CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH CHALLENGES
Li, Z., Huang, C., Dong, X., & Ren, C. (2020). Resource-Efficient Cyber-Physical Systems
Design:
A
Survey.
Microprocessors
and
Microsystems,
103183. doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103183
1. Introduction
In recent years, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which combine physical and computer
components, have grown in popularity. CPSs are commonly employed in complicated
applications like smart power grids, transportation systems, and economic structure since they
are difficult problems in and of themselves. Due to the widespread use of CPSs in applications,
security is a significant and demanding component that requires more consideration throughout
CPS design. CPS are changing the way we interact with the physical environment. This
revolution, of course, is not free [1]. Because even old embedded systems must meet higher
standards than general-purpose computers, we must pay close attention to the physical-aware designed
system needs of the next generation if we are to fully trust them.
2. CPS Research Challenges
2.1 Real-time system abstraction
Because of the large number of sensors and actuators, as well as computers that
interchange various forms of data, developing a new framework that allows us to abstract the
salient aspects of systems in real time is crucial. The network topology of CPS, for example, may
vary dynamically as a result of physical conditions [2]. As a result, there is a need for research
into novel distributed real-time computing and communication mechanisms that can accurately
reflect the important interactions among CPS elements and, in turn, provide the requisite level of
performance, such as safety, security, resilience, and dependability.
2.2
2.2 Robustness, safety, and security
Unlike logical computing in cyber systems, interactions with the physical world are
inevitably fraught with uncertainty due to issues like as unpredictability in the environment,
mistakes in physical devices, and potential security threats [3]. As a result, overall system
robustness, security, and safety are crucial in CPS. To this aim, the inherent character of CPS can
be exploited by utilising the physical information about the system's location and timing.
2.3 Hybrid system modelling and control
The primary distinction between physical and cyberspace is that the former evolves in
real time, whilst the latter changes in response to discrete logic. As a result, for CPS design, a
rigorous hybrid system modelling and control mechanism that integrates both the physical and
cyber aspects is required [4]. For example, to close the feedback control loop, a new theoretical
framework is required that can combine continuous-time systems with event-triggered logical
systems. Both temporal scales (from microseconds to months or years) and dimensional orders
(from on-chip to possibly planetary scale) should be carefully considered in this framework [5].
2.4 Control over networks
Time-driven and event-driven computing, time-varying delays, transmission failures, and
system reconfiguration are all obstacles in the design and implementation of networked control
in CPS [6]. The following challenges face CPS researchers when designing network protocols:
ensuring mission-critical quality-of-service over wireless networks, balancing control law design
and real-time computation constraints, bridging the gap between continuous and discrete time
systems, and ensuring the reliability and robustness of large-scale systems [7].
2.5 Sensor-actuator networks
For more than a decade, wireless sensor networks have been widely researched.
Nonetheless, wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSAN) are a new field that hasn't received
enough attention, particularly from the perspective of CPS. In the design of sensor-actuator
networks, the interaction between sensors, actuators, physical systems, and computing elements
should be carefully considered [8]. Physical details and effects of actuators on the whole system,
in particular, have not been adequately considered in system design thus far.
2.6 Verification and validation
To ensure that the overall CPS requirements are met, hardware and software components,
operating systems, and middleware must go through comprehensive compositional verification
and testing. CPS, in particular, must go above existing cyber infrastructure in terms of reliability.
For instance, it is well known in the aviation industry that the certification process consumes
more than half of the resources required to build new systems [9]. Overdesign is the most wellknown process for developing safe system certification in this industry. However, with today's
large-scale complex systems, merely using the overdesign technique is becoming intractable. As
a result, we need new models, methods, and tools that can include compositional verification and
validation of software and other parts throughout the design stage [10].
2.7 Control and scheduling co-design.
Co-designing control and scheduling is a well-studied topic in the real-time and
embedded systems community. However, with the introduction of CPS, co-design issues are
being reassessed in a number of ways. Because CPS are often networked control systems, the
impact of network delay on system stability has lately been investigated in terms of the trade-off
between system stability and real-time schedulability. This research yielded a non-periodic
control strategy that can ensure overall system stability while using the least amount of computer
resources possible [11].
2.8 Computational abstraction
Programming abstractions should represent physical qualities such as physics and
chemistry laws, safety, real-time and power restrictions, resources, resilience, and security in a
compostable manner.
2.9 Architecture
At the meta-level, CPS architectures must be consistent and capture a wide range of
physical data. For large-scale CPS, new network protocols will be required. The concept of being
"globally virtual, locally physical" can be used to develop a new paradigm [12].
3.
FUNCTIONALITY OF CPS DOMAINS
The table below summarises the CPS applications in terms of their functionality.
Type of Domain
Scale/Functionality
Smart Manufacturing
Optimizing productivity in the manufacturing of goods or
the delivery of services at a medium scale.
Emergency Response
Medium/Large Scale: dealing with risks to public safety as
well
as
protecting
the
environment
and
critical
infrastructure.
Air Transportation
Operation and traffic management of aviation systems on a
large scale.
Critical Infrastructure
Distribution of basic necessities such as water, electricity,
gas, and oil on a large scale.
Health Care and Medicine
On a medium scale, patients' health problems are monitored
and relevant steps are taken.
Intelligent Transportation
On a medium/large scale, real-time data exchange improves
traffic safety, coordination, and services.
Robotic for Service
Human welfare services on a small/medium scale.
3. Conclusion
Thus CPS development is no longer a resource optimization challenge, but rather a matter
of general design and implementation. The embedded platform (cyber space) and the controllers
(physical space) are built separately and then integrated in the traditional design paradigm.
Despite efforts to improve resource efficiency for CPS, there are still a number of issues to be
resolved [13]
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