Biology Notes
PROTEINS
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From the Greek word: proteios, meaning
“first.”
Macromolecules made up of:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
- Identifying element of
proteins.
- Usable and simplest form:
Nitrates
 Sulfur
Basic building block of proteins: amino acids.
6. Hormonal
body
- coordinate activities in the
7. Receptor
- let cells respond to chemical
stimuli
8. Catalytic
- also called enzymes; speed
up chemical processes within cells
Types of Protein according to COMPOSITION
1. Simple Proteins
2. Conjugated Proteins
a. Nucleoprotein (w/ Nucleic Acids)
b. Lipoprotein (w/ lipids)
c. Glycoprotein (w/ carbohydrates)
d. Metalloprotein (w/ metals)
AMINO ACIDS
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Contains:
 Amino Group (NH2)
 Acid Group (COOH)
 R Group
- Helps distinguish amino acids
from others.
Amino acid requirements of humans are
classified into three groups:
a. Nonessential amino acids Produced and synthesized by the
body.
b. Essential amino acids
- NOT
produced by the body. Need to get
this from elsewhere and that is
from food.
c. Conditional amino acids - Not
important. Useful during health
crisis or stress.
(d. Semi-essential amino acids - Can
be synthesized by the body. For growth,
repair or pregnancy)
Types of Protein according to FUNCTION
1. Structural
structure
2. Contractile
- part of an organism’s
Types of RNA
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
c. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
ENZYMES
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- movement
3. Storage
- nitrogen sources for
developing embryo
4. Defensive
- protect against diseases
5. Transport
NUCLEIC ACIDS
- Biomolecules
- Blueprints for proteins
- Basic building block: Nucleotide
- Nucleotide; made up of pentose
 A phosphate group
and nitrogen base
 Nitrogen base are
either: purines or
pyrimidines
Types of Nucleic Acid
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- transport substances
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Act as biological catalyst.
Lower activation energy.
Speeds up reaction.
Can be reused.
Some enzymes breakdown large
molecules into smaller ones, others build
up small molecules into large ones, and
some enzymes change one molecules into
another.
Enzymes work in conjunction with
substrates.
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Enzymes and substrates are always
moving so that the substrates would fit
into the enzyme at the active site.
- Substrates fit into a specific enzymes’
active site. They fit together using a lock
and key mechanism.
Metabolism
– A series of chemical reaction in the body
that converts food into energy.
Catabolism
– Complex substances to simple substances or
its simplest form.
– Involves the breakdown of molecules to
release energy (either used immediately or stored).
Anabolism
– Building up process using simple molecules
to create something complex.
– Building things or substances in the body.
Requires and consumes energy for it to work.
COMPONENTS OF AN ENZYME:
Enzyme
– Simple Enzymes (composed only of protein or
amino acid chains.)
– Conjugated Enzymes (has non-protein part +
protein part.)
Apoenzyme – protein part of a conjugated enzyme
Cofactor – non-protein part of a conjugated enzyme.
– Combination of apoenzyme with a cofactor.
– Provide additional chemically reactive
function groups.
Holoenzyme – activates conjugates enzyme
produced by apoenzyme and cofactor.
Activation Energy
- By Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius in
1889
- To control the spontaneous degradation
of molecules within the cell.
Enzyme Specificity
- The degree of enzyme specificity is
determined by the active site.
- An enzyme specifically has a type for a
certain substrate that it should only be
them who’s going to pair up. Some would
pair up with only one specific compound
others a family of closely related
compounds.
Factors that affect Enzyme Activity
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Temperature
pH
Substrate Concentration
Enzyme Concentration
Enzyme Inhibitors
- Competitive Inhibitors
- Non-Competitive Inhibitors