INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
EXTENDED ESSAY
ENGLISH B / HL
To what extent is addiction towards Instagram changing the way
teenage girls see themselves in Australia in 21st century?
Word Count: 3985 words
Acknowledgement
In implementing my Extended Essay, I would like to express my special thanks to some
respected persons who always supported me throughout this project. Their guidance
and support encourage me to overcome my laziness and finish it on time.
First I would like to express my gratitude to my teacher, Neha Mishra, for all the
valuable guidance, critical comments, and thoughtful advice. Furthermore, she also
helped me in doing lots of research where I learn many new things. Secondly, I would
like to thank my parents for taking care of me and supported me morally. I also wanted
to thank all my friends who cheer me up, place to lean on, and finalize my Extended
Essay on time.
Thank you
Author,
Keren Meiyova Horasia
Keren Meiyova Horasia
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Content Page
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………...i
Content Page………………………………………………………………………………..ii-iii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………iv-v
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….1-2
2. Effects of Instagram………………………………………………………………………2
2.1 Addiction and Obsession causes depression.......................................................2-3
2.2 Self Harm………………………………………………………………………………..3-4
2.3 Instagram Causes Narcissism………………………………………………………...4-5
3. Changes in the way teenage girls see themselves………………………………..…5-6
3.1 Imaginary Perception…………………………………………………………………….6
3.1.1 Bombarded with picture of ‘ideal body’…………………………………………..…6-7
3.1.2 Bombarded with ‘captions’…………………………………………………………….7
3.2 Anxiety for Self-image………………………………………………………………….7-8
3.3 Obsession to ‘likes’……………………………………………………………………..8-9
3.4 ‘Likes’ as an indicator………………………………………………………………….9-10
4. Truth behind Instagram…………………………………………………………………..10
4.1 Instagram Picture is not real………………………………………………………...10-11
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4.2 Unrealistic Condition Shown on Instagram………………………………………11-12
4.3 Loneliness……………………………………………………………………………..12
5. Solution………………………………………………………………………………….13
6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….13-14
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ABSTRACT
Word count: 284 words
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1. Introduction
In this essay the research question is ‘To what extent is addiction towards Instagram
changing the way teenage girl see herself in Australia in 21st century’. I chose this
because I’ve seen many people using Instagram nowadays, which is an
online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing, and social networking service that enables
its users to take pictures and videos, and share them on a variety of social networking
platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Flickr1. It seems that their life isn’t
complete without uploading photo on Instagram. Also the use of Instagram has changed
my perception towards body image and so of my friends who had been discussing this
lately. This makes the issue so close to me as I have experienced it myself. I’ve seen
many people taking several different poses in order to look good. Sometimes it reaches
100 photos. So, I decided to conduct a research study on teenage girls in Australia to
see how bad the effects are. The reason why I chose Australia is because it is an
Anglophone country closest to Indonesia where I live.
On the basis of the evidence currently available from ‘industryacma’ by Eric Raco
suggest that 89% of Australian teenagers have a cellphone and 69% have a
smartphone. It seems fair to suggest that almost all teenagers have a smartphone. The
data gathered in the survey suggests that in Australia 82% of the teenagers love to surf
the internet2. The main theoretical premise behind it was that it is used mostly to check
1
Instagram. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2016, from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram
2
updates on their social media. Social media is an instrument or tool for communication
which sometimes is used for business objectives, to check for updates or maybe to find
new followers on Instagram. In this 21st century, teenagers use social media as a
medium to express themselves; they use media to express their self-identity and
sometimes to attract public attention. Instagram is popular among teenagers in Australia.
This essay will focus mainly on how Instagram changes our self-image and the reasons
behind it. But first I will explain how Instagram can cause addiction and obsession
through its features that attract users. Secondly, Instagram manipulates us which totally
changes the way we see ourselves and it happens so often with Australian stars. Then I
will dig into the truth behind Instagram photos, which were fake and were designed to
manipulate us. At last the solutions to solve this problem.
2. Effects of Instagram
2.1 Addiction and Obsession causes depression
Instagram was launched in 2010 and gained popularity after 2 years. The features of
uploading photos with numbers of filters, video, obtain likes based on the picture,
putting hashtag, add location, and for online business all in one application somewhat
differentiates Instagram from other social media. Also, it allows users to choose whom
to follow and not to follow.
An Australian Star, Essena O’neil, according to ‘Buzzfeed’ by Stephanie Mcneal, said “I
was addicted to what others thought of me, simply because it was so readily available,”
Raco, E. (2014, July 1). Aussie teens online. Retrieved January 26, 2016, from Acma:
http://www.acma.gov.au/theACMA/engage-blogs/engage-blogs/Research-snapshots/Aussie-teens-online
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she wrote. “I was severely addicted. I didn’t even see it happening, but social media had
become my sole identity. I didn’t even know what I was without it.”3 This girl was
addicted to Instagram because in Instagram she can get an approval about her
appearance which makes her happy and confidence. From the same site another views
of her was published saying “A 15 year old girl that calorie restricts and excessively
exercises is not goals. Anyone addicted to social media fame like I once was, is not in a
conscious state.” She got addicted because Instagram can boosted up her self-esteem
and gives an appreciation of her ‘thin’ body where in reality it is not. After posting a
picture showing her ‘thin’ body on Instagram later she revealed that “How deeply
depressing. Having a toned body is not all we as human beings are capable of.” She
realized that behind all her pictures was hidden a great depression to always look good
and end up taking lots of photos which is tiring.
2.2 Self-Harm
A closer look at the data taken from ‘The Australian’ made by Caroline Marcus indicates
that almost one million Australian suffered from anorexia4. The willingness to look ‘thin’
among them is very strong. A trend of being thin was ‘in’ in Australia. The answer to this
was that they are being bombarded by the image of ‘thin’ everyday which makes them
look less upon themselves. A girl named Isabella Mitchell, 17, suffered from depression,
eating disorder and was always bullied by her friends at school. "Because I was in so
3
Mcneal, S. (2015, November 3). An 18-Year-Old Instagram Star Says Her “Perfect Life” Was Actually Making Her
Miserable. Retrieved February 15, 2016, from Buzzfeed : http://www.buzzfeed.com/stephaniemcneal/a-teeninstagram-star-is-editing-her-photo-captions-to-show#.vbZMbW5mL
4
Marcus, C. (2012, December 11). A surge in cases of eating disorders. Retrieved February 15, 2016, from The
Australian: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/a-surge-in-cases-of-eating-disorders/story-e6frg6n61226534047527
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much emotional pain, giving myself physical pain would take that away a bit," Isabella
said5. She had a very serious eating disorder. She thought it was an anorexic but them
it is actually a bulimia where she over-ate and purged to pull out all the food she ate
which end up became a habit. She always purge after eating anything. Furthermore,
from ABC news by Hayden Cooper states that Isabella was hospitalized.
It’s not only happening to Isabella but an 18-years-old girl named Caitlin Smith who
uses a photo-sharing social media also said "I know from experience when I see a
photo like that it does tempt me and it is a battle inside my head whether I should do it.
6“
A simple picture can elevate and become a ‘monster’ that haunts them every day.
Caitlin almost committed suicide but now are recovering from it.
2.3 Instagram causes Narcissism
Narcissism is a disease where people have a sense of high self-esteem which they do
have in reality. It is only on the surface that they are confident but inside they bear
insecurities in them7. They have lack of empathy towards others. In clinical terms
pathological narcissism refers to impairment in personality functioning caused by how
people perceive themselves, how they relate to others, and how they behave around
5
Cooper, H. (2013, September 11). Social media becoming 'barometer' for self-harm as rates rise. Retrieved February
15, 2016, from abc: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-10/rising-rates-of-self-harm-social-media/4949460
6
Cooper, H. (2013, September 11). Social media becoming 'barometer' for self-harm as rates rise. Retrieved February
15, 2016, from abc: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-10/rising-rates-of-self-harm-social-media/4949460
7
Narcissistic Personality Disorder. (2015, December 27). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from Psychologytoday:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder
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others8. Taken from ‘The Australian’ website written by Ruth Ostrow said that her
daughter states that “Teenagers of today are an insecure generation growing up with
these images all the time — the cult of celebrity and Kim Kardashian — and have to
keep pushing the boundaries to compete, to get hits and likes.” Through the use of
Instagram they are becoming self-centered due to which they focus on their appearance
and end up having lack of social interaction. On the other hand Jo Anne Baker, therapist
from Sydney, said that “Adolescent narcissism is natural for survival. It’s natural to want
to have the admiration of friends, and social acceptance. But this vanity is at an extreme.
Once the brain is fully formed at around 23, if empathy and crucial social skills haven’t
developed, the synapsis can become stunted.”9 Narcissism can be a dangerous
disease for teenage girls in Australia if they keep focusing on their own self.
3. Changes in the way teenage girls see themselves
The moment girls realize that they are dependent on Instagram some part of their life is
already being affected in many aspects. They spend more time paying attention on
Instagram where it can be used to do some other works. Most importantly because of
the use of Instagram they are more concerned about their self-image. The way they
picture themselves are changed. While they reach the most crucial age, teens, they will
put all their concentration in finding their true self identity, ‘who should be their role
8
Henry, A. (2014, November 12). Why We're So Full Of Ourselves: In Defence Of Narcissistic Qualities. Retrieved
February 15, 2016, from Lifehacker: http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2014/11/why-were-so-full-of-ourselves-indefense-of-narcissistic-qualities/
9
Ostrow, R. (2015, March 23). The selfie symptomatic of the rise of a nation of narcissists. Retrieved February 15,
2016, from The Australian: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/life/health-wellbeing/the-selfie-symptomatic-ofthe-rise-of-a-nation-of-narcissists/news-story/4e8d81adb7cdb0deedc347dea5a1c477
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model, how should they picture themselves, and do they look pretty enough?’ they were
looking for their self-confidence. Among Australian women, body dissatisfaction mainly
manifests with concerns about weight, even in those who are underweight or a healthy
weight. This is reflected in unhealthy weight-loss practices across all weight ranges10.
Among Australian teenage girl 75% chose ideal figure thinner than their selves 11.
3.1 Imaginary Perception
While Australian teenage girl are busy looking at different types of self-portrait photos
on Instagram, psychologically speaking, it unconsciously builds up their own imaginary
perception towards themselves. According to research people bombarded with an
image of ‘ideal body’ often will change the way they see themselves.
3.1.1 Bombarded with pictures of ‘ideal body’
The moment Australian teenage girls see pictures of ‘thin’ and other girls wearing bikini
which exposes some part of their body. Seeing those pictures they definitely focus first
on the appearance. Unconsciously, they start comparing them with their own
appearance. They start feeling diffident. All the photos uploaded to social media,
Instagram, will be the best photos that they think is the prettiest that are taken for a
numerous number of times. The effect will get even worst if it was uploaded by one of
their number one idol, they will do what they can just so that they can be just like her,
10
Edo . (2013, November 21). Australians’ body image distorted. Retrieved February 15, 2016, from
http://eatingdisordersaustralia.org.au/australias-body-image-distortion/
11
Edo . (2013, November 21). Australians’ body image distorted. Retrieved February 15, 2016, from
http://eatingdisordersaustralia.org.au/australias-body-image-distortion/
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and they possibly will go on an extreme diet and regularly go to gym just for the sake of
having a thin body.
3.1.2 Bombarded with ‘Captions’
Their obsession towards Instagram will definitely force them to open Instagram every
day and if possible every hour. If they followed an artist or our friends who keep up with
the trends eventually will fill their timeline with their picture exposing their bodies with
the caption, possibly something like ‘I’ve gone to gym every day and this is the third day,
guess what? I’m losing 3 kilos already’ while reading this caption it obviously make
Australian teenage girls jealous. They are eager to be just like them. The next day they
will again see the same type of caption below a picture and it goes on and on creating
one picture in their mind about the ideal type of body image .Maybe at first they thought
that they look fine with their body, weight, and appearance. But after looking at
Instagram, it’s totally changed. They are influenced by what they regularly see on
Instagram.
3.2 Anxiety for Self-image
Instagram totally changes our views towards the world we live in. We often follow what
we see, don’t want to be outdated, and moreover for teenage girl we tend to keep up
with every updates or new trends. Girls always want to look good in front of everybody,
keep their image perfectly good on the outside to boost their confident and self-esteem.
Too many comments lead to depression. For some teenage girls in Australia, it is so
much burdensome even though they are not forced to do. The effect is felt by some
college students in Australia, Gabby says “Seeing a girl constantly post photos of her
body and how she works out makes me feel bad about my self-image and changes my
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perception of myself,” another girl named Alexa, meanwhile, says that other people's
Instagram photos make her feel insecure about the photos that she posts on the app12.
These two students felt how Instagram changes their views towards body image. They
become insecure and scared to hear if other people will gossiping them for posting
picture that do not look sexy and thin as what the new trends now, like exposing their
body showing how beautiful their body was. Other teenage girls revealed their thoughts
“There are so many girls who post gorgeous selfies and show amazing things they're
doing, like traveling or wearing gorgeous clothes, and it's made me question how I come
off to other people. My photos aren't nearly as glamorous as those” 13. These make us
think twice whether to upload a picture or not. All the insecurities really bothers us a lot.
3.3 Obsession to ‘likes’
Current research appears to validate the view that addiction towards Instagram started
from a ‘like’. One Instagram star in Australia, Essena O'Neill, started using Instagram at
the age of 15. She has many followers, gets so many ‘likes’ on her photos and
consciously took that as an approval that in real life many people liked her too. This
ways of thinking happens to most Australian teenagers. Unknowingly they get obsessed
with Instagram. At times when they get lots of like on our picture it encourages them to
find more photos that are unique and beautiful in order to obtain more and more likes.
12
James, E. a. (2015, November 4). Is this the end of Instagram? As model quits 'dishonest' social media, 15 college
women confess it makes them feel 'self-conscious' and 'depressed' about their lives. Retrieved January 27,
2016, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3303696/Is-end-Instagram-model-quitsdishonest-social-media-15-college-women-confess-makes-feel-self-conscious-depressed-lives.html
13
James, E. a. (2015, November 4). Is this the end of Instagram? As model quits 'dishonest' social media, 15 college
women confess it makes them feel 'self-conscious' and 'depressed' about their lives. Retrieved January 27,
2016, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3303696/Is-end-Instagram-model-quitsdishonest-social-media-15-college-women-confess-makes-feel-self-conscious-depressed-lives.html
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According to website ‘PopSugar’ made by Macy Williams which states ’15 Signs straight
addicted to Instagram’ one of the points was Australian girl purposefully post a photo on
Instagram so that when they wake up their phone will fill with notification of likes14. The
best indicator for obsession towards Instagram is that they feel that their day is not
complete when we haven’t uploaded a single photo.
This can create a serious problem in long term as everything starts with just a ‘try’ then
into a ‘need’ then they feel like we can’t live without it, they are ‘addicted’ and eventually
become an ‘obsession’.
In the same site it is mentioned that most of them will tend to delete their post because
it doesn’t get enough likes. For them it is some kind of embarrassment to get less likes.
Just because of likes many of them always feel insecure when uploading pictures on
Instagram.
3.4 ‘Likes’ as an indicator
On the other hand, the number of likes we get in our picture also concerns us. Meg is
one of Australian students who thinks that the amount of likes she get will affect her
life15 Meg says that ‘she is self-conscious about how many likes her photos receive and
whether I post a selfie or a picture of a sunset, I am very self-conscious of how many
likes I get. I don't even have that many followers, but I'm totally guilty of deleting any
14
William, M. (2015, August 27). 15 Signs You're Straight Addicted to Instagram. Retrieved February 15, 2016, from
popsugar : http://www.popsugar.com.au/tech/Signs-Youre-Addicted-Instagram-38216085#photo-38216070
15
James, E. a. (2015, November 4). Is this the end of Instagram? As model quits 'dishonest' social media, 15 college
women confess it makes them feel 'self-conscious' and 'depressed' about their lives. Retrieved January 27,
2016, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3303696/Is-end-Instagram-model-quitsdishonest-social-media-15-college-women-confess-makes-feel-self-conscious-depressed-lives.html
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posts that didn't get enough likes’16. If they get less likes it makes them feel bad to post
other picture fearing that they will get even less likes. In contrast if they get so many
likes maybe above 200 they will think of posting another gorgeous picture confidently.
We see how the amount of likes they get which changes the way they see themselves.
They feel bad about their appearance and they are concerned about their look. They will
start to think “how to get rid of this fat? Wrinkles? How can I refuse to eat delicious
food?” There’s nothing wrong in getting less likes. Instagram is a worldwide application;
others may not know most of them they are strangers. In contrasts even though they
know this truth, they still can’t get away with it. The world’s opinion shaped the way they
perceive beauty. They always concern about what others think about them. It’s like their
life dependent on them. This makes life so much difficult that they stress out, get
depressed, or even committed suicide.
4. The Truth behind Instagram
As a teenagers it is true that we live in high-tech era where we can’t get away from
social media, especially Instagram. Nowadays technology is improving beyond our
imagination. There are unexpected facts behind pictures in Instagram in Australia.
4.1 Instagram pictures- Not real
We should not be surprised to know the truth that most pictures uploaded to Instagram
is edited. From top to bottom, left to right, or back to front, everything can be edited
using Photoshop, Facetune, Pixtr and many other photo editor applications. Australian
16
James, E. a. (2015, November 4). Is this the end of Instagram? As model quits 'dishonest' social media, 15 college
women confess it makes them feel 'self-conscious' and 'depressed' about their lives. Retrieved January 27,
2016, from Daily Mail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3303696/Is-end-Instagram-model-quitsdishonest-social-media-15-college-women-confess-makes-feel-self-conscious-depressed-lives.html
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teenage girls in order to look slim and beautiful they edit their picture for hours from the
hair they can make it looks longer or shorter, the shape of the face is adjusted, eyes are
enlarge, then goes to the body part, some will go to the extent of enlarging the breast,
giving body shape, enlarge their butt so it looks sexy, and even elongate their legs.
Anything can be done with Photoshop and other editing application.
Other than editing, girls put a thick make up to cover their wrinkles and spots on their
faces or even plastic surgery. Trying hundreds of different poses out of which one of
them will be selected that is worth posting. This manipulation is full of hard work.
4.2 Unrealistic Condition shown on Instagram
An Australian teenager, Essena O'Neill, was very popular in Instagram with more than
612,000 followers revealed some truth about Instagram, she said “I found myself
drowning in the illusion," and "Social media isn't real. It's purely contrived images and
edited clips ranked against each other. It's a system based on social approval, likes and
dislikes, validation in views, success in followers ... it's perfectly orchestrated judgement.
And it consumed me."17 She quit playing with Instagram and revealed it to the world that
it’s ‘not real’.
The pictures posted are taken so many times where she has to suffer holding her breath
to make her stomach look slim. Also she has to push her boobs up to look stunning as
well as encouraging her follower to comment on how beautiful she looks. The scenario
17
Roy, J. (2015, November 2). What Happens When a Famous Instagram Teen Stops Being Polite and
Starts Getting Real. Retrieved January 28, 2016, from nymag:
http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/11/instagram-teen-gets-real-about-social-media-fame.html#
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was all set up and in actual situation she’s not happy at all, she pretended to look happy
to have a better self-promotion.
"I have created an image of myself that I think others feel is unattainable, others look at
as a role model, others look at as some type of 'perfect human'," she said. This was
what she thinks, she wanted everyone to feel that they wanted to be like her because
the feeling when so many people adore us brings the feeling of self-satisfaction and
acceptance. They are fooled by Instagram, they are like a puppet which are controlled
by Instagram.
4.3 Loneliness
A survey conducted by Relationships Australia (RA) in Australia says that forty two
percent of Australian girls who used four different types of social media are lonely. But
they are confused whether it is the social media which makes them feel lonely or
because they feel lonely they use social media18. Loneliness is the result because they
don’t have friends in reality. In Instagram they can gather public’s attention by uploading
a body exposed picture and automatically the world will put them on the ‘spotlight’.
Instagram become a place to escape from the real world, a place where it offers all the
appealing popularity that they were ones dreamed of, and a place to hide.
18
Gregoire, C. (2014, November 29). Teens Have Fewer Friends, But They're Less Lonely Than Ever Before.
Retrieved January 28, 2016, from huffingtonpost:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/29/teens-loneliness_n_6218348.html
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5. Solutions
Instagram was made for public therefore the choices offered was either involved in it or
pull ourselves away from it. Choice are always in their hands. It is fully depends from
person to person. Most of them don’t realize that they are actually controlled by
Instagram. It manipulates them and make them obsessed with it which makes their life
dependent on Instagram. Moreover, the standard beauty as a whole – includes body
image and standard of beauty – was made by society, it is not meant to be followed.
The best solution for this is that do not ever involve in social media this includes
Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Path, Snapchat or any other social media. Because it will
cause addiction and obsession that will mislead them to focus more and more toward
body perfection which will results in stress, depression, or even worse suicide.
But can they get away from social media? The world around them is demanding to meet
the standard and the new trend supported by very advance technology which is so
fascinating. If they think of getting away with it is quite impossible. The best decision will
be don’t try to use it, don’t even look at someone’s and just live in reality because at the
end reality will revealed the truth.
6. Conclusion
I have examined how Instagram changed most of Australian teenage girls’ body image.
This negative effect of Instagram is now very ‘in’ and ‘booming’ issue. Many teenagers
are suffering from bad self-image just because of Instagram.
Living in 21st century doesn’t allow us to get away with a monster that consists of
gadgets mainly smartphones, internet and social media, this whole packages can give
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us pleasure as well as pressure. Instagram is a very popular social media, the feature of
‘likes’ is where many people get obsessed with in this application. We let number
determine our confidence, self-esteem and mood. We easily rely on Instagram to judge
our body, looks and appearance.
The most important thing to be notice is looks doesn’t define who we are, it is simply our
inner beauty who define us. In Instagram people will see only our appearance and judge
according to our looks. They never know our true inner beauty. Even the prettiest girl
has flaws. It doesn’t mean that when we are pretty, we had a good attitude or vice versa.
So to conclude this essay, don’t let the way we see ourselves get affected by Instagram,
the standard of beauty is created by society and it’s not something to be followed,
believe in ourselves and be confident.
Through this essay I know that Instagram is a ‘monster’ that could brainwash our good
into bad. This essay would have been much better if there was a comparison between
Australia and Indonesia. Comparative study allows us to compare how bad does
Instagram has changed most of teenage girl self-esteem.
Can we avoid the use of Instagram? It was given for free and everyone has a ‘free-will’
and we can’t monitor everyone every minutes to prevent them from using Instagram. It
is unavoidable. It depends on us.
Word count: 3985 words
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