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Pharmaceutical
Botany Laboratory
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PHA 611:
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
WITH TAXONOMY
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FAIR USE DISCLAIMER
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Republic Act No. 8293 (1997). The fair use of copyrighted work criticism,
comment, news reporting, teaching including multiple copies for classroom
use, scholarship, research and similar purpose is not an infringement of
copyright
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WARNING
This material has been made and communicated to you by
or on behalf of the University of Santo Tomas in accordance
to Republic Act No. 8293 (1997).
The material in this communication may be subjected to
copyright under the Act.
Any further reproduction or communication of this material
by you may be subject of copyright protection under the
act.
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Exercise 1: Microscopy
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Learning Objectives
At the end of the exercise the students are expected to:
• Understand the basic concept of microscopy
• Differentiate the types of microscopes and their functions
• Manipulate the microscope and focus specimens
• Demonstrate proper handling of the microscope
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Microscope
• Optical instrument used to view or magnify minute specimen
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Types of Microscope
Simple Microscope or Magnifier
• Light illuminated
• Single lens system
• Image appears 3D
• Individual cells can not be seen
because it has low magnification
• Enlarges
object
without
inverting it
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Types of Microscope
Compound Microscope
• Light illuminated
• Image appears 2D
• Most commonly used microscope
• Individual cells, even living cell
can be viewed
• Has high magnification but low
resolution
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Types of Microscope
• Stereoscopic or Dissecting
Microscope
• Consist of 2 microscope mounted in
one body
• Each ocular can be adjusted
• Low magnification
• 3D perspective
• View live specimen
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Types of Microscope
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Electron illuminated
• Image is seen in 3D, picture appears
in Black & White
• Has high magnification & resolution
• Specimen is coated in gold and the
electron bounces off to give you an
exterior view of the specimen
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Types of Microscope
Transmission
Electron
Microscope (TEM)
• Electron illuminated
• Gives 2D view
• Has high magnification and
high resolution
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Parts of the Microscope
Mechanical Parts
• Base - V or U shaped structure that supports the whole
instrument
• Pillar - The vertical extension of the base to which the
arm is attached
• Arm - The curved basic part of the microscope to which
the base, body and stage are attached
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Parts of the Microscope
• Inclination Joint - Movable part which facilitates tilting
of microscope
• Stage - Platform upon which the slide containing the
specimen is placed
• Stage Clip - A pair of metal part that holds the slide in
place
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Parts of the Microscope
• Body Tube - A hollow cylinder in front of the upper part of the
arm that serve as housing for lens. Serves as passage way of light
from the objectives to eyepiece
• Draw Tube - The smaller cylinder attached to the base of the
body tube. That holds the ocular
• Dust Shield - Fixed plate attached to the base of the body tube
& situated above the revolving nosepiece. Protects objectives
from dust and dirt
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Parts of the Microscope
•Revolving Nosepiece - A rotary head attached to
the base of the body tube and holds the objective.
Facilitates shifting of objective
•Adjustment Knob - Used to adjust the objective
when focusing which when turned clockwise or
counter-clockwise, lowers or raises the body tube
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Parts of the Microscope
2 Types of Adjustment Knob
• Coarse Adjustment Knob - These are upper, larger knob for
faster movement of the body tube when focusing the low power
objective
• Fine Adjustment Knob - These are lower, smaller knob used for
final focusing under high power objective and in viewing at
different level
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Parts of the Microscope
Illuminating Part
•Abbe Condenser
•Lowers or raising the intensity of light
•Iris Diaphragm
•Plate that regulates the amount of light that enters
the condenser
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Parts of the Microscope
Illuminating Part
•Mirror - Usually 2 faced where one surface in Plane
(for very bright source of light) and the other is
Concave (for low intensity of light). Used to reflect
light through the objective, lens and into the eyes
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Parts of the Microscope
Magnifying Parts
•Eyepiece or Ocular - The detachable tube on top of
the draw tube. May be provided with a pointer which
is used to point a part of the specimen
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Parts of the Microscope
Objectives
• Scanner - Shortest cylinder with the widest opening. Has the lowest
magnification. Used to observe wider field of object
• Low Power Objective - Magnification of 10x. Has a smaller lens opening
compared to the scanner. Used in observing the general outline of the
object under study and locate various part of the specimen
• High Power Objective - Longer tube with smaller lens opening compared
to LPO. Has a magnification of 45x
• Oil Immersion Objective - The longest tube with the smallest lens
opening and has a magnification varying from 90 - 100x
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A. Eyepiece
A.
Eyepiece
B. Stage
B.
Stage
C. Base
Base
C.
D.
adjustment knob
knob
D. Fine
Fine adjustment
E.
adjustment knob
knob
E. Course
Course adjustment
F.
diaphragm
F. Iris
Iris diaphragm
G.
G. Arm
Arm
H.
clip
H. Stage
Stage clip
I.
I. Scanner
Scanner
J.
J. LPO
LPO
K.
K. HPO
HPO
L.
L. Light
Light source
source
M. Dust
shield
M.
Dust shield
N. Body
Body tube
tube
N.
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Exercise 1: Microscopy
Procedure
1. Go to https://www.ncbionetwork.org/iet/microscope/
2. On the virtual simulator click on learn button
3. On the table open the slide box and choose sample slide
letter “e”.
4. Focus the slide by adjusting the coarse adjustment knob and
fine adjustment knob. Observe the movement of the stage.
5. Move the specimen and observe the movement of the slide
on the stage
6. Shift to a higher magnification and observe the specimen
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