PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine AMT 1206 – Aircraft Powerplant II (Turbo prop & Jet Engine) Prelim Module 1 (Flexible Learning) History of Gas Turbine Engine Carlo B. Agustin AMT Instructor 1 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine TABLE OF CONTENTS Title History of Gas Turbine Engine The Aelopile Newton’s Law of Motion Law of Physics that apply to turbines Air flow and Bernoulli’s Theorem Ref. no 1 1&2 3&4 4 Page 3 3 4 6 4&5 7 Activity 8 TABLE OF REFERENCES References Turbine Engine History https://www.aviationpros.com/engines-components/aircraft-engines/turbineengines-parts/article/10383708/turbine-engine-history Heron’s Aelopile https://iluminasi.com/bm/aeolipile-enjin-pertama-di-dunia-yang-berusia-lebih-2000tahun.html Newton’s Law of Motion https://howthingsfly.si.edu/flight-dynamics/newton%E2%80%99s-laws-motion Basic Turbine Theory http://ffden2.phys.uaf.edu/webproj/212_spring_2014/Joseph_Ofeldt/Joseph%20_ofeldt(2)/basic_thoery.html Bernoulli Theorem http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html No. 1 2 3 4 5 TIMEFRAME: You should be able to complete this module including all the self-assessments, research works, assignments, and other performance tasks within 3.93 hours 2 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine Course Learning Outcomes [CLO] CLO 1. Define Gas Turbine Engine CLO 2. Describe the difference between Otto Cycle and Brayton Cycle Module Learning Outcomes [MLO] MLO 1. Define the Newton’s Law of Motion and it’s connection to the operation of Gas Turbine Engine MLO 2. Recall the History of Gas Turbine Engine Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO] TLO 1 Discuss the Newtons Law of Motion TLO 2 Emphasize the Law of Physics applied in Gas Turbine Engine TLO 3 Identify the process of Aelopile Introduction This module will tackle the Law of Physics applied in Gas Turbine Engine and Newton’s Law of Motion. History of Gas Turbine Engine Today turbine engines power the majority of aircrafts. These engines have come to play a significant part in aviation. We will take a look back in time and examine some historical developments and inventions that have led to today’s gas turbine engine technology. The Aeolipile We can go all the way back to Egyptian times for the roots of gas turbine history. One might even say this early discovery was heroic. Hero was an Egyptian scientist and mathematician from Alexandria who developed the first “jet engine” around 150 BC. 3 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine His basic engine was designed to be a toy and was known as the “aeolipile.” It consisted of a boiler, two hollow bent tubes mounted to a sphere, and the sphere. Steam coming from the boiler entered through the two hollow tubes that supported the sphere. The steam then exited through the bent tubes on the sphere, causing the sphere to spin. 4 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine Newton’s Law of Motion In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton announced his three laws of motion. These laws would have a significant impact on future inventions including development of the gas turbine engine. Newton’s First Law Describes How an Object Moves When No Force Is Acting on It A stationary object remains at rest until you apply a force to it. Once you set it in motion, the object continues to move at a constant speed until it strikes another object. In the same way, a spacecraft far from any source of gravity would need no thrust to keep it moving at a constant speed in a given direction. Once set in motion, it will keep moving forever without propulsion, since there is no friction in space to slow it down. But it does need an additional force—thrust—to change its speed or direction or both. Newton’s Second Law Describes How Force and Acceleration Are Related The more mass an object has, the more force you must apply to make it accelerate—to change its speed or direction or both. 5 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine So, the more you want a spacecraft to accelerate, the more force you must apply. To reach a certain speed you can apply a small force for a long time or a large force for a short time. Newton’s Third Law States that Every Action Has an Equal and Opposite Reaction To stop or slow down an object, a force must be applied in the direction opposite to that of the object’s motion. Exerting a force results in an equal force in the opposite direction (like the recoil a person feels when firing a gun). When a spacecraft fires a thruster rocket, the exhaust gas pushes against the thruster and the thruster pushes against the exhaust gas. The gas and rocket move in opposite directions. Also in 1687 Newton invented a steam wagon. Newton propelled the wagon by generating steam in a boiler on the wagon. This steam was then directed aft through a nozzle. Although the theory sounded good on paper, the vehicle didn’t work because there was inadequate power generated from the escaping steam. Around 1500 Leonardo Da Vinci sketched a device that could be placed inside of a chimney stack and would circulate a spit for roasting meat. In 1629 Giovanni Branca designed a jet principal that can be traced to the operation of primitive machinery. A drawing of an invention called Newton's Carriage was later found and while Newton helped in the design, it is said to be originally designed by Willem Jako Gravesande. The first actual patent design of a gas turbine engine is dated 1791 by John Barber, which had all of the same essential working parts as today's modern turbine engine. In the early 1900's design production was in full swing in America. Sanford A. Moss, a pioneer in the development of a turbo supercharger that was used in WWI, was at first unsuccessful due to his design needing more power in than it could produce. It was enough however for Ross to 6 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine start General Electric Company's gas-turbine project. Credit behind the idea of GE's turbo supercharger belongs to French patents by Rateau. Frank Whittle is credited to have the first flying test aircraft in 1941which turned out to be successful with a “Gloster E28/39.” Basic Law of Physics that apply to turbines The thrust of a turbine engine can be explained by Isaac Newton's laws of motion; more particularly the second and third law. Newton’s second law, acceleration of a body is directly related to the force and indirectly proportional to mass of the object. This concept can be understood through the means of a very basic and powerful equation used today in all forms of physics Force = Mass x Acceleration. Meaning that in order for a reaction to take place or a displacement of an object, there must be a force, not just any force though, one with enough acceleration to overcome the mass of the object. Acceleration can be explained as the change in velocity (or speed); the interval at which an object increases it's velocity. Newton’s third law, for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction, describes the turbines action of taking a continuous airflow, compressing it, adding fuel and converting mechanical and thermal energy into thrust Air flow and Bernoulli’s Theorem Bernoulli, a 17th century scientist/mathematician, discovered the principal that defines the action of air through a turbine engine and more. Bernoulli developed a theory based on a few principals: 1. The fluid is incompressible and not viscous. 2. There is no energy loss from the air and the wall of the pipe/orifice. 3. There is no heat energy transferred across the boundaries of the pipe to the fluid as either a heat gain or loss. 4. There are no pumps in the section of pipe under consideration. 7 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine a. "Bernoulli discovered that air acts as an incompressible fluid would act when flowing at subsonic flow rates. The principal is stated as follows: When a fluid or gas is supplied at a constant flow rate through a duct, the sum of pressure (potential) energy and the velocity (kinetic) energy is constant." b. When air flows through an orifice the pressure decreases, velocity increases, and the temperature decreases. c. What is this all saying? Air is a bit different than a fluid although it acts as though it were a fluid through an orifice, meaning that by compressing it tightly, one could compress tiny molecules of air into a very confined area, mix in fuel in its vapor form, and ignite the fuel air mixture. d. Igniting the fuel/air forces the mixture to covert it's stored potential energy into thermal and mechanical energy, turning the rear turbine blades. Enrichment Activity (essay form) You should be able to complete the activity within 30 minutes. 8 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine 1. Give the Three (3) Newton’s Law of Motion and explain each how this laws apply to Gas Turbine Engine Operation HONESTY CLAUSE My signature below constitutes my pledge that all of the writing is my own work, with the exception of those portions which are properly documented. Students name and signature Parent / guardian signature RESEARCH/ESSAY RUBRICS 9 PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Aircraft Maintenance Technology Department Module 1 (Prelim): History of Gas Turbine Engine CONTENT (70%) KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC C1 35 INFORMATION BASED ON TECHNICAL MANUALS/JOURNALS/BOOKS C2 25 C3 10 70 F1 5 GRAMMAR, USAGE, SPELLING F2 5 WORD COUNT& QUALITY OF WRITING F3 20 QUALITY OF INFORMATION FORMAT (30%) FORMAT BASED ON THE GIVEN INSTRUCTIONS 30 100 10
