CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
RESEARCH CHALLENGES
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Tutors India
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Introduction
CPS Research Challenges
Functionality Of Cps Domains
Conclusion
Today's Discussion
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs),
which combine physical and computer components,
have grown in popularity.
CPSs are commonly employed in complicated
applications like smart power grids, transportation
systems, and economic structure since they are
difficult problems in and of themselves.
Due to the widespread use of CPSs in applications,
security is a significant and demanding component
that requires more consideration throughout CPS
design.
CPS are changing the way we interact with the physical environment. This
revolution, of course, is not free.
Because even old embedded systems must meet higher standards than generalpurpose computers, we must pay close attention to the physical-aware designed
system needs of the next generation if we are to fully trust them.
CPS RESEARCH
CHALLENGES
REAL-TIME SYSTEM ABSTRACTION
Because of the large number of sensors and actuators, as
well as computers that interchange various forms of data,
developing a new framework that allows us to abstract the
salient aspects of systems in real time is crucial.
The network topology of CPS, for example, may vary
dynamically as a result of physical conditions.
As a result, there is a need for research into novel distributed real-time computing
and communication mechanisms that can accurately reflect the important interactions
among CPS elements and, in turn, provide the requisite level of performance, such as
safety, security, resilience, and dependability.
ROBUSTNESS, SAFETY, AND SECURITY
Unlike logical computing in cyber systems, interactions with the physical world are
inevitably fraught with uncertainty due to issues like as unpredictability in the
environment, mistakes in physical devices, and potential security threats.
As a result, overall system robustness, security, and safety are crucial in CPS.
To this aim, the inherent character of CPS can be exploited by utilizing the physical
information about the system's location and timing.
HYBRID SYSTEM MODELLING AND CONTROL
The primary distinction between physical and cyberspace is that the former evolves in
real time, whilst the latter changes in response to discrete logic.
As a result, for CPS design, a rigorous hybrid system modelling and control mechanism
that integrates both the physical and cyber aspects is required.
For example, to close the feedback control loop, a new theoretical framework is required
that can combine continuous-time systems with event-triggered logical systems.
Both temporal scales (from microseconds to months or years) and dimensional orders
(from on-chip to possibly planetary scale) should be carefully considered in this
framework .
CONTROL OVER NETWORKS
Time-driven and event-driven computing, time-varying delays, transmission failures, and
system reconfiguration are all obstacles in the design and implementation of networked
control in CPS.
The following challenges face CPS researchers when designing network protocols:
ensuring mission-critical quality-of-service over wireless networks, balancing control law
design and real-time computation constraints, bridging the gap between continuous and
discrete time systems, and ensuring the reliability and robustness of large-scale
systems.
SENSOR-ACTUATOR NETWORKS
For more than a decade, wireless sensor networks have been widely researched.
Nonetheless, wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSAN) are a new field that hasn't
received enough attention, particularly from the perspective of CPS.
In the design of sensor-actuator networks, the interaction between sensors, actuators,
physical systems, and computing elements should be carefully considered.
Physical details and effects of actuators on the whole system, in particular, have not
been adequately considered in system design thus far.
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION
To ensure
the overall CPS requirements are met, hardware and software
components, operating systems, and middleware must go through comprehensive
compositional verification and testing. CPS, in particular, must go above existing cyber
infrastructure terms of reliability.
For instance, is well known in the aviation industry that the certification process
consumes more than half of the resources required to build new systems.
Overdesign is the most well-known process for developing safe system certification in
this industry.
However, with today's large-scale complex systems, merely using the overdesign
technique is becoming intractable.
As a result, we need new models, methods, and tools that can include compositional
verification and validation of software and other parts throughout the design stage.
CONTROL AND SCHEDULING CO-DESIGN.
Co-designing control and scheduling is a
embedded systems community.
However, with the introduction of CPS, co-design
number of ways.
the real-time and
being reassessed in a
Because CPS are often networked control systems, the impact of network delay on system
stability has
been investigated in terms of the trade-off between system stability and
real-time schedulability.
This research yielded a non-periodic control strategy that can ensure overall system
stability while using the least amount of computer resources possible.
COMPUTATIONAL ABSTRACTION
Programming abstractions should represent physical qualities such as physics and
chemistry laws, safety, real-time and power restrictions, resources, resilience, and security
in a compostable manner.
ARCHITECTURE
At the meta-level, CPS architectures must be consistent and capture a wide range of
physical data.
For large-scale CPS, new network protocols will be required.
The concept of being "globally virtual, locally physical" can be
paradigm.
develop
new
FUNCTIONALITY
OF CPS
DOMAINS
The table below summarises the CPS applications in
terms of their functionality.
CONCLUSION
Thus CPS development is no longer a resource optimization
challenge, but rather a matter of general design and
implementation.
The embedded platform (cyber space) and the controllers
(physical space) are built separately and then integrated in
the traditional design paradigm.
Despite efforts to improve resource efficiency for CPS, there
are still a number of issues to be resolved [13]
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