radha
Supervisor
Dr. Banaz Nasaldeen Muhealdeen
Academic Year 2020-2021
Architecture Department
College of Engineering / University of Sulaimani
An Analytical Study of Building Elements affected by Natural lighting in
Vernacular Architecture
Abstract
This study seeks to analyze the building elements affected by natural day lighting in vernacular
architecture. Through investigating on the natural lighting effect, in shaping different types of
building elements from form, size and frequency of usage in different climate zones of middle
est. Through, the wide revision of literature in this aspect a problem can be addressed which
is analyzing the whole façade in general and not each element separately for this reason,
this paper aims to provide an insight on the building elements that both provide and control
natural lighting energy such as (openings and courtyards) as well as (shading devices and
vegetation) in some vernacular buildings of different climate zones of middle east, beside
analyzing their characteristics. From the results of this review its clear that natural lighting has
a direct effect on the form and size of building elements, as well as there are some other factors
such as socio- cultural, building material, and religious that affect building elements, however,
has been addresses secondary and not been discussed in this review.
Key words: Natural lighting, daylight in different climate zone, natural lighting building
elements, daylight control elements.
Research Structure
Research problem
Most literatures related to the classification of building elements affected by natural lighting,
are not discussing each element separately. And take the whole façade of the building to
analyze.
Research aim
The research aims to classify and analyze the building elements that provide and/or prevent
natural lighting of vernacular architecture in different climate zones of middle east. To establish
a wider understanding on these elements, and identify the effect of natural lighting on their
formal characteristic.
Research Hypothesis
Natural lighting affects the formation of each building element, and in consequence this affects
the main vernacular form of the building.
1
Introduction
Traditionally when the building envelope was the major aspect man used to defend himself
from a severe climate in the past, he had to rely on passive energy, which is the utilization of
natural energy sources in buildings for environmental, healthy, and economical reasons. In
order to construct a building, the orientation of that building to the sun must be thoroughly
investigated in terms of specifying the location of the sun at each hour of the day in all days
and seasons, particularly during the summer. As well as taking into account the sun radiation
reflected off nearby structures and surfaces, or with holding its reach, which adds to the creation
of a unique microclimate. As a result, finding the ideal direction to best harness the sun's energy
is critical. Through techniques known as passive design, the Vernacular settlers constructed
their homes to adjust to their specific climate. The utilization of natural qualities such as the
sun, wind, and natural laws of physics to provide low energy costs, decreased maintenance,
and improved comfort are all examples of passive design concepts. The subject of this paper
based on analyzing those elements that are used to adjust the buildings with the natural energy
of sunlight, the elements are divided in to two categories: those which provide sunlight such as
openings and courtyards. And the second category consist of the elements that control the
sunlight penetration to the dwellings such as shading devises and vegetation. In the analytical
part of this paper each element is been discussed separately, then a comparison is been made
between the elements in different climate zones of middle east, from the aspects of formal
characteristics of each element, and the results are presented in comparison tables. This paper
is a humble effort in categorizing the daylight elements in the mentioned climate zone.
However, a similar clear classification is not presented in the previous literature on vernacular
architecture. Thus, the results of this classification can show that there is a considerable
similarity in the usage techniques and the formal character of each element among identical
climate zones, however, in some examples there is also differentiation in the same climate
zone, depending on socio- cultural, religious and other factors that affect the shape of
vernacular architecture in different regions as well as such factors have influence on the
separate building elements that have been presented in this paper.
1
Literature Review
The literature review in this paper can be divided in to two categories, the first are those
literature which discuss the role of natural lighting in vernacular architecture from the view
point of energy efficiency, the second category are those who discuss the building elements in
relation with climate, socio-cultural, and available building materials in different climate zones
of middle east countries, and their relation with the formal characteristics of vernacular
architecture in this regions. The studied references are plenty only few of them has been
presented and reviewed in this paper.
1.1 The book of “Natural energy and vernacular architecture: principles
and examples with reference to hot arid climates”(Fathy, 1986).this book
discusses all the natural energy sources, their influence on architecture specifically of
vernacular architecture, in hot dry climates of Mediterranean regions. As well as the
influence of these resources on energy efficiency and user comfort. The book has covered
all the natural energy sources, it contains analytical studies on building orientation in
experiment and in detail, as well as wind direction, sun path and calculations for optimum
results. In relation to this paper, this book works as a guideline for analyzing all the
elements of both allowance and controlling the natural lighting energy. The
classification of those elements in this paper are according to this reference.
2
1.2
The study of “Formal characteristics of vernacular architecture in
Erbil city and other Iraqi cities”(Ahmed et al., 2008).This study discusses the
form of vernacular architecture in Erbil and other cities in Iraq, as well as analyzing the
architectural elements of the Kurdish and Iraqi vernacular architecture. However, the
analysis in this study is not in detail, and only discusses the examples superficially, but
the classification of the elements can be of a use in this article. In relation to this paper’s
research problem, the study can relate preferable, the categorization of the
elevation elements including windows and parapet patterns are been presented in
this paper’s result section, only the examples are few and the discussion is rather
superficial.
1.3
The study of “Passive Design Strategies in Architecture”(Womeldorf,
2016).This study discusses the passive design strategies over history, the techniques that
are used in different climate zones to adapt with climate and use the natural energy
sources. The example in this paper is of a modern house that have been rebuilt according
to vernacular passive design. Beside sunlight, ventilation is a of a major subject in this
study the passive techniques of ventilation in different climate zones, such as Iranian
passive techniques using Malgaf, and other regions also are presented that the paper did
not cover. In relation with this paper’s research problem the passive strategies for
using day lighting are been presented as well as the daylight control strategies such
as vegetation or landscaping are displayed. The paper is more about passive energy
strategies for this reason the examples are not display in this paper.
1.4 The study of “Control of daylight and natural ventilation in traditional
architecture of Ghadames, Libya”(Alabid et al., 2015).This study examines
passive control strategies used in traditional Ghadames homes that significantly improve
indoor thermal and visual comfort. In a hostile setting, designing for natural ventilation
and daylighting is more difficult. The study includes a field surveys that included
indoor/outdoor temperature measurements as well as direct semi-structured interviews
and questionnaires to investigate residents' thermal feelings. In relation to this paper’s
research problem the mentioned passive techniques in the houses are been
presented, but for the examples because it is not the same region that this paper
identifies, the examples of this study are not presented and only is works as a
reference for the theoretical parts of this paper.
1.5 The study of “Towards low energy buildings through vernacular
architecture of Arab cities”(Salah Badr, 2013). The goal of this study is to
determine the impact of Arab city vernacular architecture on modern buildings and to
encourage building construction systems that are low in energy emissions. For this
reason, vernacular architectural elements of some Arabic cities have been presented, and
a comparison between them have been made, to select the most useful element for energy
efficient buildings have been discussed, and the possibility in applying the in modern
architecture has been explained. In addition, some of the examples are traditional
architecture of the Arab cities, as well as it contains modern examples as well, only the
vernacular ones are presented in this paper. In relation to this paper’s research
problem the examined formal features include the elements that are the main
subject of this paper.
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Main concepts related to title
Revised
literature
(Fathy, 1986)
(Ahmed et al.,
2008)
(Womeldorf,
2016)
(Salah Badr,
2013)
(Daneshyar,
2017)
(Fernandes et
al., 2014)
(Şen et al.,
2010)
(Hendren,
2013)
(Alabid et al.,
2015)
(Raof et al.,
2020)
(Bera, 2019)
(Zhai&Previtali
, 2010)
(ERARSLAN
Assoc, 2003)
(Michael et al.,
2017)
(Alex, 2010)
Type of
referenc
e
Book
Natural
lighting
Window
openings
The
Claustrum
Courtyard
AlMashrabiyah
vegetation
Journal
article
Journal
article
Journal
article
Confere
nce
paper
Journal
article
Journal
article
Master
thesis
Journal
article
Journal
article
Journal
article
Journal
article
Book
Journal
article
Journal
article
Table.1 literature review in relation with topic main subject. Produced by(researcher)
2
Research methodology
This paper discusses the natural lighting elements in vernacular architecture based on the
Factor of climate. For this reason, the study can be divided in to two parts the first: is a
theoretical frame work discussing the role of daylighting and discussing the architectural
elements related to this aspect. The second part is a result and discussion section based on the
revised literature and examples of different vernacular architecture elements in different
climate zones comparison and similarity made among them from the aspect of formal
characteristic of these elements only.
2.1 Natural lighting
The sun is, without a doubt, the source of natural daylight. It can be obtained by allowing sunray
access into the spaces through openings in the building envelope. Despite the fact that the sun has
many advantages, including lighting and heating, it also promotes a healthier atmosphere for
occupants by destroying microorganisms. However, if not properly managed, it may cause
overheating in the summer(Hendren, 2013). Although, it has been stated Daylight is defined as a
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combination of direct sunshine and diffused skylight. Direct sunlight, sky components (diffuse
skylight), exterior reflection components (reflected light by ground or barriers), and interior
reflection components all influence the amount of daylight that enters buildings through various
openings (walls, floor, ceiling and other internal surfaces(Fitriaty et al., 2019). The design of
windows and shading devices has a direct impact on the amount of naturally obtained lighting
through the direct and indirect solar ray controlling(Hendren, 2013) Daylighting solutions are
dependent on the availability of natural light, which is controlled by the building site's latitude
and the immediate surrounding conditions, such as the presence of barriers. The determination
of seasonal, predominant climate conditions, as well as daylighting tactics, are all influenced
by climate. A basic stage in daylight design is to consider the ambient temperature and
likelihood of sunshine(Michael et al., 2017).
2.2 Day light effect on buildings in different climate zones
Because of the diverse temperature patterns in these diverse locales, architecture varies greatly
from region to region. Native societies were well-versed in their local climate, allowing them
to build their houses to maximize natural processes(Womeldorf, 2016). Climate change, in
particular, has observable influence on architectural forms. As one travels closer to the equator,
for example, the percentage of window to wall area decreases. People in hot climates avoid the
sun's glare and heat, as seen by the shrinking size of windows. Deep loggias, projecting
balconies, and overhangs cast long shadows on the walls of buildings can be seen in Egypt,
Iraq, India, and Pakistan. Large apertures are filled with wooden or marble lattices that block
the sun's glare while allowing the breeze to flow through(Fathy, 1986). Arab cities, according
to Sahar, share comparable construction traits in their traditional architecture since they are
located in comparable geographical regions and experience similar climate influences(Salah
Badr, 2013) Another evidence is from traditional Persian architecture employs a unique way
of temperature regulation in their structures. The climate of central Iran has a significant daynight temperature difference, ranging from cool to extremely hot, and the air is highly dry
throughout the day.(Womeldorf, 2016). The architecture of hot zones is characterized by such
arrangements, which suggest comfort as well as aesthetic satisfaction with man's obvious
efforts to shelter himself from severe heat(Fathy, 1986).
Fig.1 Direct sunlight gain during day vs Indirect gain during night. Reproduced from(Womeldorf, 2016)
3
Classification of natural lighting building elements
The classification made by Hasan Fathy in his book (natural energy and vernacular
architecture) is one of the most practical yet realistic classification of building elements and
natural energy effect, among other literatures, for this reason the analyzing methodology of this
paper as shown in (Fig.2) is based on his classification, only the natural lighting energy is
analyzed and discussed in this paper.
5
Fig.2 Diagram of Natural lighting elements in Vernacular architecture. Source: Researcher.
3.1 Building orientation
The sun is the primary source of heat in hot climates. The position of the sun at all times of the
day and in all seasons, as well as the direction of the prevailing winds, must be known before
planning any location, especially during the hot season(Fathy, 1986). The availability of
daylight is highly influenced by a building's direction; each orientation will necessitate a
different design approach(Alabid et al., 2015). In addition, there will be reflection from nearby
buildings and wind screening by clusters of buildings for an ensemble of buildings constituting
a sector, all of which contribute to a unique microclimate for each position in the sector. Wind
movement and humidity are additional key factors to consider in addition to the sun's direct
and indirect effects(Fathy, 1986). The primary goal is to determine the best orientation in
relation to the sun and the prevailing wind. Because the topic is so complicated, it's helpful to
start with the simplest instance of a single row of buildings. More complex cases can be
understood as a result of this(Fathy, 1986).
3.2 Window Openings
One of the primary tasks of windows is to provide natural light. A window system must address
a variety of exterior situations in order to meet a variety of interior requirements. Window
placement and sizing are two of the most important aspects of architectural design for
daylighting(Neet et al., 2009). Because glass was not available until the 19th century, large
windows are uncommon in vernacular construction(Zhai & Previtali, 2010). Window openings
often serve three purposes: allowing direct and indirect sunlight in, allowing air to enter, and
providing a view. These tasks are conveniently combined in the window in temperate zones,
whose size, form, and location are regulated by local climatic circumstances. However, because
combining these three purposes in a single architectural design is rarely practicable or desirable
in hot arid areas, various alternatives were developed that focus on each function
separately(Fathy, 1986). The vast majority of vernacular houses have no windows at all. In
most traditional houses, however, entrances serve as fenestration, allowing light and air to
enter. Small windows, on the other hand, are more common in big, multi-room dwellings in
6
desert regions, whereas larger windows have been seen in the temperate temperature near the
Mediterranean Sea. Shutters were used in place of windows in both situations to reduce
infiltration and solar gain(Zhai & Previtali, 2010).
3.3 The Claustrum
For privacy, security, uniform air flow, shielding of direct solar rays, and decoration,
a large number of little vents is often preferred over a few large apertures. Large
holes in the building can then be filled with lattice work in the form of a pierced
screen wall, which is primarily used for ventilation and lighting. Originally, these
lattices, known as claustra, were employed in enormous openings at high levels in
Roman baths. Unlike the mashrabiya, which are wooden, they are usually fashioned
in various decorative patterns of carved plaster in vernacular architecture. Claustra
are mainly used to evacuate the hot air collected in the higher parts of the room, or
in parapet walls, the low walls around roof edges, to produce drafts over people
sleeping on the roofs in summer(Fathy, 1986).
3.4 Courtyards
Courtyards may be traced all the way back to Egypt 5000 years ago. It's an ancient architectural
solution that's been used in a variety of temperature zones and cultures for thousands of
years(Raof et al., 2020). The performance of the courtyard in terms of environmental impact is
one of the key reasons for its use. As a result, it has been used as a socio-spatial, climatic, and
design modifier in many climes, resulting in a more successful solution from ancient times to
the present. The relatively static cooling system utilized in a courtyard house can serve as a
foundation for comprehending changes that can cause convectional air flow(Fathy, 1986).
Furthermore, the courtyard's high walls can increase the shadowed area, lowering the warmth
of the ground surface. The volume, form, and ratio are all important factors in this process(Raof
et al., 2020).The basic form of a house with a court, are those which have one or more rooms
surrounded the inner court in a row, from one or more directions. The court, which makes up
the main character of the home with a court, takes on a central state in the form closed to the
exterior /open to the interior, as it is encircled by a succession of rooms from three or four
directions. As it underwent a spatial shift with the inclusion of different units in response to
needs that arose throughout time, this type deviated into multiple sub-types(ERARSLAN
Assoc, 2003). The size and shape of the courtyard varies depending on its geographical location
and climate. It can be fully closed or partially closed. It can be square (closed on all sides), Ushaped (closed on three sides with the fourth side open), L-shaped (open on two sides and
closed on the other two sides), and I-shaped (open on two sides and closed on the other two
sides) (open on 3 sides and closed on the other side). Each shape has a different thermal
performance than the others(Raof et al., 2020).
Fig.3 Courtyard as the most climatic modifier element, Reproduced from(Raof et al., 2020)
7
4
Shading devices
Eaves were frequently seen on buildings with non-massive walls in hot areas, implying that
they are utilized to cool the structure. Eaves were never found in climates with high diurnal
temperature fluctuations, such as Morocco and Tunisia, where enormous walls are widespread.
Overhangs appear to only serve the purpose of shielding the structure from rain or snow in cold
climes. Overhangs are popular in the Mediterranean and other regions where courtyards are
common, Shutters, on the other hand, appear to do the job of shading windows. In addition to
eaves, the location of houses in relation to one another has a big impact on shade(Zhai &
Previtali, 2010).
4.1 Mashrabiya
The mashrabiya, which originated in Egypt, is another type of window grill. Mashrabiya, which
are made of carved wooden pegs, allow light and air in but block direct solar gain and visual
access to the building interiors during the day(Zhai & Previtali, 2010). Small water jars were
put in this cantilevered compartment with a lattice opening to be cooled by the evaporation
effect as air passed through the opening. The term is now applied to an aperture with a wooden
lattice screen made up of small circular wooden balusters set at regular intervals, generally in
a colorful and elaborate geometric pattern. The mashrabiya has five functions: (1) controlling
the passage of light, (2) managing the air flow, (3) lowering the air current's temperature, (4)
boosting the air current's humidity, and (5) ensuring privacy Each mashrabiya design is chosen
to serve one or more of these purposes. The diameter of the balusters and the size of the
interstices (spaces between neighboring balusters) are regulated in the design. Various names
have been given to some of these patterns(Fathy, 1986).
4.2 Vegetation
Planting has been considered as a desirable way in controlling daylight penetration in natural
way, that provides aesthetic and functional importance to the building. In hot and dry climates,
planting deciduous trees to shade east and west walls might be advantageous. In the summer,
they give shade from the hot sun in the morning and evening, minimize glare, and block
scorching breezes. Deciduous trees, on the other hand, shed their leaves in the winter, allowing
sun radiation to heat the structure(Bera, 2019). A smart technique to effectively shade a place
from the sun or wind is to use trees and vegetation as a passive design method. When shade is
required in the summer, deciduous trees might be used. To shelter the building from the colder
winter winds, an arrangement of evergreen shrubs and trees should be used along the north and
windiest sides(Womeldorf, 2016).
Fig.4 Vegetation methods outside and inside vernacular buildings reproduced(Bera, 2019)
8
5
Result and Analysis
Result 1: Building orientation analysis To plan any site, the position of the sun must
be determined for all hours of the day at all seasons as well as the direction of the prevailing
winds(Fathy, 1986).for this reason the orientation of each building site is different and has to
be studied from the previous mentioned aspect, to utilize the possible desirable amount of
sunlight in to the building. The following is a result from Hassan Fathia’s study on a number
of row houses in Egypt.
Fig.5 Angle of altitude at noon for a southern facade in Cairo(Fathy, 1986).
Result 2: Opening size and shape analysis
The size and shapes of windows varies according to the mentioned reasons, it can be concluded
that there are the following size and shapes of vernacular windows that feature the vernacular
opening around the world, however, the size and shapes varies from region to region depending
on the factors that affect vernacular architecture from: building materials, construction
techniques in different climate zones .as shown in Table 2. the types of window openings: in
norther regions such as Kurdistan and neighboring countries the shape of the windows is often,
rectangular, and some features of arches have been used as well. In regions like Turkey usually
in coldest parts of the area the houses do not have windows, the entrance door is the only
passage for lighting due to the harsh climate, the openings in the house are minimized, however,
the forms of the windows are similar, with some minor differences according to the building
materials and construction techniques. The opening almost similar due to the similarity of
climate conditions.
Fig.6 Some of the most common window shapes in Kurdish vernacular architecture. Reproduced from(Ahmed et
al., 2008)
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Building material for windows:
Taking into consideration, each region of the mentioned climatic zones also contains various
styles and the usage of different building materials, the building materials for construction is
of mud, brick, stone in these regions. Timber is rarely seen in these regions. Also, according to
the absence of Glass until the 19th century based on the previous literature, shutters have been
used to close the window openings, these shutters are often made of woods. In the example of
the Iranian Architecture these shutters can be addressed widly. According to the low
temperatures during winter and, summer’s hot days. In Hawraman which is an area in the
Kurdistan region a bunch of similarity to Iranian architecture can be identified.
Table.2 Window opening forms in different regions of Middle- east source: Researcher
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Result 3: Claustrum analysis
The claustrum means small holes in the parapet of the building, there are several
size and shapes according to different climate zones, table 4 explains the various
forms of clusters used in vernacular architecture. The main function of the holes
in the parapet is ventilation and lighting.
Fig.7 different forms of clusters in Kurdish vernacular architecture(Ahmed et al., 2008)
11
Table 3. Types of Claustrum in the selected climate zones produced by Researcher .
Result 4: Court yards: courtyards also have been used as an element for providing
sunlight and air ventilation to the dwelling, different size and shapes have been used according
to the climate zones, for example in Mediterranean climate of those zones who have cold
winters and extremely hot summers, the courtyard arrangement take (U shape) form, while in
hot and dry climate zones the courtyard more of the I shape of central as shown in table 4,
beside climate factor some other religious and social factors affect this difference. Mainly
courtyard shapes that are used in vernacular architecture of this regions can be divided in to 6
shapes: central (middle courtyard), (L) shaped court yard, (U) shape courtyard, (I)shape
courtyard, sided open, middle semi shaded .as shown in fig.5, are the most commonly used
types of courtyards. However, there are some regions the indoor courtyard feature is rare, or
absent in their vernacular architecture, or if available they used the central type such as Turkey.
Fig.8 Types of courtyards(a)central, (b) central, shaded, (c)Terrace(d)I shape, (e)U shape,(d)L shape. Produced
by researcher.
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Table 4. Types of courtyards in the selected climate zones produced by Researcher .
Result 5: Mashrabiyah Shading devices analysis
In vernacular architecture, solar-screen shading techniques applied to building facades present
an opportunity to manage solar heat gains, daylight penetration, and glare consequences. The
form of the shading devise is analyzed in table 6, according to the different climate zones,
however the shape took different forms only the function is mutual, for shading and keeping
the inside arias as cool temperature. Aside from climatic advantages, shading devices are
considered an aesthetic architectural component and provides the possibility in using these
elements in modern architecture as well.
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Fig.9 Analysis of light falling on a mashrabiya: (a) examples of lattice arrangements; and (b) the effect of light
falling on a cylinder.
Table 4. Different type of Mashrabiyah in vernacular architecture. Produced by researcher.
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6
Main findings
Table.6 Main factor according to this paper and secondary factor affecting Size and Shape of building elements.
Produced by (Researcher).
Affected
(Size and Shape of
building elements)
Factors affecting
building elements
Main factors
Natural
lighting
Climate
Secondary Factors
Building
material
Sociocultural
Religious
Building Orientation
Window openings
The Claustrum
Courtyard
Mashrabiyah
vegetation
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Conclusion
1. Natural lighting is considered one of the fundamental natural resources that provide lighting
and warmth, and have been used by man from the very antient history, and has a direct
effect on the form and size of building elements in any vernacular architecture.
2. Secondary factors as building materials, building techniques, socio cultural, and religious
factors are also playing a considerable role in defining size shape and type of building
elements.
3. From the classification and analysis of this paper a wider understanding of some vernacular
elements can be established from the aspects of their formal characteristics.
4. In Vernacular architecture of the regions of different climate zones of middle east that have
been analyzed in this paper, the size of the window openings is usually small according to
the climate conditions, and the form is almost similar.
5. The openings in the exterior walls, or Claustrum, is present in almost all the vernacular
regions of the mention regions in this paper.
6. The courtyard feature varies from the aspects of size and shape according to the climate
reasons and other effects that has not been mentioned I this analysis.
7. The shading device of AL-Mashrabiyah, is more of a traditional element added to
vernacular architecture due to climatic reasons.
8. Vegetation is considered the most natural shading devise that has been used continua sly to
provide shade and fresh air in and outside any vernacular building.
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8
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