Chapter Resources for Differentiated Instruction
Mapping Earth
Title
Page
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Level
Get Ready to Read
1
all students
Quick Vocabulary
3
all students
Student Lab Safety Form
5
all students
Launch Lab
8
27
all students
Content Vocabulary ELL
9
28
all students
Lesson Outline ELL
10
29
all students
MiniLab
12
31
all students
Content Practice A
13
32
AL
OL
BL
Content Practice B
14
33
AL
OL
BL
Language Arts Support
34
all students
Math Skills
15
all students
School to Home
16
36
Key Concept Builders
17
37
Enrichment
21
41
Challenge
22
42
AL
OL
BL
Lesson Quiz A
24
43
AL
OL
BL
Lesson Quiz B
25
44
AL
OL
BL
Skill Practice
23
all students
AL
OL
BL
all students
all students
Lab A
45–47
AL
OL
BL
Lab B
48–50
AL
OL
BL
Lab C
51
AL
OL
BL
Chapter Key Concepts Builder
52
AL
OL
BL
Chapter Test A
53–55
AL
OL
BL
Chapter Test B
56–58
AL
OL
BL
Chapter Test C
59–61
AL
OL
BL
Answers (with Lesson Outlines)
AL Approaching Level
T2–T13
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
pages 46, 49 (t)NASA/JPL, (b)NASA/JPL/NIMA
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granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials
be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families
without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe Middle School
Science program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MAL 15 14 13 12 11 10
To The Teacher
This book contains reproducible pages that support the Student Edition. Descriptions and frequencies
of these resources are listed in the table that follows.
Title
Get Ready
to Read:
What do
you think?
Frequency
Appropriate
For
Overview
Using the Get Ready to Read anticipation guide
in the Student Edition? This page matches the
1/Chapter
anticipation guide in the Student Edition. Students can
complete this at the beginning of a chapter and check
their responses at the end.
all students
Need some options to preteach vocabulary and
help students with vocabulary development ? By
Quick
Vocabulary
1/Chapter
folding the Quick Vocabulary sheet in half, students will
have an easy reference tool. Lesson vocabulary, along
with academic vocabulary, review vocabulary, or
multiple-meaning words, are listed and defined. Students
can add other words that they need to remember as well.
all students
Need a standard lab safety form? Each FastFile
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Student Lab
Safety Form
Launch Lab
Content
Vocabulary*
Lesson
Outline*
MiniLab
1/Chapter
includes this form that students can complete prior to
each lab. Students indicate that they understand all
aspects of the lab. There is a place for the student and
you to sign it.
1/Lesson
Want a lab recording page for Student Edition
Launch Labs ? Each recording page matches the
1/Lesson
Want to help students who need more vocabulary
practice? Content Vocabulary pages provide review and
Student Edition Launch Labs, so students do not need
to use their textbooks in the lab.
reinforcement activities. Use these pages to help
students master content terms.
all students
all students
all students
Want an outline of the chapter for a substitute
teacher, for absent students, or for students to
use for review ? Lesson outlines follow the head and
1/Lesson
1/Lesson
AL Approaching Level
subhead structure of the Lesson, emphasizing the major
content objectives. They can be used in many ways. In
addition to those listed above, they can help you
organize teaching notes and accompany student reading.
Want a lab recording page for Student Edition
MiniLabs ? This recording page matches the Student
Edition MiniLab, so students do not need to use their
textbooks in the lab.
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
all students
all students
* ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
Mapping Earth
iii
Title
Frequency
Appropriate
For
Overview
Need more options for content review? Content
Content
Practice
(Leveled)
Practice A is designed to help students who have
difficulties learning and understanding the vocabulary
and Key Concepts of each lesson:
1/Lesson
• Form A—helps struggling students grasp lesson
content
AL
AL
AL
• Form B—provides on-level and beyond-level
reinforcement of lesson content
AL
OL
BL
Looking for a way to help students build reading
and writing skills in science? Language Arts
Language
Arts
Support
1/Chapter
Math Skills
1/Chapter
all students
Support pages provide practice using vocabulary,
language structure clues, and writing skills with science
content.
Want help for students who need to practice
math skills ? This page provides additional practice
all students
of the Math Skill in the Student Edition.
School to
Home
Enrichment
all students
for a home-learning partner to help a student better
understand the Big Idea of a chapter.
Have students who need more practice with Key
Concepts ? Key Concept Builders present the content
4/Lesson
1/Lesson
in a context different from the Student Edition. These
pages can be used whenever a student is struggling
with any of the lesson’s Key Concepts.
AL
Looking for ways to help students to broaden their
understanding of lesson concepts ? Use Enrichment
AL
AL
all students
pages to further explore information and Key Concepts
introduced in a lesson.
Want to motivate the independent learner ? The
Challenge
1/Lesson
Challenge activity extends information in the Student
Edition and challenges a student’s abilities. The activity
can be completed in class or at home.
AL
AL
BL
OL
BL
Need options to evaluate students after each
lesson? These quizzes are developed around the Key
Lesson
Quiz
(Leveled)
Concepts of a lesson:
1/Lesson
AL Approaching Level
• Quiz A—provides more guided questions
AL
• Quiz B—provides more short-answer and completion
questions
AL
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
* ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
iv
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Key Concept
Builders
1/Lesson
Looking for a way to help students with the
content ? The School to Home page provides support
Title
Frequency
Appropriate
For
Overview
Need a lab recording page for the Skill Practice?
Skill
Practice
1/Chapter
This corresponds to the Skill Practice in the Student
Edition. Write-on lines are included for answers. Tables/
charts/graphs are included for recording observations,
or space is provided for drawing tables/charts/graphs.
Students do not need to use their textbooks in the lab.
all students
Want leveled lab recording pages for the Lab in
the Student Edition? These pages provide leveled
versions of the Student Edition Lab. Write-on lines are
included for answers. Tables/charts/graphs are often
included for recording observations, or space is provided
for creating tables/charts/graphs:
Lab
(Leveled)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Key
Concepts
Builder
1/Chapter
1/Chapter
• Version A—This version follows the student edition
lab but each step of the procedure is broken down
sentence by sentence. Included are check-off boxes
that provide easier processing for struggling learners.
AL
AL
AL
• Version B—This version is the student edition lab.
AL
OL
BL
• Version C—This version is designed to be a challenge
for independent learners. Students must complete
version B before doing version C.
AL
AL
BL
AL
AL
AL
• Version A—provides students with more guided
questions
AL
AL
AL
• Version B—more short-answer and completion
questions
AL
OL
AL
• Version C—challenges students with more difficult
and open-ended questions
AL
AL
BL
Have students who need more practice with Key
Concepts related to the Big Idea? This practice
page is designed to reinforce chapter content for
struggling students before they take the chapter test.
Need options to assess each student according
to his or her abilities ? These leveled chapter tests
accommodate all students:
Chapter
Test
(Leveled)
1/Chapter
Teacher
Pages
AL Approaching Level
Want all the answers in one place? These pages
contain the answers for all the practice pages.
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
* ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
Mapping Earth
v
Name
Date
Class
Get Ready to Read
Mapping Earth
What do you think?
Before you read, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these
statements. On the line before each statement, place an A if you agree or a
D if you disagree. As you read this chapter, see if you change your mind
about any of the statements.
Before You
Read
Statements
After You
Read
1. Maps help determine locations on Earth.
2. All Earth models are spherical.
3. World maps are drawn accurately for every location.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Topographic maps show changes in surface elevations.
5. The colors on geologic maps show the colors of the
surface rocks.
6. Satellites are too far from Earth to collect useful
information about Earth’s surface.
What have you learned?
After you read each lesson, return to this worksheet to see if you have
changed your mind about any of the statements related to that lesson.
Place a C after each statement that is correct or an I for those that are incorrect.
Mapping Earth
1
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
International Date Line longitude
aerial operating or occurring overhead
line 180° east or west of the prime
meridian
latitude distance, measured in
degrees, north or south of the
equator
longitude distance, measured in
degrees, east or west of the prime
meridian
map legend key that explains
symbols on a map
map scale relates distances on a
map to actual distances
map view shows Earth’s surface
from above
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
prime first in rank
profile view shows an object as
though you were looking at it
from the side
time zone area on Earth where
people use the same time
Mapping Earth
contour interval elevation difference
between contour lines that are next
to each other
contour line topographic map line
that connects points of equal
elevation
cross section shows vertical slice
through rocks below Earth’s surface
elevation height above sea level
geologic map shows the surface
geology of an area
relief difference in elevation between
the highest and lowest point
remote sensing collecting information
about an area without being there
slope measured steepness of the land
topographic map shows detailed
shapes and natural and humanmade features of Earth’s surface
3
Student Lab/Activity Safety Form
Teacher Approval Initials
Date of Approval
Student Name:
Date:
Lab/Activity Title:
• Carefully read the entire lab and answer the following questions.
• Return this completed and signed safety form to your teacher to initial before you
begin the lab/activity.
1. Describe what you will be doing during this lab/activity. Ask your teacher any questions
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
you might have regarding the lab/activity.
2. Will you be working alone, with a partner, or with a group? (Circle one.)
3. What safety precautions should you take while doing this lab/activity?
4. Write any steps in the procedure, additional safety concerns, or lab safety symbols that
you do not understand.
Student Signature
Mapping Earth
5
Lesson 1 | Maps
Student Labs and Activities
Page
Appropriate For:
Launch Lab
8
all students
Content Vocabulary ELL
9
all students
Lesson Outline ELL
10
all students
MiniLab
12
all students
Content Practice A
13
AL
AL
AL
Content Practice B
14
AL
OL
BL
Math Skills
15
all students
School to Home
16
all students
Key Concept Builders
17
Enrichment
21
Challenge
22
Skill Practice
23
AL
AL
AL
all students
AL
AL
BL
all students
Assessment
Lesson Quiz A
24
AL
AL
AL
Lesson Quiz B
25
AL
OL
BL
Teacher Support
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Answers (with Lesson Outlines)
AL Approaching Level
T2
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
Mapping Earth
7
Name
Date
Launch Lab
Class
LESSON 1: 15 minutes
How will you get from here to there?
When you need to get to a place you have never visited, you might use a map to help you
find your way. Maps help people get where they are going without getting lost.
Procedure
1. Suppose it is a new student’s first day
at your school. Write directions for the
student to get from the science
classroom to the cafeteria.
2. Now draw a map in the Data and
Observations below for the student to
get from the science classroom to the
cafeteria.
Data and Observations
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Think About This
1. How were the written instructions different from the map?
2.
8
Key Concept How are maps useful?
Mapping Earth
Name
Date
Class
Content Vocabulary
LESSON 1
Maps
Directions: Write the correct term in the boxes to the right of its definition. Then unscramble the letters in the
shaded boxes to spell a ninth term.
International Date Line
latitude
longitude
map legend
map view
prime
profile view
time zone
map scale
1. first in rank
2. distance north or south of the equator
3. shows Earth’s surface from above
4. compares map distances to real
distances on Earth
5. a region where people use the same
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
time
6. explains symbols used on a map
7. shows a side view of an object
8. 180° east or west of the prime meridian
9. The letters in the shaded boxes can be unscrambled to spell
,
which is the distance east or west of the prime meridian.
Mapping Earth
9
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
Maps
A. Understanding Maps
1. A map is a(n)
of Earth’s surface.
2. When a map is drawn in
, it appears as though you were
looking down on an area from above Earth’s surface.
3. Cross sections are drawn in
. This view shows
a(n)
slice through the ground, as though you were
looking at Earth’s interior from the side.
4. A(n)
lists all the symbols used on the map.
It also
5. A(n)
what each symbol means.
determines how large or how small a map
might be.
a. A map scale shows the relationship between
a map and actual
on
on the ground.
b. A scale can be written in words, as a(n)
, or as a
scale bar.
1. An imaginary
on Earth’s surface is used to find
locations.
2. North-south grid lines on a globe run from one
to
another and encircle Earth.
a. The reference line that passes through Greenwich, England, is
the
.
b. The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
is
.
3. East-west grid lines on a globe are lines of
.
a. The reference line halfway between the North and South Poles is
the
b. Latitude lines form complete,
.
circles, with the
equator being the largest circle.
10
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B. Reading Maps
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
C. Plotting Locations
1. Earth is a sphere, which can be divided into
degrees.
a. The maximum latitude is one-fourth of the distance around Earth,
or
degrees north or south.
b. The maximum longitude is half the distance around Earth,
or
degrees east or west.
2. To describe a location, name its latitude and its longitude, giving
its
first.
3. Each degree of latitude or longitude is divided into 60
,
which is further divided into 60 seconds.
4. A(n)
is an area between two meridians in which every
part has the same time.
a. Generally, the width of a time zone is 15°
b. Time changes by
.
when going from one time zone to
another.
c. The line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime meridian is
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the
.
d. When you cross the International Date Line from
to
, it becomes one day later.
D. Map Projections
1. A(n)
shows the surface of Earth on a flat surface.
2. A(n)
is formed by placing a light at the center of a
globe and projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cylinder wrapped around
the globe.
a. These maps are accurate in showing shapes near the
b. Shapes near the
.
look much larger than they
actually are.
3. A(n)
is formed by placing a light at the center of a
globe and projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cone wrapped around
the globe.
Mapping Earth
11
Name
Date
Class
MiniLab
LESSON 1: 20 minutes
Can you find latitude and longitude?
Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.
Procedure
1. Which city is located at 20°N,155°W?
50°
40°
30°
2. Which city is located at 40°N,75°W?
3. What is the latitude and longitude of
Seward, Alaska; Memphis, Tennessee;
and Denver, Colorado? Record your
responses below.
Data and Observations
60°
70°
80°
90°
20°
10°
0° Equator
50°
60°
180°
70°
170°
80°
160°150°
140° 130° 120° 110° 100° 90°
Hilo, HI
Memphis, TN
Seward, AK
Philadelphia, PA
Denver, CO
1. Explain why the latitude is °N and the longitude is °W for questions 1 and 2 above.
2. Estimate What are the latitude and longitude for the city closest to you?
3.
12
Key Concept How do latitude and longitude help people locate cities on a map?
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Analyze and Conclude
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
Maps
Directions: Label these diagrams by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Each term
is used only once.
eastern hemisphere
equator
lines of latitude
lines of longitude
northern hemisphere
prime meridian
southern hemisphere
western hemisphere
1.
2.
90°N
60°N
60°N
30°N
30°N
30°S
30°S
60°S
60°S
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
90°S
3.
4.
5.
6.
150°W 180°
150°E
120°W
120°E
90°W
90°E
60°E
60°W
30°W
8.
Mapping Earth
0°
30°E
7.
13
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
Maps
New York, NY
Los Angeles,
CA
International
Date Line
11 12
P.M.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
1
2
3
A.M.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
P.M.
Directions: Use the map to answer each question or respond to each statement.
1. Is this map drawn in map view or profile view? Explain your answer.
3. What is the difference between the International Date Line and a time zone?
4. Is the map shown above a cylindrical or a conical projection? Explain your answer.
14
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. What do the numbers at the bottom of the map mean?
Name
Date
Math Skills
Class
LESSON 1
Ratio Scale
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers by division. A map scale is the ratio of the distance
on a map to the actual distance; the ratio establishes the map scale. The map scale may be
written as distance on map : actual distance. For example, 1 cm:10 km means that one
centimeter on the map represents an actual distance of 10 km.
Find the actual distance represented by 3 cm on a map that has the scale 1 cm:10 km.
Step 1 Identify the map scale and write it as a fraction.
1 cm
______
10 km
Step 2 Write an equation to apply the map scale to the measurement.
3 cm
1 cm
______
= _____
n
10 km
Step 3 Solve for n, which represents the actual distance. Cross-multiply to change the
proportion to an equation. Then solve the equation.
1 × n = 3 × 10
n = 30 km
Practice
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. A map of a city has a scale of
1 cm : 2 km. What is the actual distance
represented by 3 cm on the map?
2. The distance between two forest
preserves measures 5 cm on a map. The
map scale is 1 cm : 6 km. What is the
actual distance between the forests?
Mapping Earth
3. The length of a hiking trail measures
2.5 cm on a map. If the map scale is
1 cm : 2 km, what is the actual length
of the hiking trail?
4. The distance between the homes of
two friends measures 0.5 cm on a map.
If the map scale is 2 cm : 1 km, what is
the actual distance between their
homes?
15
Name
Date
Class
School to Home
LESSON 1
Maps
Did you know?
The maps you use in class might represent large areas. However, maps can represent
small areas as well. You can practice your mapmaking skills by creating maps of
small areas, such as a room in your home.
For this activity, you will need a pencil, paper, a meterstick, and a calculator.
1. Choose the room in your home that you will map. Record the room’s dimensions
below:
Length:
meters
Width:
meters
2. Use the grid below to make your map. The grid has a width of 5 units and a length of
5 units. Figure out how to fit the dimensions of your room onto the grid. What is the
scale you will use for your map? 1 unit =
meters.
1
2
3
4
5
A
Map Legend
C
D
E
3. Create a legend for your map. You can use a common symbol for similar objects.
For example, all doors can be represented with an X. Put the symbols in the correct
locations on your map.
16
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Maps
Key Concept How can a map help determine a location?
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. pattern of lines that intersect
A. longitude
2. sphere-shaped model of Earth
B. map
3. east-west line halfway between the North Pole
C. map view
and the South Pole
4. distance, measured in degrees, north or south of
the equator
5. reference line passing through Greenwich,
England
6. north-south reference lines that make semicircles
going halfway around the globe
7. distance, measured in degrees, east or west of the
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
prime meridian
D. grid
E. meridians
F. profile view
G. equator
H. ratio
I. International Date Line
J. time zone
K. globe
L. map scale
8. division of Earth into halves
9. model of Earth’s surface
10. shows Earth’s surface as though you are looking
at it from above
M. hemispheres
N. latitude
O. map legend
P. prime meridian
11. shows a side view of an object
12. shows how distances on a map relate to actual
distances on Earth
13. type of map scale, such as 1 cm:1 km
14. shows what symbols on a map mean
15. area on Earth’s surface where people use the same
time
16. line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime
meridian
Mapping Earth
17
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Maps
Key Concept How can a map help determine a location?
70°
80°
90°
60°
50°
40°
30°
20°
10°
0° Equator
180°
170°
160°
150° 140°
90°
130° 120° 110° 100°
80°
70°
60°
50°
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question.
1. How do lines of latitude run in relation to the equator?
2. What does each pair of meridians make?
3. Which line of latitude divides the globe in half?
4. Into how many degrees is the globe divided?
5. What is the degree marking for the equator?
6. At which degrees latitude is the North Pole located?
7. How many degrees of east longitude are there?
8. What are longitude and latitude further divided into?
9. Which measurement is always read first—latitude or longitude?
10. How is the following location read: 70°S,25°E?
18
Mapping Earth
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Maps
Key Concept How can a map help determine a location?
Directions: Match each map feature with its purpose. Write the letter or letters of the correct purpose(s) in the
middle column. Some features will have more than one purpose.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mapmaking Tools
and Features
Answers
Purpose of
Mapmaking Feature
Map scale
1.
A. used to signify where people
reference the same time
Map ratio
2.
B. used to find the location of
Anchorage, Alaska
Map legend
3.
C. used to know which day it is when
crossing the Pacific Ocean
Time zone
4.
D. used to accurately locate reference
points
International Date
Line
5.
E. relates distances on a map to the
actual distances on Earth
Prime meridian
6.
F. used to represent certain features
on Earth’s surface
Equator
7.
G. used to find the length of a road
Lines of longitude
8.
H. used for changing time one hour at
a time
Lines of latitude
9.
I. shows all the symbols used on a
map
Directions: Respond to the statement on the lines provided.
10. Explain what you can learn from looking at a map of the world.
Mapping Earth
19
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Maps
Key Concept Why are there different map projections for representing Earth’s surface?
Greenland
North
America
South
America
Cylindrical Projection
Conical Projection
Directions: Use the diagrams to respond to each statement.
Map Characteristic
Cylindrical Projection Map
Conical Projection Map
1. Describe how the map
represents shapes on
Earth.
2. Describe how the grid
system represents lines
of latitude.
3. Describe how the grid
system represents
meridians.
4. Describe how the map
represents continents.
5. Describe how the map
represents the equator.
20
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Cylindrical and Conical Projections
Name
Date
Enrichment
Class
LESSON 1
Map Projections
A projection is a presentation of one
thing on top of another. For example,
images on movie film are projected onto a
screen. This projection enlarges the images
for better viewing and is far more practical
than trying to show the film itself to a
theater full of people. Likewise, a realistic
model of Earth in the form of a globe is
impractical in, say, the cockpit of an
airplane, the bridge of a sailboat, or the
pocket of an explorer. So we make maps.
map projections. The projection you choose
depends on how the map will be used.
Mercator Projections
In a Mercator projection, all the lines
of latitude and longitude are straight and
equally distant from one another. The
distortions are small at the equator and
great at the poles. For example, Greenland
in a Mercator projection looks as big as
South America, but it is really about oneeighth the size of South America.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Distortions
Maps are flattened projections of Earth,
or parts of it. A map projects a threedimensional globe onto a two-dimensional
surface. Every map projection distorts or
changes certain areas, depending on the
type of projection it is. Here’s a thought
experiment to show why parts of the globe
are distorted when they are projected onto
a surface—sketch the continents on a
deflated balloon. Then inflate the balloon.
Do all the continents still have the same
shape and proportion as when you sketched
them? Some areas will be stretched out, and
some will still be small.
Mapmakers must compromise on some
features to maintain the accuracy of other
features. This is why there are many types of
Conical Projections
In a conical projection, lines of longitude
are straight and lines of latitude are curved.
This type of projection is simple to construct
but it greatly enlarges features at the edge.
Conical projection is often used to map
small parts of the world, such as a single
continent.
Equal-Area Projections
In an equal-area projection, the lines
of latitude are straight and the lines of
longitude are curved. This type of projection
is good for comparing the actual size of
continents. Shapes are quite distorted at
the edges, however.
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills
Directions: Respond to each statement.
1. Contrast maps and globes.
2. Describe the type of map projection that you would choose to measure the distance
between certain landforms on the continent of Asia. Justify your choice.
3. Assess the appropriateness of choosing a Mercator projection to plot a course from
Johannesburg, South Africa, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Mapping Earth
21
Name
Challenge
Date
Class
LESSON 1
Mapping Objects on a Tabletop
Maps can convey a great deal of information in a small area, including notable
landscape features, relative position, and how to travel from point A to point B. They can
also show exact positions of small things in a large, perhaps featureless, area.
Place several objects from the classroom in a random pattern over a large classroom
tabletop. You might use small books, pencils, chalkboard erasers, rulers, computer discs, or
other objects. Determine imaginary lines across the tabletop that bisect the table in half
from top to bottom and from side to side, as shown below. Complete and label a grid
system on the rectangle, using these bisecting lines as starting points in both directions.
Draw each object on the tabletop on your grid system.
1. Describe each object on the tabletop by its name and its coordinate position. Explain
how you could remove all the objects from the tabletop and place them in their
original positions using only their location coordinates.
2. Summarize the advantages of having a grid system that includes four quadrants to
find and pinpoint a location.
3. Compare your coordinate system to the latitude and longitude system that helps us
find locations on Earth.
22
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Name
Date
Skill Practice
Compare and Contrast
Class
LESSON 1: 25 minutes
How can you fit your entire classroom on
a single sheet of paper?
Mapmakers must measure objects and distances carefully to produce accurate maps.
Without detailed and accurate measurements, maps would not be useful. Most maps are
scaled down. This means that the map and details in it are smaller than what they
represent. Sizes and distances on a scaled map are proportions of the actual values. For
example, if a map has a 1 cm to 1 m scale, 5 cm on the map represents 5 m.
Learn It
Looking for similarities between two things
is comparing them. When you find
differences between them, you contrast
them. Creating a ratio to scale down the
dimensions of a room to make a map
compares the room’s actual dimensions to
the map’s scale dimensions. The difference
between the map and the room is the units
of measurement (cm : m).
Try It
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. On a blank piece of graph paper,
sketch your classroom as though you
were looking down on it. Do not worry
about accuracy right now.
2. Select several objects or structures
lining the classroom, such as windows
or doors. Measure how far each is from
the corners of the wall using a
meterstick. Record your data in your
Science Journal.
3. Your teacher will tell you the
dimensions of the classroom. Choose a
scale for a map of the room. Use the
dimensions and your scale to draw a
scale map of the classroom on a single
piece of graph paper.
4. Make sure to include all the features
from your sketch. Also include a scale
bar, legend, and the total area.
Apply It
5. What scale did you use in your map? Explain why you chose that scale.
6. How is your map similar to a scale map of the Earth? How is it different?
7.
Key Concept Would the sketch or the map you made be more useful to help
someone locate an object in the room? Support your reasoning.
Mapping Earth
23
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 1
Maps
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. distance, in degrees, east or west of the prime
meridian
A. latitude
B. longitude
2. shows a side view of an object
C. map scale
3. shows Earth’s surface as though you are looking
D. map view
down on it from above
E. profile view
4. relates distances on a map to actual distances on
Earth
5. distance in degrees north or south of the equator
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.
6. A cylindrical projection makes land near the poles seem smaller than it
actually is.
8. A map scale explains all the symbols used on any type of map.
9. A conical projection shows the shapes of areas near the equator accurately.
10. Two cities between two meridians that are next to one another are in the same
time zone.
24
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. If you cross the International Date Line from west to east, it is a day earlier.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 1
Maps
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence.
Not all terms are used.
gain
International Date Line
lose
map legend
map scale
meridians
prime meridian
time zone
1. Colors and symbols used on a map are shown in the
2. A(n)
.
relates distance on a map to actual distance on
Earth’s surface.
3. A(n)
is an area on Earth’s surface between two
where the time is the same.
4. You
the
a day when traveling east to west across
.
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Compare and contrast a profile view and a map view.
6. Compare and contrast latitude and longitude.
7. Compare and contrast conical and cylindrical projections.
Mapping Earth
25
Lesson 2 | Technology and Mapmaking
Student Labs and Activities
Page
Appropriate For:
Launch Lab
27
all students
Content Vocabulary ELL
28
all students
Lesson Outline ELL
29
all students
MiniLab
31
all students
Content Practice A
32
AL
AL
AL
Content Practice B
33
AL
OL
BL
Language Arts Support
34
all students
School to Home
36
all students
Key Concept Builders
37
Enrichment
41
Challenge
42
AL
AL
BL
Lab A
45
AL
AL
AL
Lab B
48
AL
OL
BL
Lab C
51
AL
AL
BL
Chapter Key Concepts Builder
52
AL
AL
AL
Lesson Quiz A
43
AL
AL
AL
Lesson Quiz B
44
AL
OL
BL
Chapter Test A
53
AL
AL
AL
Chapter Test B
56
AL
OL
AL
Chapter Test C
59
AL
AL
BL
AL
AL
AL
all students
Assessment
Answers (with Lesson Outlines)
AL Approaching Level
T4
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
26
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Teacher Support
Name
Date
Launch Lab
Class
LESSON 2: 20 minutes
Will this be an easy hike or a challenging hike?
If you were going for a hike, you would probably want to know whether it would be easy or
hard. Would you have to climb a steep hill, or is the area flat? How could you find this
information?
Procedure
1. Obtain a map with elevation
information on it.
2. Plan two hikes that cover the same
distance on the map. Plan one easy hike
over flat terrain and one challenging
hike in which a hill will be climbed.
3. Share with a partner how both hikes
would be different. How are the
elevations of locations on your map
shown?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Data and Observations
Think About This
1. What are the benefits of knowing where there are steep and gentle slopes on a map?
2.
Key Concept How would you describe elevation information on a map?
Mapping Earth
27
Name
Date
Class
Content Vocabulary
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Directions: Use the clues listed below to complete the puzzle. NOTE: There is no empty square in the puzzle
between the words of two-word terms.
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
Clues
Across
1. elevation difference between
contour lines
Down
2. shows the shapes of Earth’s surface
3. connects points of equal elevation
4. difference in elevation
5. a measure of steepness
7. a diagram that shows a vertical slice
6. collecting information without coming
8. shows the surface geology of an area
into physical contact with an area
9. operating or occurring overhead
10. height above sea level
28
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
A. Types of Maps
1. There are several types of maps, depending on the
of
the map.
a.
maps show features such as mountains and lakes.
b.
maps use shading and shadows to show mountains
and flat areas.
c. A(n)
map shows boundaries between countries,
states, and townships.
d. People use
maps to find their way from one place
to another.
2. A(n)
shows the natural features of Earth’s surface
as well as many of its detailed shapes.
3. The height above sea level of any point on Earth’s surface is the
point’s
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
a.
.
is the difference in elevation between the highest
and lowest points in an area.
b. On a topographic map,
connect points of equal
elevation.
4. On a topographic map, only the
are labeled with the
elevation.
5. The difference in elevation between two contour lines that are next to each other
is the
.
a. If contour lines are close together, the
of the land
is steep.
b. Information from contour lines can be used to draw an accurate
of the topography of the land.
6. The
on a topographic map describes the symbols used
on the map.
Mapping Earth
29
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
7.
show the surface geology of an area.
a. Different formations on a geologic map are shown by different colors
and
.
b. Geologists use a(n)
, a type of diagram, to show
a vertical slice through rocks below the surface.
B. Making Maps Today
1. Today, people use computers and data from
to make
maps.
2. The
is a group of satellites used for navigation.
a. A GPS receiver uses signals from several satellites to calculate
its
.
b. GPS is used for
3. A(n)
by people in airplanes and ships.
stores and analyzes data sent to it, usually by GPS.
a. Mapmakers use this data to create
.
b. GIS creates different map
of the same location.
4. When you collect information about an area without having physical contact with
.
a. Much remote-sensing information used to make maps is now supplied
by
.
b. One important use of remote sensing is to detect
over time in an area.
5. The series of satellites known as
surface every 16 days. Using this data to study
scientists follow climate changes and bird populations.
scans Earth’s entire
helps
6. The
and
satellites have
been used in measuring bulges and valleys below the ocean’s surface.
7. Sound is used to map the ocean floor when
sonar
is used from a ship.
30
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
it, you use
Name
Date
MiniLab
Class
LESSON 2: 20 minutes
Can you construct a topographic profile?
A topographic profile of a line AB helps you identify geological features of a contour map.
Procedure
1. Use a piece of graph paper to set up
your topographic profile graph. Label
the x-axis Distance Between A and B.
Label the y-axis Elevation (m).
2. Measure the length of line AB on the
contour map above. Use a ruler to
measure the distance from point A to
the intersection of the first contour
line. Plot the point on your graph.
3. Plot distance and elevation pairs for each
contour line where it intersects line AB.
4. Connect the points on your graph and
observe the topographic profile.
Analyze and Conclude
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Analyze At what distance from point A is the highest point on line AB? The lowest?
2. Identify where the topography is the steepest along line AB. Explain how you know this.
3. Predict how a contour map and topographic profile would be useful as you design a
skateboard park.
4.
Key Concept Describe three topographic features depicted in your topographic
profile.
Mapping Earth
31
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Directions: Complete this concept map by choosing terms from the word bank and writing them in the
correct spaces.
changes
colors
combines computer data
creating maps
detailed information
elevation
navigation
satellites
slope
surface geology
symbols
Geologic Map
What does a geologic
map show?
9.
GPS
Topographic Map
What do contour lines
show on this type of
map?
What does GPS use to
mark location?
3.
1.
What are used to show
rock formations on this
type of map?
What are two uses for
GPS?
2.
4.
10.
5.
Technology
and Mapmaking
Remote Sensing
GIS
What does GIS do?
8.
What can a map made
by remote sensing show
about Earth’s surface?
6.
What can be seen by
comparing remote
sensing images?
7.
32
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11.
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Directions: Put a check mark under the type of map where each map feature is present. Some features are present
in more than one type of map.
Map Feature
Topographic
Map
Geologic
Map
Political
Map
Road Map
GIS
1. surface shapes
2. contour lines to
show elevation
3. symbol showing
an urban area
4. boundaries between
countries
5. the age of rock in
an area
6. highways
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. colors to show rock
formations
8. mountains
9. the high point on
a mountain
10. cities and villages
11. symbol showing
vegetation
12. symbols to show
rock formations
13. lakes and rivers
14. soil type
15. the location of
earthquake faults
16. gravel roads
Mapping Earth
33
Name
Date
Language Arts Support
Class
LESSON 2
Writing Activity: Main Idea
Learning the Skill
A good paragraph is more than a series of sentences. It contains several parts that work
together to make a point and to present information clearly.
When you write, make sure each paragraph focuses on one main idea. State this main idea
in a topic sentence that lets readers know the subject of the paragraph. Build your
paragraph around this sentence with facts, details, and examples. All the supporting ideas
should relate to the main idea.
Follow these steps to write a good paragraph:
• Identify the main idea.
• Write the topic sentence.
• Support the topic sentence with facts. Facts are statements that can be proved true.
Facts support a main idea by providing solid backup.
• Add details and examples—specific items that explain and expand on the main idea.
Applying the Skill
Directions: Read the following sentences from a paragraph about topographic maps. Answer each question or
respond to each statement below on the lines provided.
A. For example, a cliff would be represented by many contour lines drawn close together.
C. Contour lines on the map show differences in elevation.
D. Topographic maps are used to show the shape of Earth’s surface.
E. When contour lines are close together, it indicates that the slope of the land is steep.
1. Which sentence does not belong in the paragraph?
2. Which sentence contains the main idea?
3. To form a paragraph with a topic sentence followed by supporting statements,
put the sentences above in order.
34
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B. A map that shows a vertical slice of Earth is called a cross section.
Name
Date
Language Arts Support
Class
LESSON 2
Writing Activity: Applying the Skill
Directions: For each topic sentence listed below, write two supporting sentences. Remember that these sentences
can present facts, details, or examples that expand on the main idea.
Topic Sentence
(Main Idea)
Maps are marked
with latitude and
longitude.
Supporting Sentences
1.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
Contour lines
are drawn on
topographic maps
to join points of
equal elevation.
3.
4.
Geologic maps are
used to understand
the geology of an
area.
5.
6.
Mapping Earth
35
Name
Date
Class
School to Home
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Directions: Use your textbook to complete each activity.
1. Fill in the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast topographic and geologic
maps. Include two characteristics that apply to topographic maps only, two
characteristics that apply to geologic maps only, and at least one characteristic that
topographic and geologic maps have in common.
Topographic Maps
Both
Geologic Maps
sensing system: energy source, target, sensor, receiving station. Use an arrow to show
how energy moves between these four components.
36
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. In the space below, draw a diagram that shows the following four parts of a remote-
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Key Concept What can a topographic map tell you about the shape of Earth’s surface?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.
1. Topographic maps are maps that show the boundaries between states,
countries, and other political territories.
2. Topography refers to the shape of Earth’s surface.
3. Elevation is the steepness of land.
4. The difference in elevation between the highest and the lowest points in an
area is relief.
5. Lines that connect points of land at the same elevation are contour lines.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Contour lines can be seen on Earth’s surface.
7. The difference between contours that are next to each other is the contour
interval.
8. Slope is the height above sea level.
9. A topographic profile map shows the shape of Earth’s surface as viewed
from above.
Mapping Earth
37
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Key Concept What can a topographic map tell you about the shape of Earth’s surface?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.
Map Features Question
Answer
1.
How is relief determined?
2.
What do the small loop and
dot on the top of a
topographic map indicate?
3.
What do the V-shaped
contours pointing downhill
indicate?
4.
What does the narrow bottom
of a V-shaped contour
pointing uphill indicate?
5.
What do contour lines spaced
far apart indicate?
6.
What do contour lines spaced
close together indicate?
7.
What do brown contour lines
indicate?
8.
What do blue contour lines
indicate?
9.
What does green on a
topographic map indicate?
10.
What does pink on a
topographic map indicate?
11.
38
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
What is the purpose of
contour lines on a map?
Mapping Earth
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Key Concept What can you learn from geologic maps about the rocks near Earth’s surface?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Map Feature Question
Answer
What three features are part
of surface geology?
1.
What is a geologic
formation?
2.
What do the different colors
on geologic maps indicate?
3.
What are two things you can
learn about rock from a
geologic map?
4.
Where are periods of rock
formation noted on a
geologic map?
5.
What is a geologic cross
section?
6.
What can be learned from
studying a geologic cross
section?
7.
How is information gathered
to create a geologic cross
section?
8.
Mapping Earth
39
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Key Concept How can modern technology be used in mapmaking?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided. Use complete sentences.
1. How does Global Positioning System (GPS) work?
2. What are four ways in which GPS is currently used?
3. What does information gathered by geographic information systems (GIS) allow
mapmakers to do?
4. What is remote sensing?
Directions: Use your answers to the above questions to write a paragraph explaining remote sensing and
identifying how it can be used to help people.
6.
40
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. What can scientists study by using remote sensing?
Name
Date
Enrichment
Class
LESSON 2
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectral Analysis
Earth’s surface is constantly changing as
a result of natural forces such as erosion,
floods, and fires. Cultural forces also
change Earth’s surface, through dams,
cities, agriculture, and other human
constructions. Often these changes come
rapidly and unexpectedly. Hurricane
Katrina made sudden changes to the deltas
near New Orleans and changed the maps of
the area.
signature, some images reveal information
about the land that cannot be seen by the
unaided eye. These images are formed by
bands in the electromagnetic spectrum that
are outside the visible spectrum of light.
Because every physical thing on Earth has a
unique spectral signature, digital images
from space can be detailed enough to
discriminate objects, vegetation, elevations,
and people.
Images of Earth
Spectral Analysis
Aerial photography has played an
important role in the science of mapping.
It can capture detailed images from close to
Earth. Traditional photography captures
images that fall within the visible
spectrum. Unlike traditional photos of the
land, satellite imagery is digital and
multispectral. Satellites can capture images
from as far as 600 km above Earth, so they
have a broader view than aerial
photography.
Generally, gamma rays, X-rays, and
ultraviolet rays with wavelengths less than
0.3 μm (micrometer, or one-millionth of a
meter) are unavailable for remote sensing.
The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum,
from photographic ultraviolet waves
through microwaves, is available for
spectral analysis and digital imaging.
We are learning that a great deal of our
world is visible to us only through remotesensing technology and spectral analysis.
Mapping is only one application of this
technology. We can now see into space and
analyze features of the universe that we
could only guess at before.
Spectral Signatures
Because satellites capture images and
digitize them according to their spectral
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills
Directions: Respond to each statement.
1. Summarize how a digital image of the land below a satellite orbiting 600 km above
Earth can discriminate between a natural pine forest and an adjacent apple orchard.
2. Invent an application of spectral analysis and digital imaging in an area of science
other than mapping and astronomy. Justify your reasoning.
Mapping Earth
41
Name
Challenge
Date
Class
LESSON 2
Pixilated Images
A satellite image is made up of thousands of tiny dots referred to as pixels. To see
individual pixels, use a computer to enlarge a digital photo. Enlarge it as many times as it
takes to see the individual pixels. You will see that each pixel is uniform in color and
brightness.
Draw a pixilated image in the grid below. Find a simple object, such as a piece of fruit or
a vase. The object should have a simple but irregular shape. Draw an outline of the object
on the grid. Then with colored pencils, fill in each square that is completely inside the
outline. If a square is more than half inside the outline, fill it in completely. If it is more
than half outside the outline, leave the square empty.
1. Describe your pixel picture in terms of realism and whether you could recognize the
image as it is.
2. Predict how your pixel drawing would change if the grid or pixel size were smaller.
42
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1.
would NOT show the shape of a volcano.
A. A topographic map
B. An aerial photograph
C. A geologic cross section
2. A steep slope can be indicated by
A. an index contour.
B. a large contour interval.
C. very close contour lines.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3.
are NOT shown on a geologic map.
A. Faults
B. Rock formations
C. Color of the rocks
4. Which item would be most useful in an unfamiliar city?
A. a GPS unit
B. a Jason-1 image
C. a digital map based on GIS data
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F is the statement is false.
5. A topographic map shows the differences in elevation of an area.
6. At least two GPS signals are needed to determine a location.
7. A contour line connects points in an area that are at different elevations.
8. Digital maps based on GIS data are made by layering different types of data.
9. Remote-sensing techniques might be used to monitor forest fires.
10. Landsat is a group of satellites that collect data about the ocean floor.
Mapping Earth
43
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of correct answer.
1. Which item would NOT be useful for completing a geography project on the
rock and mineral resources of your state?
A. a GIS database
B. a GPS handheld unit
C. a geologic map of the state
D. Landsat images of the state
2. Which item would be most useful in studying coral reefs around the world?
A. geologic maps
B. Jason-1 images
C. Landsat images
D. topographic maps
3. Which item is NOT shown on a topographic map?
A. faults
B. relief
C. vegetation
D. contour lines
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.
4. A profile view of rocks beneath the surface is a(n)
5. At least
.
receivers are needed for a GPS unit to accurately
calculate location.
6. A(n)
connects points of equal elevation in an area.
7. A flat area on a topographic map is shown by contour lines that
are
8.
.
techniques might be used to monitor the number of
trees that are being cut down in a forest.
9. Hikers might use a(n)
and a(n)
to navigate an unfamiliar area.
44
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Completion
Name
Date
Class
Lab A
40 minutes
Seeing Double?
The satellite pictures in this lab are called stereo photographs. Look closely. At first, the
photos in each set might appear the same. However, there are small differences between the
pictures in each set. These differences will allow your eyes to change the 2-D images into 3-D
views. Let’s see if your eyes can see in 3-D so you can study these features of Earth’s surface.
Before beginning this lab, look at the stereo photographs on your textbook pages to see these
images in color. You will need to use these color images to complete the lab procedure.
Question
How can stereo photographs be used to study Earth’s surface features?
Materials
metric ruler
Procedure
Directions: Check the boxes below as you complete each step of the procedure.
1. Look at the first set of pictures in your textbook. Find the thin, gray lines.
These thin, gray lines are rivers.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Now find the black shaped features near the center of the photos.
These are lakes.
3. Much of the white and gray area in the pictures is one landform.
4. Now study the second set of pictures in your textbook. The bright blue areas
on the pictures are lakes.
5. The brown and reddish-brown areas on this set of pictures are rocks and soil.
6. Find the different green areas on this set of pictures. These are trees and other
vegetation.
Mapping Earth
45
Name
Date
Class
Lab A continued
7. View each landscape in 3-D. To do this, slightly cross your eyes while you look at the
two white dots above the images. A third white dot will appear between the two
dots.
At this point, you should see a 3-D view of the landscape. Study the landscape.
Then repeat this procedure for the other set of pictures.
Forest-covered land
Lake water
Volcanic ash and debris
Playa (deep water)
Sinkhole (very deep
water)
Vegetation
Basalt rock
Salt deposits
46
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Playa (shallow water)
Name
Date
Class
Lab A continued
Analyze and Conclude
8. Explain What features changed when you viewed
the photos in 3-D?
Remember to use scientific
methods.
Make Observations
Ask a Question
Why or why not?
Form a Hypothesis
Test your Hypothesis
Analyze and Conclude
9. Measure The scale for the bottom pictures on the
Communicate Results
previous page is about 1 cm = 2.39 km. In the lefthand image, what is the actual distance of the
western edge of the largest lake to the eastern tip of
the large mesa at the eastern edge?
10.
The Big Idea What types of models are satellite pictures, and why are they
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
sometimes used to study Earth’s features?
Communicate Your Results
Write several sentences to describe the features of each landscape.
Lab Tips
• Cross your eyes only slightly to help form the 3-D view.
• Relax! Sometimes when you try too hard to see in 3-D, your eyes will not be able to
form the optical illusion.
Mapping Earth
47
Name
Date
Class
Lab B
40 minutes
Seeing Double?
The satellite images in this lab are called stereo photographs. At first glance, the photos in
each set might appear the same. However, if you look very closely, you should see slight
differences between the pictures in each set. These differences will allow your eyes to
change the 2-D images into 3-D views of the land. Let’s see if your eyes can create these 3-D
optical illusions so you can study these features of Earth’s surface. Before beginning this lab,
look at the stereo photographs in your textbook to see these images in color. You will need
to use these color images to complete the lab procedure.
Question
How can stereo photographs be used to study Earth’s surface features?
Materials
metric ruler
Procedure
Directions: Check the boxes below as you complete each step of the procedure.
1. Look at the first set of images in your textbook. Find the thin, gray lines running
through some of the white areas. These thin, gray lines are rivers.
3. Much of the white and gray area in the photos is one landform.
4. Now study the second set of images in your textbook. The bright-blue areas on the
images are lakes.
5. The brown and reddish-brown areas on this set of images are rocks and soil.
6. Now locate the different green areas on this set of images. These are trees and other
vegetation.
48
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Now find the black shaped features near the center of the photos. These are lakes.
Name
Date
Class
Lab B continued
Test Your Hypothesis
7. View each landscape in 3-D. To do this, slightly cross your eyes while looking at the
two white dots above the images. A third white dot will appear between the two dots.
At this point, you should see a 3-D view of the landscape. Study the landscape. Then
repeat this procedure for the other set of images.
Forest-covered land
Lake water
Volcanic ash and debris
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Playa (shallow water)
Playa (deep water)
Sinkhole (very deep
water)
Vegetation
Basalt rock
Salt deposits
Analyze and Conclude
8. Explain What features changed when you viewed the photos in 3-D?
Mapping Earth
49
Name
Date
Class
Lab B continued
9. Measure The scale for the image is 1 cm = 2.39 km. In
the left-hand image, what is the actual distance from
the western edge of the largest lake to the eastern tip of
the large mesa at the eastern edge?
Remember to use scientific
methods.
Make Observations
Ask a Question
11.
The Big Idea What types of models are satellite
images, and why are they sometimes used to study
Earth’s features?
Form a Hypothesis
Test your Hypothesis
Analyze and Conclude
Communicate Results
Communicate Your Results
Write several sentences to describe the general topography of each landscape.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Extension
Which landscape is best for your favorite outdoor activity? Justify your answer.
Lab Tips
• Cross your eyes only slightly to help form the 3-D view.
• Relax! Sometimes when you try too hard to see in 3-D, your eyes will not be able to
form the optical illusion.
50
Mapping Earth
Name
Date
Class
Lab C
Topographic Maps
Directions: Use the information and data from Lab Seeing Double? to perform this lab.
A topographic map shows the detailed shapes of Earth’s surface, along with its natural
features. It helps give you a picture of what the landscape looks like without seeing it. Draw
a possible topographic map based on one of the satellite images in the Lab Seeing Double?
Make sure your map contains the following features by checking off the list as you add
them to your map:
Contour lines
Legend
Symbol marking the highest point
Index contours
Elevation of highest point
(You will have to estimate.)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Please note that you must complete Lab B before beginning Lab C.
Mapping Earth
51
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Key Concepts Builder
Mapping Earth
End-of-Chapter Practice
Directions: Work with a partner to show how Earth’s surface features are measured and modeled. Here are the
steps you will need to take to complete this activity:
• Make a list of the types of maps described in the chapter on mapping Earth. Then list
places where you could locate examples of each type of map.
Types of maps described:
Where to locate examples of each map type:
• Then,
Decide on a map you and your
partner would like to use to
create a model of the surface
depicted by the map.
List the materials you and your
partner will need to create the
model.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Decide what the model will
depict.
Brainstorm problems you might
have in creating the model.
List strategies for overcoming
these problems.
• Create the model.
Share the map with your class. Explain the following:
• the purpose of the model
• how the model was created
• the value of information presented by the model
• why you and your partner chose to create this particular model
• problems you encountered and strategies you used to overcome the problems
52
Mapping Earth
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test A
Mapping Earth
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which map features are used to find locations?
A. map legends
B. contour interval lines
C. latitude and longitude lines
2. Which mapping option best represents the shapes of areas near the equator?
A. a conical projection
B. a topographic profile
C. a cylindrical projection
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Which mapping option shows differences in elevation of the land?
A. a geologic map
B. a topographic map
C. a conical projection
4. How are remote sensing data commonly used?
A. to predict surface geology
B. to monitor changes in the land
C. to change contour intervals on a map
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is
used only once.
cross section
geologic map
map legend
map scale
slope
time zone
5. An area of Earth where the time is the same is a
6. A
.
relates distances on a map to actual distances on Earth’s
surface.
7. A
is a representation that shows faults, rock types, and rock
ages.
8. All the symbols used on a map make up the
.
9. A map profile of rocks below the ground is a
.
10.
Mapping Earth
is a measure of the steepness of the ground.
53
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test A continued
Interpreting a Map
Directions: Use the map and a term from the word bank to correctly complete each sentence. Each term is used
only once.
equator
latitude
longitude
map scale
poles
75˚
c
60˚
45˚
b
30˚
15˚
0˚
a
e
15˚
d
30˚
45˚
60˚
3,000 km
W
0˚
15˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚ 120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚
E
11. Name The map feature in the lower-left corner is the
.
12. Compare Points a and e are located on the
13. Locate The
.
of point d is 90°E.
14. Evaluate This type of projection distorts the size of areas near
the
.
15. Contrast Point c has the highest
.
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
16. Contrast a map view and a profile view.
54
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
165˚ 150˚ 135˚ 120˚ 105˚ 90˚ 75˚ 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test A continued
17. Describe how the Global Positioning System, or GPS, is used to determine a location.
Concept Application
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.
18. The map scale on a particular geologic map is 1 cm = 3.5 km. Calculate the actual
distance between two points if they are 4 cm apart on the map. Show your work.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
19. Evaluate You are doing a project about your state. You must make a map that shows
roads, parks, and general elevation. What type of map should you use? Explain your
choice.
20. Interpret You are planning a hike. A topographic map of the area has contour lines
that are very close together. What kind of hike can you expect? How do you know?
21. List two ways in which remote sensing might have been used when Hurricane Ike
struck and destroyed much of Galveston, Texas, in 2008.
Mapping Earth
55
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test B
Mapping Earth
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which maps could be used to determine exact locations on Earth?
A. topographic maps
B. current geologic maps
C. any maps made with remote-sensing data
D. maps with lines of latitude and longitude on them
2. A
A.
B.
C.
D.
shows the structure of rocks beneath Earth’s surface.
map legend
topographic profile
geologic cross section
digital map based on GIS data
3. Which would provide the most detailed view of an area?
A. a conical projection
B. a cylindrical projection
C. a map with a scale of 1:25,000
D. a map with a scale of 1:100,000
Directions: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.
4. Contour lines on a(n)
map show the relief of an area.
5. A(n)
6.
exaggerates the shapes of areas near Earth’s poles.
is the collection of data that does not involve physical
contact.
7. A(n)
map would show the extent of a particular sandstone
formation.
8. On a topographic map, an area with a steep
would have
closely spaced contour lines.
9. The prime meridian is the reference point on which
are
based.
10. A(n)
view of an area is often referred to as a bird’s-eye view.
11. The age of rocks on a geologic map is determined using the
map
56
.
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Completion
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test B continued
Interpreting a Map
Directions: Use the map to answer each question or respond to each statement.
75˚
c
60˚
45˚
b
30˚
15˚
0˚
a
e
15˚
d
30˚
45˚
60˚
3,000 km
165˚ 150˚ 135˚ 120˚ 105˚ 90˚ 75˚ 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
W
0˚
15˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚ 120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚
E
12. Locate Point a is located along the
, or
latitude.
13. Identify The latitude and longitude of point d are
.
14. Contrast On this type of map, the shape of land near the equator is
, whereas the shape of the land near the poles
is
.
15. Identify Point
is at the highest latitude, and
point
is at the farthest longitude.
16. Use a Map Scale The approximate distance between points a and b is
km.
17. Infer Which point on the map could be studied by TOPEX/Jason-1 or Sea Beam?
Explain your choice.
Mapping Earth
57
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test B continued
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines or in the space provided.
18. List the sources of data collected for GIS systems and explain how the resulting maps
are made.
19. Make and label a sketch that explains how the GPS system works.
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
20. Decide You are planning to hike in an unknown area. Which option would provide a
better idea of what was in store for you—a map view or a profile view of the area? Explain.
21. When Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, a large part of the mountain was destroyed.
Infer which type of map of the area would show more of the affects of this event—
topographic or geologic. Explain.
58
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Concept Application
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test C
Mapping Earth
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which map would you use to most accurately pinpoint your location if you
were at 0° latitude and 0° longitude?
A. a time zone map
B. a current geologic map
C. a cylindrical map projection
D. a topographic map with a small contour interval
2. Why are different types of map projections used to represent the same part
of Earth?
A. Mapmakers cannot agree on a uniform scale.
B. Different projections have different advantages.
C. The data on geologic maps can change very quickly.
D. Remote-sensing data are not available for much of Earth.
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. A(n)
would be the best way to show differences in
elevation in a remote area.
4. The relief of a mountainous area would best be shown in a(n)
view.
5.
,
, and
are shown on geologic maps.
6. Geologic maps are used to make cross sections, which
show
.
7. On a topographic map, a mountain with a gentle slope would be represented by
contour lines that are
8. A map view of an area shows
9. The
.
.
on a topographic map would include the contour
interval of the map.
10. The
Mapping Earth
is the reference point for time zones.
59
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test C continued
Interpreting a Map
Directions: Use the map to respond to each statement.
75˚
c
60˚
45˚
b
30˚
15˚
0˚
a
e
15˚
d
30˚
45˚
60˚
3,000 km
165˚ 150˚ 135˚ 120˚ 105˚ 90˚ 75˚ 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚
W
0˚
15˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚ 120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚
E
12. Explain how this type of map projection portrays different parts of Earth.
13. Identify the latitude and longitude of each of the five points on the map.
14. Determine the distance, in kilometers, between points c and e.
15. Infer whether any of the points are in the same time zone. Explain your answer.
60
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. Infer what type of map projection is shown.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Test C continued
Short Answer
Direction: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
16. Explain how remote sensing has improved mapmaking. Then list two possible uses of
remote sensing that were not described in the chapter.
17. Explain how the GPS system works and why at least three receivers are needed to
locate a position.
18. Explain how you might use GIS to make a detailed map of your neighborhood,
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
including the different types of layers that would be represented on the map.
Concept Application
Direction: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.
19. An oil company plans to place an oil-drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Infer which
type of remote-sensing tools might help them decide where to place the rig.
20. Two maps exist of the same area. Map A has a scale of 1:100,000. Map B has a scale
of 1:25,000. Assess which map shows less detail. Explain your answer.
21. Many faults exist deep beneath Earth’s surface. Suppose a major earthquake occurred
along one of these faults. Evaluate whether such an event would require a revision of
a topographic map and a geologic map of the area. Explain your answer.
Mapping Earth
61
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Teacher Pages
Lesson Outlines for Teaching
T2
Answers
T6
Mapping Earth
T1
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: Maps
A. Understanding Maps
1. A map is a(n) model of Earth’s surface.
2. When a map is drawn in map view, it appears as though you were looking down on
an area from above Earth’s surface.
3. Cross sections are drawn in profile view. This view shows a(n) vertical slice through
the ground as though you were looking at Earth’s interior from the side.
4. A(n) map legend lists all the symbols used on the map. It also explains what each
symbol means.
5. A(n) map scale determines how large or how small a map might be.
a. A map scale shows the relationship between distance on a map and actual
distance on the ground.
b. A scale can be written in words, as a(n) ratio, or as a scale bar.
B. Reading Maps
1. An imaginary grid on Earth’s surface is used to find locations.
2. North-south grid lines on a globe run from one pole to another and encircle Earth.
a. The reference line that passes through Greenwich, England, is the prime
meridian.
b. The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian is longitude.
a. The reference line halfway between the North and South Poles is the equator.
b. Latitude lines form complete, parallel circles, with the equator being the largest
circle.
C. Plotting Locations
1. Earth is a sphere, which can be divided into 360 degrees.
a. The maximum latitude is one-fourth of the distance around Earth, or 90 degrees
north or south.
b. The maximum longitude is half the distance around Earth, or 180 degrees east or
west.
2. To describe a location, name its latitude and its longitude, giving its latitude first.
3. Each degree of latitude or longitude is divided into 60 minutes, each of which is
further divided into 60 seconds.
T2
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. East-west grid lines on a globe are lines of latitude.
Lesson Outline continued
4. A(n) time zone in an area between two meridians in which every part has the same
time.
a. Generally, the width of a time zone is 15° longitude.
b. Time changes by one hour when going from one time zone to another.
c. The line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime meridian is the International
Date Line.
d. When you cross the International Date Line from east to west, it becomes one
day later.
D. Map Projections
1. A(n) projection shows the surface of Earth on a flat surface.
2. A(n) cylindrical projection is formed by placing a light at the center of a globe and
projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cylinder wrapped around the globe.
a. These maps are accurate in showing shapes near the equator.
b. Shapes near the poles look much larger than they actually are.
3. A(n) conical projection is formed by placing a light at the center of a globe and
projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cone wrapped around the globe.
Discussion Question
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Describe the general location of a person who is standing at 20°N and 90°W.
The person is slightly north of the equator and halfway between the prime meridian and
the International Date Line, to the west of the prime meridian.
Mapping Earth
T3
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Technology and Mapmaking
A. Types of Maps
1. There are several types of maps, depending on the purpose of the map.
a. Physical maps show features such as mountains and lakes.
b. Relief maps use shading and shadows to show mountains and flat areas.
c. A(n) political map shows boundaries between countries, states, and townships.
d. People use road maps to find their way from one place to another.
2. A(n) topographic map shows the natural features of Earth’s surface as well as many
of its detailed shapes.
3. The height above sea level of any point on Earth’s surface is the point’s elevation.
a. Relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points in an
area.
b. On a topographic map, contour lines connect points of equal elevation.
4. On a topographic map, only the index contours are labeled with the elevation.
5. The difference in elevation between two contour lines that are next to each other is
the contour interval.
a. If contour lines are close together, the slope of the land is steep.
b. Information from contour lines can be used to draw an accurate profile of the
6. The legend on a topographic map describes the symbols used on the map.
7. Geologic maps show the surface geology of an area.
a. Different formations on a geologic map are shown by different colors and
symbols.
b. Geologists use a(n) cross section, a type of diagram, to show a vertical slice
through rocks below the surface.
B. Making Maps Today
1. Today, people use computers and data from satellites to make maps.
2. The Global Positioning System is a group of satellites used for navigation.
a. A GPS receiver uses signals from several satellites to calculate its location.
b. GPS is used for navigation by people in airplanes and ships.
3. A(n) geographic information system stores and analyzes data sent to it, usually by GPS.
a. Mapmakers use this data to create digital maps.
b. GIS creates different map layers of the same location.
T4
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
topography of the land.
Lesson Outline continued
4. When you collect information about an area without having physical contact with
it, you use remote sensing.
a. Much remote-sensing information used to make maps is now supplied by
satellites.
b. One important use of remote sensing is to detect change over time in an area.
5. The series of satellites known as Landsat scans Earth’s entire surface every 16 days.
Using this data to study wetlands helps scientists follow climate changes and bird
populations.
6. The TOPEX and Jason-1 satellites have been used in measuring bulges and valleys
below the ocean’s surface.
7. Sound is used to map the ocean floor when Sea Beam sonar is used from a ship.
Discussion Question
If you wanted to use a field map to study an area, when would you use a topographic map
and when would you use a geologic map?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
You would use a topographic map if you wanted information about the shape and size of
features on Earth’s surface. You would use a geologic map if you wanted information about
the materials that comprise the area.
Mapping Earth
T5
Answers
What do you think? (page 1)
1. Agree
2. Disagree; maps model Earth in two
dimensions.
3. Latitude and longitude are intersecting
reference points that are used to describe any
location on Earth.
Content Practice A (page 13)
3. Disagree; each type of map projection has
some area of distortion.
1. northern hemisphere
4. Agree
3. equator
5. Disagree; standard colors are randomly
assigned to differentiate among the ages of
rock on geologic time.
4. southern hemisphere
6. Disagree; satellite images can have high
resolution down to 1 m or less.
2. lines of latitude
5. western hemisphere
6. lines of longitude
7. eastern hemisphere
8. prime meridian
Lesson 1
Launch Lab (page 8)
1. Possible answers: The instructions depend on
written language. If the student cannot read
English, he or she will not be able to use the
written directions. Images on a map would be
easier to use. Visual learners would prefer a
map; auditory learners might prefer a written
or spoken instruction guide. Kinesthetic
learners might follow the route with a finger
on the map.
2. Possible answer: Maps are useful because they
can help a person find his or her way in an
unfamiliar place.
Content Vocabulary (page 9)
1. prime
3. map view
1. Possible answer: This map is drawn in map
view because it looks as though I am looking
down on it from above Earth’s surface.
2. Possible answer: The numbers indicate hour
differences and show how time changes
moving from west to east.
3. Possible answer: The International Date Line
is the meridian that marks 180°, or halfway
around the world. A time zone is an area of
Earth’s surface between two meridians where
people use the same time.
4. Possible answer: The map is a cylindrical
projection because the meridians are vertical
and equal distances apart, instead of farther
apart at the equator and closer at higher
latitudes (conical map).
Math Skills (page 15)
4. map scale
1. 6 km
5. time zone
2. 30 km
6. map legend
3. 5 km
7. profile view
4. 0.25 km
8. International Date Line
9. longitude
MiniLab (page 12)
Procedure steps: 1. Hilo, HI; 2. Philadelphia, PA; 3.
Seward 60°N,150°W, Memphis 35°N,90°W, Denver
40°N,105 W
1. Latitude and longitude are measured in
degrees because Earth is a sphere and can
be divided into 360 degrees. N means
the hemisphere north of the equator, and
W is the hemisphere west of the prime
meridian.
2. Students’ answers will vary with their choice
of city. Answers should accurately describe the
location of a nearby city, using the correct
notation.
School to Home (page 16)
1. Answers will vary but should include the length
and width measurements of a room in meters.
2. Answers will vary. Maps should accurately
depict a room in the student’s home. The map
scale should be calculated based on the size of
the room.
3. Answers will vary. Students should identify
symbols used in their maps to represent
common objects.
Key Concept Builder (page 17)
1. D
2. K
3. G
4. N
5. P
T6
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. latitude
Content Practice B (page 14)
Answers continued
6. E
7. A
8. M
9. B
10. C
11. F
12. L
13. H
14. O
15. J
16. I
Key Concept Builder (page 18)
1. parallel
2. a complete circle
3. equator
4. 360 degrees
5. 0 degrees
6. 90 degrees north latitude
7. 180 degrees
8. minutes and seconds
9. latitude
10. seventy degrees south latitude and twenty-five
degrees east longitude
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Key Concept Builder (page 19)
1. E, G
2. E, G
3. From Johannesburg to Rio is across the
Atlantic Ocean within 30°S of the equator.
There is little distortion along the equator in
a Mercator projection, so that choice would
be the most appropriate choice.
Challenge (page 22)
1. Possible answer: pencil, G4, where the position
G4 is unique on the grid
2. Students should show an understanding of a
coordinate grid system and should be able to
transfer this concept to other endeavors such
as Cartesian coordinate systems.
3. Possible answer: Using labels, you can
pinpoint a unique location, as in latitude
and longitude. However, our grid does not
contain smaller subunits such as degrees
and minutes.
Skill Practice (page 23)
6. Students should have a scale that is between
1:10 and 1:50. Explanations for choice of
scale should indicate that the particular scale
allowed them to draw the whole room on one
piece of paper.
7. Similarities include the need to omit many
details of the place. Differences include size
and scale of the place being modeled and the
difference in the degree of possible detail.
8. Students should explain that the more
accurate map would allow them to give
directions in more detail and would help
them have more confidence that the person
would find the object.
3. F, I
Lesson Quiz A (page 24)
4. A, H
Matching
1. B
5. C
6. D
2. E
7. D
3. D
8. B, D
4. C
9. B, D
5. A
10. Possible answer: From looking at a map of
the world, I can tell where places and features
exist in relation to the equator, the poles, and
each other.
Key Concept Builder (page 20)
For the completed table, see page T12.
Enrichment (page 21)
1. Globes are three-dimensional, and there are
few distortions. Maps are two-dimensional,
and all maps have distortions of some kind.
2. Possible answer: To obtain the greatest
accuracy within a single continent, especially
in the center of the projection, choose a
conical map.
Mapping Earth
True or False
6. F
7. F
8. F
9. T
10. T
Lesson Quiz B (page 25)
Completion
1. map legend
2. map scale
3. time zone; meridians
4. gain; International Date Line
T7
Answers continued
Short Answer
5. Both are models of Earth’s surface. A map view
shows the area as seen from above, whereas a
profile view is an area as seen from the side.
6. Both are imaginary lines on a map that are
used to determine or pinpoint locations on a
map or globe. Both distances are measured in
degrees. Latitude is the distance north or south
of the equator. Longitude is the distance east or
west of the prime meridian.
7. Both are used to transfer features from a globe
onto a map. Cylindrical projections produce
maps that show shapes near the equator
accurately and cause shapes nearer the poles to
be distorted. Conical projections show shapes
accurately where lines of latitude intersect the
cone used to make the projection.
Content Practice A (page 32)
1. elevation
2. slope
3. satellites
4–5. (in either order) navigation, creating maps
6. detailed information
7. changes
8. combines computer data
9. surface geology
10–11. (in either order) colors, symbols
Content Practice B (page 33)
For completed table, see page T12.
Language Arts Support (page 34)
1. B
Lesson 2
2. D
Launch Lab (page 27)
3. D, C, E, A
NOTE: Lab handouts are available on page T13.
1. Possible answers: One can find the easiest way
to travel through an area. One can determine
the best areas to build roads or houses.
2. Any way of showing three-dimensional
characteristics on a two-dimensional surface is
acceptable. Answers might include shading,
lines, colors, or a combination of these.
Content Vocabulary (page 28)
1. contour interval
3. contour line
4. relief
5. slope
6. remote sensing
7. cross section
8. geologic map
9. aerial
10. elevation
MiniLab (page 31)
1. approximately 175 m; approximately 240 m
2. The steepest grade along line AB is to the
right side of the peak on the hill on the right
between 170–200 m. This is where contour
lines are closest together.
3. Answers will vary. A contour map and
topographic profile would be helpful to plan a
skateboard park so that the builder could
make sure that high points in the area would
be useful as ramps or places to start.
4. Possible answer: There are two hills with a
valley between them.
T8
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1. The lines of latitude and longitude can be
used to plot a location on Earth.
2. For example, the location of New Orleans is
approximately 30 degrees north of the equator
and 90 degrees west of the prime meridian.
3. The spacing of the contour lines reflects the
slope of the land.
4. For example, if the contour lines are widely
spaced, the slope is gradual.
5. They might show the types and ages of the
rocks.
6. Several colors are used to distinguish different
rock formations.
School to Home (page 36)
1. Possible answers: topographic maps only—
have contour lines; show relief; show
vegetation, bodies of water, roads, public and
private buildings
geologic maps only—give information about
rock types and their ages and show contacts
and position of faults
both types of maps—have legends and
represent specific areas
2. Student diagrams should show energy moving
from an energy source, such as the Sun or
electromagnetic radiation, to a target on Earth
(object or area) and then up to a sensor on a
satellite and back to a receiving station on Earth.
Key Concept Builder (page 37)
1. F
2. T
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. topographic map
Language Arts Support (page 35)
Answers continued
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. F
Key Concept Builder (page 38)
1. to show the elevation of the land
2. by the difference in elevation between the
highest and lowest point in an area
3. the high point on the mountain
4. ridges
5. a stream valley or drainage
6. a gradual slope
7. a steep slope
8. land contours
9. contours underwater
10. vegetation
11. dense housing
Key Concept Builder (page 39)
1. rock types, their ages, and the locations of faults
2. a volume of a particular kind of rock
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. different geologic formations
4. the type of rock and when it was formed
5. in the map legend
6. a diagram showing a vertical slice through
Earth’s surface
7. what rocks are like underground
8. by drilling for samples, studying earthquake
waves, or looking at cliffs
Key Concept Builder (page 40)
1. A group of satellites relay signals from Earth. The
signals are used to calculate the distance to the
satellites, which reveals the location on land.
2. Possible answers (any four): military uses,
navigation, wildlife tracking, earthquake
detection, hiking, biking, land surveying
3. GIS allows mapmakers to analyze and
organize data and then create digital maps.
4. Remote sensing is the process of collecting
information about an area without coming
into contact with it.
5. Possible answer: Scientists can study changes
that have occurred on Earth’s surface.
6. Possible answer: Remote sensing is a
mapmaking technique that uses satellite
Mapping Earth
images for collecting and processing
information about an area. Information on
changes in the land are monitored through
remote sensing. This information helps in
planning for future use of an area, assessing
damage after a natural disaster, monitoring
wetlands and coral reefs, monitoring
hurricanes, and learning about the seafloor.
Enrichment (page 41)
1. Pine forests and apple orchards have unique
spectral signatures. They also are arranged
differently on land. Natural pine forests are
random and obviously uncultivated, but apple
orchards tend to be arranged in rows and
squares.
2. Possible answer: Spectral analysis is used in
criminal forensics to identify materials and
evidence that is left at the scene of a crime.
Medical diagnostics use it to identify and
image diseased tissue.
Challenge (page 42)
1. Possible answer: The image is not very
realistic. The edges are rough, parts of the
image are missing, and the colors are spotty
and don’t blend together.
2. If the grid were smaller (more pixels), the
image would be smoother, the colors would
blend, and the image would be easier to
recognize.
Lesson Quiz A (page 43)
Matching
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. A
True or False
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. F
Lesson Quiz B (page 44)
Multiple Choice
1. B
2. B
3. A
Completion
4. cross section
5. three
T9
Answers continued
6. contour line
7. geologic map
7. far apart
8. map legend
8. Remote-sensing
9. cross section
9. GPS unit; topographic map
Labs A and B (pages 45, 48)
8. Answers will vary. The top images on the page
are of a mountain, specifically a volcano with
a crater. Several rivers flow down from the
volcano and drain into lakes. The bottom
images on the page show several flat
landforms, water features, and rivers.
9. The scale distance is 4.4 cm, so the actual
distance is 10.5 km.
10. Satellite images are flat, two-dimensional
models of Earth’s surface. They are sometimes
used to study areas that might be inaccessible
or dangerous to study on foot. Satellite images
are also used to study changes in Earth’s
surface features.
Communicate Your Results Possible answer: The first
set of images shows a mountain (a volcano with a
central crater). Rivers flow down the flanks of this
mountain and drain into the lakes. The second set
of images shows a highly eroded terrain containing
several plateaus and smaller mesas. In the southern
part of the landscape, rivers have carved several
large valleys that are lined with vegetation.
Lab C (page 51)
Students’ maps should include the following: contour
lines, index contours, a legend, a symbol to mark the
highest point on the map, and an estimated elevation
of the highest point on the map.
Chapter Key Concepts Builder (page 52)
Students should work cooperatively to complete the
activity. Student pairs should show an understanding
of the value of the map they chose to create, and
they should explain the process they used to create
the map.
Chapter Test A (page 53)
Multiple Choice
1. C
Chapter Test A (page 54)
Interpreting a Map
11. map scale
12. equator
13. longitude
14. poles
15. latitude
Short Answer
16. A map view shows an area as viewed from
above. A profile view shows an area as viewed
from the side.
Chapter Test A (page 55)
17. Global Positioning System satellites orbit
Earth and send signals to receivers on Earth. A
receiver uses at least three signals to calculate
its location.
Concept Application
18. 3.5 km/1 cm × 4 cm = 14 km
19. Students should infer that to show various
types of data, a map based on GIS data should
be used. Such maps combine layers of data so
the lower layers of information on the map
can be analyzed.
20. The hike will likely be strenuous. Contour
lines that are close together indicate a steep
topography.
21. Answers will vary but might include a
statement indicating that remote-sensing
images allowed officials to see the type of
damage caused by the hurricane, to determine
where the damage made the city unsafe, and
to help organize rescue efforts.
Chapter Test B (page 56)
Multiple Choice
1. D
2. C
3. C
Completion
4. topographic
5. cylindrical projection
6. Remote-sensing
2. C
7. geologic
3. B
8. slope
9. time zones
4. B
Completion
5. time zone
10. map
11. legend or key
6. map scale
T10
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B. Extension To extend this investigation, have
students write a brief, creative newspaper article
about their chosen landscape that highlights its best
features in relation to their favorite outdoor activity.
Encourage students to give their articles creative
headlines. Ask volunteers to share their articles with
the class.
10. slope
Answers continued
Chapter Test B (page 57)
Interpreting a Map
12. equator; 0°
13. 15°S, 90°E
14. fairly accurate; enlarged
15. c; c
16. 9,530 km
17. Point d could be studied through use of TOPEX/
Jason-1 satellites or the Sea Beam sonar device
because these remote-sensing devices have been
used to study the ocean floor.
Chapter Test B (page 58)
Short Answer
18. Data in geographic information systems, or
GIS, include data collected by satellites, from
aerial photographs, and from scanners. Maps
based on GIS data are made by compiling layers
of different types of data onto one map.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
19. Students’ drawings should include one or more
GPS satellites in orbit above Earth and one or
more Earth-based receivers. Students’ responses
should also include that GPS satellites send
signals to Earth, where a minimum of three
receivers process the information to provide a
location.
Concept Application
20. Accept either answer as long as students
are able to justify their choices. A map view
shows the lateral relationships among the
natural features in an area. This view could
be useful in planning the actual ground
distance to be covered on the hike or the
parts of an area to be avoided. A profile
view shows topography, or vertical changes
in a landscape and would be useful in
determining what to carry on the hike or
how to estimate the duration of the hike.
21. Topographic maps of the area would no
longer be accurate because they show the
shape of the land, including elevation.
Geologic maps of the area, however, would
still be fairly accurate, as these maps show
the geologic formations in an area.
Chapter Test C (page 59)
Multiple Choice
1. C
2. B
Completion
3. topographic
4. profile
5. (in any order) rock types, rocks ages, faults
6. a map profile of rocks below the surface
7. not too close together
8. the area as viewed from above
Mapping Earth
9. map legend or key
10. International Date Line
Chapter Test C (page 60)
Interpreting a Map
11. cylindrical projection
12. A cylindrical projection accurately shows
shapes near the equator but distorts areas near
the poles.
13. Point a (0°,75°W), Point b (45°N,120°W), Point c
(60°N,150°E), Point d (15°S,90°E), Point e (0°,0°)
14. approximately 24,000 km
15. The width of a time zone is 15° longitude.
Although time zones don’t strictly follow
lines of longitude, none of the points on the
map are in the same time zone.
Chapter Test C (page 61)
Short Answer
16. Remote sensing has made data collection and
mapmaking much faster than either of these
processes had been in the past. Also, remote
sensing allows almost immediate updates to
existing maps or databases. Uses for remote
sensing include monitoring forest fires, water
quality, volcanic eruptions and the damage
they cause, urban sprawl, changes in the
ozone layer, severe storms, floods, and
wildlife management, among others.
17. GPS satellites orbit Earth and send signals
to receivers on Earth. The receivers process the
signals to determine their location on Earth.
Signals from three receivers provide two possible
locations, one of which can usually be rejected
as an improbable or impossible location.
18. GIS technology allows the compilation of
multiple layers of data to base a single map
upon. Data that might be included on a
neighborhood map include the locations of
roads, houses, and other buildings; how other
parts of the land are used; and perhaps natural
features such as forests, ponds, streams, or lakes.
Concept Application
19. TOPEX/Jason-1 and Sea Beam might be used
to determine rig placement because these
remote-sensing tools use radar and sonar to
determine the topography and depth of
features below the ocean’s surface.
20. The map with a scale of 1:100,000 shows less
detail because one unit on the map equals
100,000 units on Earth’s surface as compared
to the other map, which shows one unit on
the map equal to 25,000 units on the surface.
21. If the earthquake greatly disrupts rocks near
the surface, then a revision of the topographic
and geologic maps might be needed because
some rocks might have significantly shifted
up or down along the fault.
T11
Answers continued
Charts and Tables
Key Concept Builder (page 20)
Cylindrical and Conical Projections
Map Characteristic
Cylindrical Projection Map
Conical Projection Map
1. Describe how the map
represents shapes on Earth.
The shapes near the equator are
represented well, but the shapes near
the poles are enlarged.
There is little distortion near the line of
latitude where the cone touches the
globe, but there is distortion elsewhere.
2. Describe how the grid system
represents lines of latitude.
The lines of latitude form right angles
with the lines of longitude (rectangles).
The lines of latitude are curved.
3. Describe how the grid system
represents meridians.
The meridians form right angles with
the lines of latitude (rectangles).
The meridians spread out from the
North and South Poles.
4. Describe how the map
represents continents.
The continents become enlarged
moving from the equator to the poles.
The continents are somewhat
distorted.
5. Describe how the map
represents the equator.
The equator is shown as a straight line.
The equator is shown as a curved
line.
Content Practice B (page 33)
Geologic
Map
1. surface shapes
✓
✓
2. contour lines to show elevation
✓
3. symbol showing an urban area
✓
Political
Map
6. highways
8. mountains
✓
9. the high point on a mountain
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
12. symbols to show rock formations
✓
14. soil type
✓
15. the location of earthquake faults
✓
T12
✓
✓
10. cities and villages
16. gravel roads
✓
✓
7. colors to show rock formations
13. lakes and rivers
✓
✓
5. the age of rock in an area
11. symbol showing vegetation
GIS
✓
✓
4. boundaries between countries
Road Map
✓
✓
✓
Mapping Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Topographic
Map
Map Feature
Answers continued
Lesson 2, Launch Lab
0
10 km
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Elevation
80–100 m
60–80 m
40–60 m
20–40 m
0–20 m
Mapping Earth
T13