th
TH
9th and 10
10TH GRADE -- GRAMMAR NOTES
9
#1
#1 SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
Subject:
Subject: WHO or
or WHAT the
the sentence
sentence is
is about
about
Singular
Verb
Singular Subject
Subject =
= Singular
Singular Verb
Plural
Verb
Plural Subject
Subject =
= Plural
Plural Verb
Singular
Singular Verbs have an -s.
-s.
2
joined with
with and =
2 or
or more
more nouns/pronouns
nouns/pronouns joined
= plural.
plural.
2
joined with
with or
to the
2 or
or more nouns/pronouns
nouns/pronouns joined
or or
or nor
nor =
= use the
the one closest
closest to
the verb
verb
always
always singular:
singular:
each
each one
either
either
neither
neither
Pronoun:
takes the
Pronoun: takes
the place
place of
of a
a noun
noun
everyone
everyone
everybody
everybody
anybody
anybody
anyone
anyone
nobody
nobody
somebody
somebody
someone
no
no one
Antecedent: noun
Antecedent:
noun the
the pronoun
pronoun
replaces
replaces
singular pronoun = singular
sinqular
singular
In
with there
In sentences
sentences beginning
beginning with
there is,
is, there
there was,
was, there
there are,
are, and
and there
there were
were the
the subject
subject follows
follows the
the verb.
verb.
Verbs:
Verbs:
1.
Action
1. Action
2.
followed by
2. Helping
Helping verbs:
verbs: must
must be
be followed
by a
a main
main verb
verb
am,
was, were,
were, be,
am, is,
is, are,
are, was,
be, being,
being, been,
been, has,
has, have,
have, had,
had, having,
having, do,
do, does,
does, did
did
can,
could,
may,
might,
must,
ought
to,
shall,
should,
will,
would
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would
#2
PREPOSITIONS:
Subjects
Verbs are
Subjects and
and Verbs
are NEVER in
in prepositional
prepositional phrases!
phrases!
(Watch
(Watch out
out for
for phrases
phrases that
that come between
between the
the subject
subject and
and verb!)
verb!)
prepositions:
prepositions:
about
about
above
across
across
after
after
against
against
along
along
among
among
around
around
at
at
as
as
before
before
behind
behind
below
beneath
beneath
beside
beside
between
beyond
beyond
but
but (except)
(except)
by
by
concerning
concerning
#3
to +CLAUSES:
to
verb =
infinitive
Clause = Subject + Verb
despite
despite
down
during
during
except
except
for
for
from
from
in
in
inside
inside
into
into
last
last
like
like
near
near
next
next to
to
of
of
off
off
on
on
onto
onto
out
out
outside
outside
over
over
past
past
since
since
through
through
throughout
throughout
to
to
toward
toward
under
under
until
until
up
up
upon
upon
with
with
within
within
without
without
Independent
Independent Clause
Clause (IC)
('C)
⮚
Independent
joined with
with a
Independent clauses
clauses are
are joined
a comma and
and a
a coordinating
coordinating conjunction.
conjunction.
coordinating
coordinating conjunctions
conjunctions
for,
and,
nor,
yet, so
for, and, nor, but,
but, or,
or, yet,
so
Dependent
Dependent Clause
Clause (DC)
(DC)
⮚
Dependent
with subordinating
Dependent clauses
clauses begin
begin with
subordinating conjunctions
conjunctions or
or relative
relative pronouns.
pronouns.
subordinating
subordinating conjunctions:
conjunctions:
after
because
after
although
before
before
although
as
even if
as
as
even
as if
even though
though
as
how
as long
long as
as
as
ifif
as much as
as
as
inasmuch
as soon as
as
as
in
that
in order
order that
as though
though
if
if
now that
that
provided
provided (that)
(that)
since
since
so
so that
that
though
though
till
unless
unless
until
until
relative
relative pronouns:
pronouns:
which
why
who
which
where
why
whichever
whoever
whomever
whichever
whose whom
when where
that
how
what
whatever
that
what
whatever
Basic Clause Patterns
Patterns
IC, cc IC.
Ex.
you must
work hard.
Ex. School
School is
is important,
important, and
and you
must work
hard.
IC; IC.
Ex.
work hard.
Ex. School
School is
is important;
important; you
you must
must work
hard.
IC. IC.
Ex.
work hard.
Ex. School
School is
is important.
important. You must
must work
hard.
DC,
DC, IC.
•C.
Ex.
you must
work hard.
Ex. Because
Because school
school is
is important,
important, you
must work
hard.
IC
•C DC.
Ex.
work hard
Ex. You must
must work
hard because
because school
school is
is important.
important.
#4
APOSTROPHES:
A. contractions:
A.
contractions: missing
missing letters
letters
Ex.
Ex. can't,
can't, don't,
don't, couldn't
couldn't
when
whenever
where
wherever
wherever
while
while
B.
B. shows
shows ownership
ownership (possession)
(possession)
Ex.
Asia's shoes,
Ex. Asia's
shoes, person's
person's picture,
picture, the
the flashlight's
flashlight's battery
battery
#5
COMMAS:
A. listing
A.
listing - 3
3 or
or more things
things
Ex.
jumps, and
Ex. He runs,
runs, jumps,
and dives.
dives.
B.
B. between cities
cities and states
states
Ex.
Ex. Temple,
Temple, Georgia
Georgia
*If
*If the
the sentence
sentence continues,
continues, add
add a
a comma after
after the
the state
state also.
also.
Ex.
Ex. Kevin
Kevin has
has lived
lived in
in Temple,
Temple, Georgia,
Georgia, all
all of
of his
his life.
life.
C.
C. between dates
dates
Ex.
Ex. May
May 25,
25, 2017
2017
*If
*If the
the sentence
sentence continues,
continues, add
add a
a comma after
after the
the year
year also.
also.
Ex.
will be
Ex. Graduation
Graduation will
be on
on May 25,
25, 2019,
2019, unless
unless the
the date
date is
is changed.
changed.
D.
D. after
after transition
transition words
Ex.
Ex. Therefore,
Therefore, learning
learning is
is important.
important.
E.
E. to
to set
set off
off additional
additional information
information
Ex.
the quarterback
the football
Ex. Kevin,
Kevin, the
quarterback of
of the
football team,
team, made an
an excellent
excellent pass.
pass.
F.
F. to
to set
set off
off a
a phrase
phrase or
or dependent
dependent clause
clause that
that begins
begins a
a sentence
sentence
Ex.
for my test,
will have
Ex. If
If I study
study for
test, I will
have a
a better
better chance
chance of
of passing.
passing.
I
I
G.
joining clauses
G. joining
clauses
Basic Clause Patterns
Patterns
(IC, cc IC.)
Ex.
Ex. School
School is
is important,
important, and
and you
you must
must work
work hard.
hard.
(DC,
(DC, IC.)
Ex.
Ex. Because
Because school
school is
is important,
important, you
you must
must work
work hard.
hard.
#6
PUNCTUATION WITH TITLES:
Books
"Short
"Short Stories"
Stories"
Epic
"Lyrical
Epic Poems
"Lyrical Poems"
Poems"
Plays
"Acts"
"Acts"
Plays
Newspaper
"Article"
"Article"
Newspaper
Magazine
“Article"
"Article"
Magazine
Television
Series
"Television
Television Series
"Television Episode"
Episode"
Movie
"Scene"
#7
COLONS:
A. introduce
A.
introduce an
an item
item or
or a
a series
series of
of items
items after
after a
a complete
complete thought
thought
Ex.
You are
Ex. You
are required
required to
to bring
bring many
many supplies:
supplies: notebook,
notebook, pen,
pen, and
and paper.
paper.
B.
following the
B. following
the salutation
salutation of
of a
a business
business letter
letter
Ex.
Ex. Dear
Dear Ms.
Ms. Rodriquez:
Rodriquez:
#8
SEMI-COLONS:
A. join
join related
A.
related independent
independent clauses
clauses
Ex.
you to
Ex. Employers
Employers expect
expect you
to have
have general
general knowledge
knowledge of
of grammar
grammar rules;
rules; it
ensures
writing.
ensures good
good writing.
it
B.
with complicated
B. to
to avoid
avoid confusion
confusion with
complicated lists
lists
Ex.
Ex. On
On aa Harley
Harley motorcycle,
motorcycle, my
my grandmother
grandmother and
and her
her poodle
poodle have
have
traveled to
to Anchorage,
Anchorage, Alaska;
Alaska; San
traveled
San Francisco,
Francisco, California;
California; and
and Tijuana,
Tijuana,
Mexico.
Mexico.
#9
HYPHENS:
A. when 2
A.
2 adjectives
adjectives depend
depend on
on one
one another
another before
before a
a noun/pronoun
noun/pronoun
Ex.
well-known artist,
Ex. well-known
artist, off-campus
off-campus apartment
apartment
B.
B. compound numbers
numbers
Ex.
Ex. thirty-six,
thirty-six, eighty-one
eighty-one
C.
C. compound verbs:
verbs: 2
2 nouns
nouns become a
a verb,
verb, verb
verb phrases
phrases that
that become nouns
nouns
Ex.
Ex. ice-skate,
ice-skate, spot-check
spot-check
#10
DASHES (longer
(lonqer than
than hyphens):
hyphens):
comma with
with drama –
— only
only when comma is
is used
used to
to add
add additional
additional or
or optional
optional
information
information