Biodiversity: The 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms Learning Goals: I will learn about… ✓ The four eukaryotic kingdoms of life Success Criteria: I will be successful when I can… ✓ State distinguishing characteristics of each kingdom ✓ Classify the kingdom to which an organism belongs based on its characteristics ✓ Differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms ✓ Classify vertebrate animals to their class based on characteristics ✓ Describe different reproductive strategies of animals, such as parthenogenesis, internal or external fertilization and gestation. ✓ Distinguish between the three types of protist and make connections to the evolution of other eukaryotic kingdoms The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms Recall: what are the characteristics of Eukaryotic organisms? What types of organisms do you think are eukaryotes? Fungi Characteristics Plant Characteristics Animals Characteristics Protist Characteristics • About 200, 000 known protists Protists • Protists (always) • Are eukaryotic • Single celled organism • Found in moist environments • Protists (sometimes) • Exist as colonies or loosely connected cells on macroscopic scales https://youtu.be/zK7Ckmxxqds Types of Protists • 3 types of protists: very diverse! • Animal like • Heterotrophs, motile, typically no cell wall • Paramecium, malaria • Plant like • Autotrophs, may be motile, cell wall of cellulose or glycoproteins • Algae, kelp • Fungus like • Heterotrophs, may be motile, cell wall of cellulose • Slime molds, water molds (like the blight that caused the potato famine) • Some can grow in colonies • While a colony looks like an organism, it is actually a collection of organisms Lichen are a symbiotic arrangement of algae (plant-like protist) and fungus Weird! Able to colonize many harsh climates by using both autotrophic and heterotrophic strategies Similar to coral, which is an algae (plant-like protist) and animal. Quiz Time! 1. Which is NOT true of protists a. Typically unicellular b. May or may not have cell walls c. May or may not be autotrophs d. Protists are a well-defined group 2. Protists can be found: a. In salt or fresh water b. In soils c. In other organisms d. In arid environments 3. Lichens are a symbiotic relation of a protist (algae) and a plant TRUE FALSE 4. Protists contain mitochondria TRUE FALSE • Over 100,000 described species, may be 5 million world-wide Fungi • Fungi (always) • Have cell walls made of chitin and contain vacuoles • Are heterotrophic • Produce spores • Do not photosynthesize • Fungi (sometimes) • Are uni- or multicellular • Are typically sessile • May be parasitic/pathogenic • Typically have haploid nuclei https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xKeJyvnuWs (44 mins) Key terms • Mycology-study of fungi • Hyphae-tiny (microscopic) threadlike structures analogous to roots. Can grow (elongate) and uptake nutrients • Mycelium-a collection of hyphae (macroscopic) [mould] • Fruiting body-the structure that produces and releases spores in sexually propagating fungi [mushroom] Fungi feeding Fungi digest food externally Fungal reproduction • Varied. • Some sexual, some asexual • + and – rather than male and female https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2664-fungal-lifecycles-spores-and-more Notable Fungi • Yeast: asexual unicellular fungi important in food production (bread, beer, cheese, etc…) • Penicillium: produces penicillin, a major antibiotic • Chytrids: motile fungi responsible for the death of millions of frogs and other amphibians • Truffles: prized for their flavour, cost around $100-$200 an ounce • Plastic-eating fungi: may be able to “compost” plastic 5. Fungi do NOT a. Have fruiting bodies b. Reproduce sexually c. Ingest their food before digestion d. Exist as unicellular orgaisms 6. Fungi have cell walls made out of a. chitin b. cellulose c. keratin d. They don’t have cell walls 7. Fungi can have roots TRUE 8. FALSE Antibiotics have been derived from fungi TRUE FALSE Plants • Nearly 400,000 species of vascular plants and 20,000 of nonvascular plants • Plant (always) • Cell walls made of cellulose ∙ Sessile (don’t move) • Contain vacuoles ∙ Diploid life-stage • Autotrophic* • Plants (sometimes) • Reproduce sexually or asexually 4 Types of Plants • • • • Seedless non-vascular Seedless vascular Flowering seeded vascular (angiosperm) Cone-bearing seeded vascular (gymnosperm) Biological Succession Fungi come After a disruption, plants will recolonize an area, including building new soil, allowing other organisms to return 9. Which is NOT true of plants a. There are 4 basic types b. All plants have seeds c. All plants have a diploid life stage d. They play a large role in succession 10. Plants always a. Are sessile b. Have membrane bound organelles c. Have a haploid life stage d. All of the above are true 11. Plants are usually autotrophs TRUE FALSE 12. Plants cells have cell walls made of cellulose TRUE FALSE https://youtu.be/CrrSAc-vjG4 Animals • There are around 1-2 million species of animals on Earth • Animals (always) • No cell walls • No central vacuole • Animals (sometimes) ∙ Heterotrophic ∙ At least one motile life stage Animal Categorization • Animals are categorized into groups based on • • • • • • • Level of organization Body layers Symmetry Body cavities Segmentation Movement Reproduction Organization and Body Layers • Organization refers to the types of tissues present • Body Layers refers to the number tissue layers present Symmetry and Cavities • Symmetry refers to the type of symmetry of the adult organism • Body Cavities refers to the type of body cavities present. • Some organisms, like sponges, have no symmetry and their body cavity is open to the outside world (acoelomate) rather than sealed and compartmentalized like ours. Segmentation and Movement • Segmentation is the division of some animal body plans into repetitive sections which may become specialized • Metamerism: all segments are similar • Tagmatization: segments are different and may fuse into functional groupings • Movement refers to a rhythmical progression resulting in changing pace, posture, position or place. Can include locomotion (moving to a new place) • Animals have at least one motile life stage, where they can undergo locomotion with at least some voluntary control Organization of Animals Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Reproduction: Fertilization The bringing together of eggs and sperm to form a zygote Asexual • Some animals do not need to mate to produce offspring • Gemmation: budding like hydra • Fragmentation: a new organism develops from a piece of the parent. What are benefits of reproducing asexually? Drawbacks? Reproduction: Fertilization Parthenogenisis (asexual) • Several different types • In general, females can reproduce without males • Sometimes sperm is needed to start egg development, but not for genetic material • All offspring are female • Present in some insects, scorpions, reptiles (including Komodo Dragon and Pythons), sharks, turkeys What are the benefits and drawbacks of parthenogenesis? Reproduction: Fertilization Sexual: XX/XY or ZW/ZZ • Internal • The sperm and eggs come in contact while inside the female • The male inserts the sperm into the female using a specialized anatomical structure or tool Reproduction: Fertilization Sexual: XX/XY or ZW/ZZ • External • The sperm and eggs (gelatinous) come in contact outside of the body • The male deposits sperm over eggs • May or may not happen in close proximity What are the benefits and draw backs of sexual reproduction? What are the benefits and drawbacks of internal vs external fertilization? Reproduction: Fertilization Sexual • Hermaphroditic • Individuals are both male and female and can produce both types of gametes • Reproduce with another hermaphrodite What are the benefits and drawbacks of hermaphrodism? Reproduction: Gestation • Gestation is the period of time that it takes the developing embryo to develop until birth • Can be internal or external • Oviparity • The embryo develops in an egg (ovi), external to the body • Birds, most fish, some reptiles, insects • Can occur after internal or external sexual fertilization or parthenogenesis • Oviviviparity • The embryo develops in an egg (ovi), internal to the body (vivi) • Some reptiles, sharks • Occurs after internal fertilization • Viviparity • The embryo develops in the womb, internal to the body (vivi) • Mammals • Occurs after internal fertilization When the embryo develops in an egg, the mother contributes energy to the egg before development begins, but no energy during development, regardless of whether the egg gestates internally or externally When the embryo implants in the womb, the placenta and umbilical cord constantly feed the embryo 13. Animals are not categorized based on a. symmetry b. segmentation c. reproduction d. All are categories 14. In oviviviparity, fertilization and gestation are __ respectively a. Both external b. External and internal c. Internal and external d. Both internal 15. All animals have segmentation TRUE FALSE 16. All animals have a digestive tract TRUE FALSE 17. Parthenogenesis is a. Sexual reproduction involving only females b. Asexual reproduction involving only females c. Sexual reproduction where each individual is male and female d. Asexual reproduction where each individual is male and female 18. A vertebrate organism has no hair, scales or feathers a. amphibian b. aves c. mammalia d. reptilia 19. Animal cell have cell walls TRUE FALSE 20. Fishes are the only vertebrate with scales TRUE FALSE Summary Chart Summary chart Size Major Cell Features Food source(s) Reproduction Motility Fungi Plantae Animalia Protista
