M14/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
MARKSCHEME
May 2014
SPORTS, EXERCISE AND HEALTH
SCIENCE
Standard Level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
M14/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
D
16.
C
31.
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46.
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2.
C
17.
C
32.
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47.
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3.
C
18.
A
33.
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48.
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4.
C
19.
D
34.
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49.
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5.
B
20.
B
35.
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50.
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6.
C
21.
A
36.
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51.
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7.
C
22.
C
37.
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52.
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8.
A
23.
B
38.
–
53.
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9.
C
24.
D
39.
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54.
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10.
B
25.
D
40.
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55.
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11.
C
26.
A
41.
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56.
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12.
A
27.
C
42.
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57.
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13.
B
28.
D
43.
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58.
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14.
C
29.
D
44.
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59.
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15.
A
30.
C
45.
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60.
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M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
MARKSCHEME
May 2014
SPORTS, EXERCISE AND HEALTH SCIENCE
Standard Level
Paper 2
25 pages
–2–
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
This markscheme is confidential and for the exclusive use of
examiners in this examination session.
It is the property of the International Baccalaureate and must
not be reproduced or distributed to any other person without
the authorization of the IB Assessment Centre.
–3–
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Subject Details: Sports, Exercise and Health Science SL Paper 2 Markscheme
Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B [20 marks].
Maximum total = [50 marks].
Markscheme format example:
Question
5
c
ii
Notes
Answers
this refers to the timing of the movements
OR
the extent to which the performer has control over the timing of the
movement
Total
1 max
external paced skills are sailing/windsurfing/receiving a serve
internal paced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine
1.
Each row in the ‘Question’ column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.
2.
The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the ‘Total’ column.
3.
Each marking point in the ‘Answers’ column is shown by means of a tick () at the end of the marking point.
4.
A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by ‘max’ written after the mark in the ‘Total’
column. The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the ‘Notes’ column.
5.
An alternative wording is indicated in the ‘Answers’ column by a slash (/). Either wording can be accepted.
6.
An alternative answer is indicated in the ‘Answers’ column by ‘OR’ on the line between the alternatives. Either answer can be accepted.
continued …
–4–
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
7.
Words in angled brackets ‹ › in the ‘Answers’ column are not necessary to gain the mark.
8.
Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.
9.
The order of marking points does not have to be as in the ‘Answers’ column, unless stated otherwise in the ‘Notes’ column.
10.
If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent significance, detail and validity
as that in the ‘Answers’ column then award the mark. Where this point is considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is
emphasized by OWTTE (or words to that effect).
11.
Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more important than grammatical accuracy.
12.
Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points. If an error is made in the first
marking point then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow
through marks should be awarded. When marking, indicate this by adding ECF (error carried forward) on the script. ‘ECF acceptable’ will
be displayed in the ‘Notes’ column.
13.
Do not penalize candidates for errors in units or significant figures, unless it is specifically referred to in the ‘Notes’ column.
–5–
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
SECTION A
1.
Question
a
b
i
b
c
ii
Answers
Illinois agility ‹test›/standing broad jump
(19.2 − 20.1) =
0.9 cm less on average

Notes
For the marks to be awarded stages of
working and units must be shown.
For the marks to be awarded stages of
working must be shown.
Total
1
1
2
seconds ‹longer on average›
components which are vital to ensure that an individual can meet the
physical and physiological demands of an activity without excessive
fatigue OWTTE
If this is the only answer, do not accept
health-related fitness includes body composition, cardio-respiratory with any skill related components. There
fitness ‹aerobic capacity›, flexibility, muscular endurance, strength
must be a minimum of two health related
components.
1 max
–6–
Group 1/rural adolescents scored better in four of the six tests/majority
 max, Standing broad jump, Hand grip strength, bent arm hang
of tests/ VO
2
OWTTE
d
based on the results one could argue that Group 1/rural adolescents are
fitter overall
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Accept answer in the converse.
Accept answers in the converse
group 2/urban adolescents were better at speed-agility, flexibility
group 1/rural adolescents scored better in health-related components of
fitness (compared to Group 2)
OR
three health related components
OR
muscular strength and muscular endurance and aerobic capacity OWTTE
3 max
group 1 and 2 score the same on skill related components
each group had scored higher than the other group in some components
there may well be other components not tested here where Group 2/urban
adolescents would score higher so the result could be deemed
undetermined
group 1/rural adolescents have on average a higher standard deviation
compared to Group 2 in connection with the hypothesis
e
i
e
f
ii
Although the data presented supports the hypothesis, the difference
between the two groups may not be significant. 

VO
2 max
hand grip strength
joint action:
plantar flexion
type of muscle contraction:
calf/back of lower leg contract concentrically
gastrocnemius/soleus is/are the agonist/ prime mover
OR
tibialis anterior is relaxing (and acting as the antagonist)
1
1
Do not accept isotonic as a sole
answer.
3
–7–
2.
a
b
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP (from organic
compounds in cells) OWTTE
Mention of ATP or adenosine
triphosphate should be included.
strengths:
the ATP–CP system allows ATP to gain a phosphate molecule very
quickly/almost instantaneously
Accept glucose and oxygen required
to produce carbon dioxide, water
and ATP.
Award [1 max] for just a description
of the system without a strength or a
weakness.
1
the ATP–CP system recovers very quickly also
the ATP–CP system does not require oxygen
the CP is readily available
Award [2 max] for strengths and
[2 max] for weaknesses.
provides energy for explosive high intensity exercise/movement
no fatiguing by-products
CP can itself be quickly re-synthesized so recovery time is quick
weaknesses:
the ATP–CP system is used up very quickly up to 10 seconds/limited
supply of CP
to continue with all-out effort beyond 10 seconds an additional energy
source other than the ATP–CP system is required
for repeated bouts of all-out effort there needs to be sufficient time for
recovery of this system
3 max
–8–
3.
a
b
c
vastus intermedius
type II/type IIa/IIb/Fast Twitch/Fast Glycolytic
acetylcholine ‹ACh›:
changes an electrical/neural impulse into a chemical stimulus
‹at the motor end plate›/transmits nervous impulse across synapse
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Accept “vastus intermedialis”.
Accept II as 2
Award [2 max] for acetylcholine.
1
1
increases membrane permeability ‹to sodium and potassium ions›
helps spread the impulse over the entire muscle fibre
3 max
the action of ACh allows the muscle to contract
cholinesterase:
degrades/breaks down ACh ‹within 5 milliseconds›
Award [2 max] for cholinesterase.
immediately repolarizes the membrane
d
‹action of cholinesterase› allows the muscle to relax

variations in VO
2 max during different modes of exercise reflect the
quantity of activated muscle mass
OR
treadmill running involves greater muscle mass compared to arm
ergometry

VO
2 max measured (on the same subjects) during treadmill running
produces higher values compared with arm ergometry
OR
generally, with arm ergometry aerobic capacity of a person reaches only
 max
about 70 % of treadmill VO
2
skill level/training status/experience can increase the values for both
Do not exceed [3 max] in total.
Accept in the converse
Accept in the converse
2 max
–9–
4.
a
1.
cognitive/verbal
b
2. associative/motor
physical proficiency abilities consist of gross movements/use of large
muscle groups ‹eg physical factors›
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Both required to award [1].
1 max
Award [1 max]
perceptual motor abilities are a combination of how we make sense of our Award [1 max]
environment (perception) and how we act (motor control) ‹eg psychomotor Examples will only be accepted in
factor›
conjunction with a suitable
definition.
2
– 10 –
c
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
for example physical maturation:
Award [2 max] per factor.
young learners have difficulty in focusing on important cues, difficulty in
processing information
young learners make a large number of errors
as learners mature, more motor plans are generated
for example physical fitness:
size, shape and level of fitness may assist in learning
one learner may have more flexibility and strength than the other
a learner has an ability to make decisions more effectively if they are not
fatigued
for example motivation:
can be related to a person’s inner drive ‹intrinsic› or external factors such
as trophies ‹extrinsic›
3 max
the strength of a learner’s drive to achieve is ‹very› individual
motivation is also linked to a person’s state of arousal
for example individual difference of coaches:
a coach’s teaching style ‹command/reciprocal› may appeal to one learner
but not the other
the quality and type of feedback received
for example age:
physical maturation/experience/emotional maturity will affect the progress
of a learner
for example difficulty of task:
progress will be slowed if the task is too difficult for the learner
this may have an impact on the motivation of the learner
continued …
– 11 –
c
for example teaching environment:
a safe teaching environment/limited distractions/small group
learning/attention/facilities and space available for learning
for example time/volume of practice:
The longer amount of time a person has to practice the more likelihood
they will increase the rate of learning a skill
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 12 –
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
SECTION B
Question
5.
a
Answers
smooth
cardiac
b
Notes
Award [2] for three correct
responses. Award [1] for two correct
responses.
Total
2 max
skeletal
epimysium is the outer surrounding layer (which consists mainly of Marks are not awarded for reference
collagen fibres)
to striped/striated appearance.
perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle fibres
muscle fibres which are surrounded in a layer called the endomysium
these all connect to a tendon which attaches to the bone to allow muscles to
move
the muscle cell/fibre is composed of smaller units called myofibrils
myofibril is composed of contractile components (protein filaments) known
as myosin and actin
sarcomere is a basic/functional unit of the muscle cell
4 max
– 13 –
c
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
insulin:
is released due to high blood sugar
Award [2 max] for insulin and
[2 max] for glucagon.
increases the uptake of glucose by cells
promotes glycogenesis
despite a lowering of insulin during exercise the role it had of moving
glucose into the cell has enabled by other stimulants ‹eg Ca2+›
glucagon:
is released due to low blood sugar
stimulates the breakdown
blood/glycogenolysis
of
4 max
glycogen
into
glucose
in
the
increases in the blood glucose particularly during prolonged periods of
exercise when liver glycogen stores are being depleted
activates lipolysis
d
promotes the conversion of non carbohydrate sources into glucose for the
muscles ‹fats and protein›
for example a highly trained endurance cyclist would:
Accept responses in the converse for
require greater volume of macronutrients than untrained
an untrained cyclist.
require more carbohydrates than untrained
require more fats than untrained
require more protein than untrained
require more water than untrained
both athletes would require more/greater volume of macronutrients (than a
sedentary person)
3 max
– 14 –
e
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
oxygen deficit:
oxygen deficit is found in the initial stages/at the start of the long distance cycle race
Award [4 max] for
oxygen deficit and
[4 max] for oxygen
oxygen transport system will not immediately be able to supply the needed quantity of
debt, not exceeding
oxygen to the active muscles
[7 max] in total.
it will require several minutes before a homeostatic level is reached which is when their
aerobic system will be fully functioning
the oxygen deficit is calculated simply as the difference between the oxygen required for a
given rate of work and the oxygen actually consumed
in spite of insufficient oxygen, your muscles still generate the ATP needed through the
anaerobic pathways
a highly trained cyclist would get to a steady state quicker than if they were in an untrained
condition/ their oxygen deficit would be smaller OWTTE
oxygen debt:
occurs after exercise
consumption/EPOC
has
ceased,
known
as
excess
post-exercise
7 max
oxygen
even though the muscles are no longer actively working, oxygen demand does not
immediately decrease
oxygen consumption remains elevated
OR
this elevated consumption exceeds that usually required when at rest
a highly trained cyclist would get back to a steady resting state quicker than if they were in
an untrained condition/ their oxygen debt would be smaller OWTTE 
continued …
– 15 –
e
initial stages of oxygen debt/alactacid stage:
removal of CO2 
replenishment of myoglobin stores with oxygen
replenishment of muscle phosphagens/ ATP/ PC stores
later stages of oxygen debt/lactacid stage:
removal of lactic acid
replenishment of glycogen stores
causes of EPOC:
re-synthesis of ATP and PCr
re-synthesis of blood lactate to glycogen
oxidation of blood lactate to energy metabolism
restoration of oxygen to blood/tissue fluids/myoglobin
the effects of elevated core temperature
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 16 –
6.
a
a
i
ii
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
when a force acts upon a mass, the result is acceleration of that mass/force Do not accept f = m x a
= mass x acceleration
OR
acceleration is proportional to the force acting upon the mass and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object OWTTE
the third law states: for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction
1
must push backwards and downwards with large forces on to the blocks
(action force)
according to Newton’s third law, the blocks will push back with the same
force, but in the opposite direction ‹forwards and upwards› (reaction
force)
as the blocks are connected to the ground ‹which has a much larger mass
than the athlete› the ground will not move backwards, but the athlete will
move forwards and upwards out of the blocks
2 max
– 17 –
b
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
the position of the centre of mass ‹centre of gravity› of a body or object is Award [1 mark] for a general
the point at which the mass and weight of an object are balanced in all reference to centre of mass.
directions/if the object was suspended from that position it would be
balanced
the centre of mass moves in an object if the shape of that object is altered
Fosbury Flop:
the athlete bends their body like a banana around the bar and their centre of
mass is below and outside the body/may be below the bar OWTTE 
the jumper using the Fosbury technique will therefore not have to raise
their centre of mass as high as an athlete performing the scissors when
clearing the same height
using the Fosbury technique the jumper will be able to clear a higher bar
compared to using the scissors ‹all other things being equal›
scissors:
the upper body is upright and the legs are horizontal to the body – this puts
the centre of mass above the legs/hips/bar
the distance between the centre of mass of the athlete and the greatest
height cleared is generally 25–30cm
4 max
– 18 –
c
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
at rest muscles receive approximately 20 % of blood flow, organs receive
approximately 80%
during exercise this increases to more than 80 % of blood flow at the
muscles and a drop of approximately 20% at the organs
at rest the blood will be more evenly distributed to regions such as brain,
stomach, kidneys, muscles
regions such as the stomach, kidneys will require relatively less during the
race
regions such as the heart, lungs and skin will require greater flow during
the race
vasodilation
increases
at
regions
requiring
greater
blood
flow/vasoconstriction increases at regions not requiring blood flow
as the athlete is finishing the race the working muscles will be demanding
the greatest percentage of their total body flow
4 max
– 19 –
d
breathing in:
external intercostal muscles contract
OR
rib cage moves upwards and outwards
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [3 max] for breathing in and
[3 max] for breathing out.
diaphragm flattens/contracts
additional muscles can also be involved such as the trapezius,
sternocleidomastoid/scalene/pectoralis minor/back muscles
thoracic cavity volume increases/lungs increase in size/capacity
thoracic cavity pressure decreases (therefore air rushes in)
air rushes in from high pressure to low pressure/inhalation continues as
long as the pressure difference exists
breathing out:
external intercostal muscles relax
internal intercostal muscles contract
OR
rib cage moves down and inwards actively
diaphragm relaxes
additional muscles required when working during high intensity exercise
would include abdominals/rectus abdominus/external obliques (which act
to force air out faster)
thoracic cavity volume decreases
thoracic cavity pressure increases (therefore air is forced out)
Depth and rate of breathing increase during high intensity exercise due to
chemoreceptors/proprioreceptors/stretch receptor stimulation
6 max
– 20 –
e
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
transports oxygen in the red blood cells
transports carbon dioxide in the red blood cells
carries oxygen from the lungs which has diffused across the tissue
membranes (down a concentration gradient)
carries carbon dioxide from the working tissues to the lungs to be expired
carries oxygen from the lungs to the working tissues to be used
hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen 
higher amounts of hemoglobin will be found in a trained athlete
3 max
– 21 –
7.
a
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
specificity:
Award [2 max] per principle.
involves the swimmer training the muscles, skills and/or energy systems
that are relevant for their sport
a 200 m swimmer should apply specificity by doing most of the training in
the pool
dry land weights and stretching of the appropriate muscles/movements are
useful
butterfly swimming at an intensity that the swimmer would expect to
perform in the actual event
4 max
overload:
involves the swimmer training harder/longer/both than they have
previously done
the swimmer should apply overload by manipulating combinations of
duration/intensity/frequency
b
butterfly swimming at intensities greater than normal to induce adaptation
to enable to swim more efficiently/powerfully
a number of subroutines can be put together to make up an executive
programme 
subroutines: for example start position – feet up on wall/hands gripping and
arms
lifting
body/spring
and
backward
dive/kicking/arm
circumduction/arm rotation
executive programme: backstroke
2 max
– 22 –
c
open loop:
utilized when skills are well learnt
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [2 max] per programme.
utilized when skills are executed quickly
skills are completed without feedback
all the information for one movement is sent in a single message to the
effectors
it will depend on task difficulty and/or level of skill of the performer
closed loop:
closed loop is when a skill uses feedback throughout its execution
errors are detected and adjustments are made ‹for example juggling – a
performer detects that there is a change in trajectory and adjusts their
movements to match›
a memory trace is formed in the performer’s long-term memory which tells
them what to do – that is, the motor programme
a perceptual trace is then generated as they perform and this is compared to
the memory trace
4 max
– 23 –
d
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
memory:
memory allows us to benefit from our past experiences
Responses should discuss the
relationship between memory and
selective attention, not simply
all incoming information is held for a short time in the short-term sensory
distinguish between them.
store ‹STSS›/most of the information in the STSS is lost within about 0.5
second
incoming information is only retained and processed if it is attended to in
the short-term memory ‹STM›
most/90 % of all information entering the STM is lost within 10 seconds
4 max
retention and passage to the long-term memory are dependent on rehearsal
that is processed mentally/physically/both
the STM has a small capacity/space limitation
the long-term memory has large capacity/no space limitations
the way we overcome the limited capacity of the short term memory is by
the use of selective attention
continued …
– 24 –
d
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
selective attention:
selective attention ‹SA› operates in the short term sensory store ‹STSS›
only the relevant information is passed to the short-term memory ‹STM›
where it is held for several seconds
information selected to the STM can be determined through previous
experience and information in the LTM
SA ensures that information overload does not occur and prevents
confusion as the brain would not be able to cope with streams of
information
a filtering mechanism operates, which separates the relevant information
from the irrelevant ‹noise› information so that athletes concentrate on one
cue/stimulus ‹for example the ball, position of player in a game of tennis›
to the exclusion of others
SA is very important when accuracy/fast responses are required
SA
can
be
improved
experience/practice/coaching
by
learning
through
past
which improves a person’s anticipation/interaction with long-term
memory/memory trace
– 25 –
e
Factor
consistency
accuracy
learned nature
control
efficiency
fluency
goal direction
Skilled
high
high
good/autonomous
high
high
smooth
good
Novice
low
low
poor/cognitive
low
low
erratic
poor
M14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [1] for each correct row.
Accept marking points above in
form of a valid example, for
example efficiency of technique – a
swimmer will move further for each
stroke and kick made.
6 max
N14/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
MARKSCHEME
November 2014
SPORTS, EXERCISE AND HEALTH
SCIENCE
Standard Level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
N14/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
A
16.
A
31.
–
46.
–
2.
A
17.
D
32.
–
47.
–
3.
B
18.
C
33.
–
48.
–
4.
D
19.
D
34.
–
49.
–
5.
C
20.
C
35.
–
50.
–
6.
C
21.
B
36.
–
51.
–
7.
B
22.
B
37.
–
52.
–
8.
D
23.
A
38.
–
53.
–
9.
A
24.
C
39.
–
54.
–
10.
C
25.
A
40.
–
55.
–
11.
D
26.
B
41.
–
56.
–
12.
B
27.
C
42.
–
57.
–
13.
C
28.
D
43.
–
58.
–
14.
B
29.
A
44.
–
59.
–
15.
A
30.
D
45.
–
60.
–
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
MARKSCHEME
November 2014
SPORTS, EXERCISE AND HEALTH SCIENCE
Standard Level
Paper 2
37 pages
–2–
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
This markscheme is confidential and for the exclusive use of
examiners in this examination session.
It is the property of the International Baccalaureate and must
not be reproduced or distributed to any other person without
the authorization of the IB Assessment Centre.
–3–
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
General Marking Instructions
Assistant Examiners (AEs) will be contacted by their team leader (TL) through RM™ Assessor, by e-mail or telephone – if through RM™
Assessor or by e-mail, please reply to confirm that you have downloaded the markscheme from IBIS. The purpose of this initial contact is to
allow AEs to raise any queries they have regarding the markscheme and its interpretation. AEs should contact their team leader through
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Subject Operations
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GREAT BRITAIN
Tel: +(44) 29 2054 7777
Fax: +(44) 29 2054 7778
E-mail: helen.griffiths@ibo.org
–4–
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
Follow the markscheme provided, award only whole marks and mark only in RED.
2.
Make sure that the question you are about to mark is highlighted in the mark panel on the right-hand side of the screen.
3.
Where a mark is awarded, a tick/check () must be placed in the text at the precise point where it becomes clear that the candidate deserves
the mark. One tick to be shown for each mark awarded.
4.
Sometimes, careful consideration is required to decide whether or not to award a mark. In these cases use RM™ Assessor annotations to
support your decision. You are encouraged to write comments where it helps clarity, especially for re-marking purposes. Use a text box for
these additional comments. It should be remembered that the script may be returned to the candidate.
5.
Personal codes/notations are unacceptable.
6.
Where an answer to a part question is worth no marks but the candidate has attempted the part question, use the “zero” annotation to award
zero marks. Where a candidate has not attempted the part question, use the “SEEN” annotation to show you have looked at the question.
RM™ Assessor will apply NR once you click complete.
7.
If a candidate has attempted more than the required number of questions within a paper or section of a paper, mark all the answers. RM™
Assessor will only award the highest mark or marks in line with the rubric.
8.
Ensure that you have viewed every page including any additional sheets. Please ensure that you stamp “SEEN” on any additional pages that
are blank or where the candidate has crossed out his/her work.
9.
Mark positively. Give candidates credit for what they have achieved and for what they have got correct, rather than penalizing them for what
they have got wrong. However, a mark should not be awarded where there is contradiction within an answer. Make a comment to this effect
using a text box or the “CON” stamp.
–5–
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Subject Details: Sports, Exercise and Health Science SL Paper 2 Markscheme
Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B [20 marks].
Maximum total = [50 marks].
Markscheme format example:
Question
5
c
ii
Notes
Answers
this refers to the timing of the movements
OR
the extent to which the performer has control over the timing of the
movement
Total
1 max
external paced skills are sailing/windsurfing/receiving a serve
internal paced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine
1.
Each row in the “Question” column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.
2.
The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the “Total” column.
3.
Each marking point in the “Answers” column is shown by means of a tick () at the end of the marking point.
4.
A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by “max” written after the mark in the
“Total” column. The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the “Notes” column.
5.
An alternative wording is indicated in the “Answers” column by a slash (/). Either wording can be accepted.
6.
An alternative answer is indicated in the “Answers” column by “OR” on the line between the alternatives. Either answer can be accepted.
continued …
–6–
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
7.
Words in angled brackets ‹ › in the “Answers” column are not necessary to gain the mark.
8.
Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.
9.
The order of marking points does not have to be as in the “Answers” column, unless stated otherwise in the “Notes” column.
10.
If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent significance, detail and validity
as that in the “Answers” column then award the mark. Where this point is considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is
emphasized by OWTTE (or words to that effect).
11.
Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more important than grammatical accuracy.
12.
Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points. If an error is made in the first
marking point then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow
through marks should be awarded. When marking, indicate this by adding ECF (error carried forward) on the script. “ECF acceptable” will
be displayed in the “Notes” column.
13.
Do not penalize candidates for errors in units or significant figures, unless it is specifically referred to in the “Notes” column.
–7–
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
SECTION A
Question
1.
a
b
Answers
Notes
running with shoes
barefoot running (BF) results in the lowest total joint power
absorption ‹–17› compared to running with shoes (RS) ‹–22›/BF
‹–17› demonstrates decreased total lower extremity power absorption
compared to RS ‹–22›/BF running results in reduced total lower
extremity power, hip power and knee power
Total
1
with RS, the ankle joint has a lower joint power absorption rate
compared to BF
with RS the knee joint has a greater joint power absorption rate
compared to BF
Accept responses in the converse.
with RS, the hip joint has a greater joint power absorption rate
compared to BF
the data demonstrates that/with the majority of joints in the RS
condition there is a greater negative power absorption rate compared
with BF therefore the hypothesis is accepted
3 max
there is a shift of power absorption from the knee to the ankle for the
BF condition compared with the RS condition ‹RS–13 to –6 and BF–
8 to –7› 
the knee joint is a significant area of power absorption for the RS
condition compared to the other joint areas ‹–13 versus 6 and 3›
the SD for knee absorption was very high indicating less consistent
results for this joint
continued …
–8–
Ankle power
Knee power
Hip power
Total
c
i
Running with shoes
–6.00
–13.00
–3.00
–22.00
Barefoot running
–7.00
–8.00
–2.00
–17.00
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
The table in the left hand column is for
reference only.
standard deviation (SD) measures how much a set of data varies from
the mean of that data
OR
SD tells you the spread of the data about the mean
an estimate of the average variability
OR
the spread of a set of data measured in the same units of measurement
as the original data
OR
the square root of the variance
1 max
a small SD indicates that the data is clustered very close around the
mean value, whereas a large SD indicates the data are spread out over
a large range of values
ii
d
for example, the smaller SD for power absorption rates suggests that
the participants were exhibiting similar in-shoe pressure responses to
the different running conditions
a graphical representation of the variability/range of data / calculation
error
Must see ms as the unit to award [1].
( 230 + 151 + 202 ) =
194/194.3 ms
3
1
1
–9–
e
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
concrete surface produced higher mean peak pressure ‹234› on
in-shoe pressure compared to grass ‹209›
OR
grass surface produced lower mean peak pressure ‹209› on in-shoe
pressure compared to concrete ‹234›
overall peak pressure is 74 ‹Kpa› higher on concrete surface
concrete surface produced higher peak pressure in the forefoot ‹242›
region in comparison to grass ‹214›
concrete surface produced higher peak pressure in the rearfoot ‹349›
region in comparison to grass ‹299›
concrete surface produced lower peak pressure in the midfoot ‹112›
region in comparison to grass ‹116›
2 max
concrete surface produced higher peak pressure in the forefoot ‹242›
region in comparison to grass ‹214› in a shorter period of contact
time
concrete surface produced higher peak pressure in the rearfoot ‹349›
region in comparison to grass ‹299› in a shorter period of contact
time
concrete surface produced lower peak pressure in the midfoot ‹112›
region in comparison to grass ‹116› in a shorter period of contact
time
f
the rear foot has the highest peak pressure for both surfaces
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
1
– 10 –
g
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
the player applies force by extending his/her legs against the Award [1 max] if response makes no
ground/pushing back against the ground/earth
reference to the starting block.
the force from the extension of the legs is the action
OR
the action force is caused by muscle contraction
the ground/earth exerts an equal and opposite force on the athlete
the push back from the ground/earth is the reaction
because the ground/earth is a larger mass than the mass of the athlete,
the effect on the athlete is greater than the effect on the
ground/earth
the result of the reaction force is to displace the relatively small mass
of the athlete/produces the uphill movement of the athlete
the faster/harder the athlete pushes ‹action› the greater the force will
be
2 max
– 11 –
2.
a
b
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
X: soleus
Both required to award [1].
Y: tarsals
‹second class lever when standing on toes›
Award [1 max] for description of lever and
lever consists of a rigid rod, a fulcrum ‹axis›, a resistance force/load [1 max] for correct application of each
‹body weight› and effort force ‹muscle force› 
component.
1 max
the effort/input ‹muscle force› is the gastrocnemius/soleus, the
fulcrum is located at the other end opposite to the effort/input at the
ball of the foot, and the load/output ‹bodyweight› is located in the
middle 
Accept marking points in the form of a
clearly annotated diagram.
2 max
[Source: adapted from B Davis, R Bull, J Roscoe, D Roscoe, (2000) Physical Education and
the Study of Sport, page 231]
continued …
– 12 –
‹ankle as a first class lever›
lever consists of a rigid structure with pivot in between the effort and
load
the effort is from the gastrocnemius/soleus, the pivot is the ankle
joint, the load is the forefoot region
OR
the effort is from the tibialis anterior, the pivot is the ankle joint and
the load is the heel
‹ankle as a third class lever›
lever consists of a rigid structure with the pivot at one end followed
by the effort and finally the load
the fulcrum is the ankle joint, the effort is from the tibialis anterior
and the load is the foot beyond this point towards the toes
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Accept references to plantar
flexion/dorsiflexion.
– 13 –
c
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
initial energy provided from breakdown of ATP stored in
muscle to ADP
OR
ATP is broken down by ATPase into ADP and release of a
phosphate molecule
energy released for muscle contraction/release of Pi initiates
power stroke/exothermic reaction/as part of coupled reaction
OR
ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound from which the
muscle derives its energy/ATP is the main energy currency
in muscle cells
energy used to reform ATP from ADP ‹and Pi›/endothermic
reaction
OR
ATP regeneration provided by ATP-CP splitting/system
3 max
ATP-CP system is also a dominant system operating for this
type of action
breakdown of CP/PCr by creatine kinase
ATP is used to transfer the chemical energy needed for
metabolic reactions
no further energy can be created until ATP is resynthesized
OR
reversible process
continued …
– 14 –
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
one ATP can be generated from the breakdown of one
CP molecule
the ATP- CP system has no fatiguing by-products
does not require oxygen
is a quick source of ATP during these activities 
the ATP–CP system
ten seconds›
OR
limited supply of CP
is
used
up
very
quickly
‹up
to
– 15 –
d
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
carbohydrates are higher for the marathon runner than a Award credit if presented in numerical form for two
student who takes part in no exercise/vice versa
macronutrients, for example:
protein is higher for the marathon runner than a student who
takes part in no exercise/vice versa
fat is ‹slightly› higher for the marathon runner than a student
who takes part in no exercise/vice versa
Carbohydrates
Protein
Fats
Marathon
runner
55–75 %*
10–35 %*
20–35 %*
Non-athlete
45–65 %*
10–15 %*
15–30 %*
water is higher for the marathon runner than a student who Any figures quoted outside those in the table above
takes part in no exercise/vice versa
must be checked.
Award [1 max] per component (carbohydrate,
protein, fat).
Accept references to a specific carbohydrate/
protein/fat, for example “higher levels of muscle
glycogen stores are required by marathon runners
as muscle glycogen is the major source of energy
during marathon running”.
carbohydrates:
Award [1 max] for carbohydrates.
higher carbohydrate intake is essential for marathon runners
because they require more energy than a non-athlete
OWTTE
2 max
higher carbohydrate intake helps prevent/delays the
onset of fatigue during high intensity/long duration
training/competition for marathon runners
higher carbohydrate intake is essential for marathon runners
during periods of high-intensity/long-duration training,
because they need to enhance recovery/maximize training
effects compared to a non-athlete
continued …
*
J Sproule (2012) Sports, Exercise & Health Science: Course Companion. Oxford University Press
– 16 –
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
carbohydrate consumption by marathon runners/non-athletes that is out of
proportion to other macronutrients is not a healthy choice
high-carbohydrate and low fat diets are sometimes followed by marathon
runners as they are trying to remove the perceived weight gaining
properties of dietary fat from their diet ‹reduce the so-called “good”
cholesterol›
protein:
Award [1 max] for protein.
protein recommendations are ‹slightly› higher for marathon runners
compared to non-athletes to maintain/build/repair muscle mass and
connective tissues
protein recommendations are ‹slightly› higher for marathon runners
compared to non-athletes as they are essential to the formation of certain
hormones and enzymes ‹even during intensive training› 
low protein/carbohydrate intake with marathon runners compared to nonathletes can result in loss of muscle mass/menstrual dysfunction/loss of
bone density/increased risk of fatigue/injury/illness/prolonged recovery
fats:
high-fat diets are not recommended for marathon runners
non-athletes should limit consumption of ‹saturated and trans› fats, the
cause of increased ‹bad› cholesterol/LDL ‹which raises health
risks/cardiovascular disease/CVD›, as these fats, in significant quantities,
will impair athletic cardiovascular performance
OR
in sports nutrition, the majority of fats consumed should be
monounsaturated
Award [1 max] for fats.
– 17 –
3.
a
b
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
nose
Award [1] for two correct answers.
OR
mouth
OR
pharynx
OR
larynx
OR
trachea
OR
bronchi
OR
bronchioles
OR
alveoli
OR
diaphragm
OR
lungs
the electrical impulse is initiated/generated at the sinoatrial/SA
node
1
travels across the atria
to the atrio-ventricular/AV node ‹it delays the cardiac impulse
allowing the atria to contract and empty into the ventricles›
conducts the impulse to the bundle of His
OR
bundle branches are located within the atrial septum/central ventricle
walls and spreads towards the Purkinje fibres
stimulation of the Purkinje fibres increases pressure in the ventricles
sufficiently to eject blood up and out of the ‹pulmonary/aortic›
arteries
2 max
– 18 –
c
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
approximately 75–84 % of the cardiac output/most of the cardiac
output goes to muscle ‹away from the organs not being used›
OR
skeletal muscles receive the largest proportion of blood OWTTE
working muscle requires oxygen and to get rid of wastes so blood is
redistributed to them
blood redistribution is accomplished through vasodilation/
vasoconstriction
OR
a shift in blood flow is accomplished partly by vasodilation in
skeletal muscle
OR
blood/vascular shunting ‹and as a consequence of vasoconstriction to
the kidneys/liver/stomach/intestines›
approximate percentage cardiac output to kidneys is 1–3 %
OR
volume distributed to kidneys is approximately half of that than at
rest
blood may be transported/moved via vasodilation to the skin to cool Award credit if presented in tabular form.
down
approximate percentage cardiac output to brain during exercise is Accept [1 max] for proportionate values
4–5 %/is consistent with volume distributed to brain at rest
within ± 5 %.
for example blood redistribution during exercise ‹ml min–1› 
Organ
Exercise
brain
900 ml (4 %)
muscles
21 000 ml (84 %)
heart
1000 ml (4 %)
skin
600 ml (2 %)
liver
500 ml (2 %)
kidneys
250 ml (1 %)
other
780 ml (3 %)
total
25 000 ml
2 max
– 19 –
4.
a
b
decision making
selective attention (SA) is the selection of some of the information in
the STSS for further processing 
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1
individuals focus on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant
information to filter out the relevant information ‹ball› from the noise
or irrelevant information ‹ball boys› so that only relevant information
is acted upon
OR
unselected stimuli are filtered out and selected stimuli are held in the
STM and compared to information stored in long-term
memory/LTM
SA allows a sports player to perceive and make decisions quickly
memory consists of the STSS, STM and LTM/is the persistence of
the capacity for knowledge or action
the decision of what information is relevant/to be selected can come
from LTM
OR
the information can be voluntarily looked for for its relevance to the
task at hand or involuntarily selected due to signal intensity or its
nature for example hearing your name
SA does not always work eg can attend to dummy arm movement in
rugby when players should be focusing on hips/legs/footwork
SA can be improved with training/practice/learning as this adds to
LTM knowledge of various situations
SA is important for processing both fast and slow responses in sports
OR
less time for the performer to correct actions in fast paced sports so
getting it wrong shows up more clearly
OR
slow sports still need SA for a good performance
our capacity to process information in the STM has limitations ‹ie
relevance for delivery of teaching/coaching points›
2 max
– 20 –
c
specificity:
involves training the muscles, skills, energy systems specific to the sporting
needs of the athlete
OR
for example training should be sport-specific and planned for the individual
performer
OR
specific exercise elicits specific adaptations, creating specific training
effects/needs analysis
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [1 max] for a definition
of one principle of training
design.
Award [1 max] for an example
of one principle of training
design application by sports
player.
progression:
for example small increases/gradual increase in weights/repetitions/sets
frequency:
for example the number of trainings that an athlete would do in a week
2 max
overload:
for example exercising at greater intensities than normal causes a range of
specific adaptations that enable the body to function more efficiently
OR
for an individual to continue to adapt ‹physiologically›/increase their fitness
they need to increase the intensity/frequency/duration of the exercise to levels
greater than they have previously experienced
reversibility:
for example the reversibility of training effects takes place rapidly when an
athlete stops their exercise training regime
OR
any changes due to training will reverse once training is stopped
continued …
– 21 –
variety:
for example athletes doing different things and using different methods of
training to prevent boredom OWTTE
periodization:
for example the gradual cycling of specificity, intensity and volume of training
to achieve peak levels of fitness for competition ‹for example
volume
= sets × repetitions / volume − load =sets × repetition × load ›
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 22 –
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
SECTION B
5.
Question
a
Answers
differences in the partial pressures of the gases in the alveoli and
blood create a pressure gradient across the respiratory membrane
Notes
Total
PO2 of air at the alveoli is 105 mmHg/higher and PO2 of the blood in
the pulmonary capillaries is 40 mmHg/lower
PCO2 in blood in pulmonary capillaries passing beside alveoli is
46 mmHg/higher and air in the alveoli has a PCO2 of 40 mmHg/is
lower
the pressure gradient for CO2 is less than for oxygen exchange
if the pressures on each side of the membrane were equal, the gases
would be at equilibrium and would not move
the amount and rate of gas exchange that occurs across the
membrane depends on the partial pressure of each gas
OR
Fick’s law
4 max
gases move from an area of higher pressure to one of lower
pressure
gases diffuse across the cellular membranes
transfer of gases, specifically O2 and CO2/oxygen/O2 enters the blood
and carbon dioxide/CO2 leaves it
oxygen diffusion capacity increases as one moves from rest to
exercise
while exercising, muscles require more O2 to be used in the
metabolic process, venous oxygen is depleted and O2 exchange at the
alveoli is facilitated
continued …
– 23 –
b
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
CO2 crosses the alveolar membrane more readily than oxygen
without a large pressure gradient
nervous system:
Award [3 max] for nervous system.
breathing is controlled by the nervous system which automatically
increases or decreases the rate ‹pneunotaxic area›, depth ‹apneustic›
and rhythm of breathing
OR
breathing rate is manipulated by the autonomic nervous system/
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
respiratory centre is found in the medulla oblongata in the brain
during inspiration, nerve impulses are generated and sent via phrenic
nerve and intercostal nerves to the inspiratory muscles ‹external
intercostals and diaphragm› causing them to contract
breathing rate increases during exercise as the expiratory centre sends
impulses to the expiratory muscles ‹internal intercostals› which
speeds up the expiratory process
OR
breathing rate increases during exercise due to stimulation to the
respiratory centre from the action of muscles/spindles/joint
receptors
higher brain centers can affect breathing rate via emotions, speech, or
voluntary changing breathing
5 max
regulation of breathing is aided by stretch receptors in the lungs and
bronchioles, which prevent over inflation of the lungs
chemical composition of blood:
Award [3 max] for chemical composition
increased CO2/lactic acid in the blood during exercise is detected by of blood.
the chemoreceptors which relays the information to the respiratory
centre in the medulla of the brain
continued …
– 24 –
increased CO2 causes the acidity of the blood to increase ‹decrease blood pH›
OR
a change in acidity of the blood is detected by chemoreceptors which send
nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles which increase the rate of ventilation
‹faster/deeper›
peripheral chemoreceptors are in the carotid and aorta ‹O2, pH, CO2›
central chemoreceptors ‹pH, CO2›
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 25 –
c
cognitive/verbal (early phase):
learning occurs through verbal labels/physical demonstrations, videos,
films, reading information or listening to a description of the skill
OR
to aid memory learning occurs through trial and error
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [1] if the three phases are stated
and not explained.
Award [1 max] for a description of the
cognitive/verbal (early phase).
Award [1 max] for correctly relating
novice and/or skilled performance to the
cognitive phase.
associative/motor phase (intermediate phase):
Award [1 max] for a description of the
a performer practices the task and can associate their movements with associative/motor phase (intermediate
the mental image of the skill
phase).
Award [1 max] for correctly relating
a performer begins to “feel” what a good performance is like
novice and/or skilled performance to the
kinaesthetically
associative phase.
OR
a performer begins to detect and correct errors in their performance
autonomous phase (final phase):
Award [1 max] for a description of the
reaction time is shorter as motor programmes are well learnt ‹stored in autonomous phase (final phase).
long-term memory›
Award [1 max] for correctly relating
novice and/or skilled performance to the
skills appear automatic as attention is focused elsewhere ‹for example
autonomous phase.
on tactics, the move or pass or shot and on using fakes›
a performer judges his/her own performance and make changes without
external feedback from a coach
a novice performance will typically occur during the ‹early› cognitive
and associative phase
a performer will gradually get more skilled in their performance as they
get closer to the autonomous phase
6 max
– 26 –
d
the PRP is the increase in RT to a second stimulus caused when
the second stimulus has been delivered while the performer is
responding to the first stimulus
OR
time delay in RT caused by the arrival of a second stimulus
before the first is processed
OR
when a second stimulus arrives before the first response is
completed
OR
reaction to the second stimulus is longer as first response is still
being processed
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [3 max] for an explanation of how players
can use the PRP to their advantage.
Award [2 max] for an explanation of the PRP
including a schematic representation, for
example:
player has to sort out new and correct stimulus, but first they
have to disregard the old and now useless stimulus and this
causes the delay
5 max
brain processes one action at a time causing a time delay in
responding to the second stimulus
OR
the performer might “freeze” completely for the second it takes
to sort out the conflicting information
[Source: adapted from C Atherton, (2003), Skills Acquisition and
Sports Psychology Teacher Resource Pack, page 45]
continued …
– 27 –
for example a rugby player pretends to pass the ball ie dummy
‹stimulus 1› 
but then keeps hold of it and attempts to run past the defender
‹stimulus 2›, 
hoping the defender has been distracted by the fake pass as they
cannot respond until the full reaction/response 1 has been
processed by the brain OWTTE
the single channel hypothesis states that each stimulus can only
be processed one at a time
OR
a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed
OR
each stimulus we process has to progress through a single track
OR
any subsequent stimulus must wait for the one before it to be
processed before it can be dealt with
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 28 –
6.
a
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
contractility:
Award [1 max] for each characteristic.
the ability of muscle cells to actively generate force/to undergo
shortening for movements to bring about dynamic movements
elasticity:
the ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after
contraction/extension
OR
helps store energy for movement
extensibility:
ability of muscle to stretch without damage ‹within the permitted
range of movement›
OR
allows quick changes in range of movement (ROM)
controlled by nerve stimuli:
the ability of the muscle tissue to be stimulated by electrical
impulses/excitability/conductivity
muscles work in pairs through reciprocal inhibition
fed by capillaries:
capillaries supply muscles with oxygen and nutrients/remove
waste products
there may be a small amount of hypertrophy ‹due to blood
moving into muscle›
5 max
– 29 –
b
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
depolarization of the motor end plate travels throughout the
muscle via the transverse tubules/neural impulse action
potential/muscle action potential
calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium binds to troponin, changing its shape/moving
tropomyosin from the active site of the actin/exposes active sites
on actin
actin and myosin bind together forming a cross-bridge
myosin head tilts toward the arm of the cross-bridge
the breakdown of ATP releases energy
myosin head drags actin and myosin filaments in opposite
directions/performs a power stroke
7 max
pulling of the actin filament past the myosin results in muscle
shortening/sarcomere shortening/Z line shortens
shortening of the sarcomere occurs along the entire length of
every myofibril in the muscle cell
pulling of the myosin head results in the generation of force
immediately after the myosin head tilts, it breaks away from the
active site, rotates back to its original position, and attaches to a
new active site further along the actin filament
the myosin head detaches from the actin when an ATP molecule
binds to the myosin head
the ATP is then broken down and the myosin head can again
attach to an actin binding site further along the actin filament
continued …
– 30 –
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
repeated attachments and power strokes cause the filaments to
slide/contract past one another
process continues until the ends of the myosin filaments reach the
Z disks
H-zone disappears ‹and thus shortens›
c
at rest, troponin holds the tropomyosin in position to block the
myosin-binding sites on actin filaments
during the upward motion/preparation phase/hamstring curl the
joint action is flexion
during the downward motion/action phase the joint action is
extension
during the upward motion/preparation phase/hamstring curl the
hamstring contracts concentrically/is the agonist/the quadriceps
relaxes/is the antagonist/eccentrically
OR
during the upward motion/preparation phase/hamstring curl the
quadriceps relaxes/is the antagonist/eccentrically
during the downward motion/action phase quadriceps contracts
concentrically/is the agonist while the hamstring relaxes/is the
antagonist/eccentrically
motion occurs as a result of reciprocal inhibition of muscle
pairs
4 max
– 31 –
d
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
variations in VO2 max during different modes of exercise reflect Accept other relevant responses.
the quantity of activated muscle mass
there is more muscle mass activated during treadmill running
compared to either cycling or arm ergometry
OR
there is more muscle tissue activated during cycling than arm
ergometry
treadmill running produces the highest VO2 max values
compared to either cycling or arm ergometry
cycling produces higher VO2 max values compared to arm
ergometry
arm-crank exercise test achieves only approximately 70 % of
treadmill VO2 max scores
competitive cyclists pedalling at their fastest rate achieve scores
equal to their treadmill VO2 max scores
OR
trained status in an exercise mode can influence VO2 achieved
‹for example a sailor who grinds may actually have a very high
VO2 max with arm ergometry› 
4 max
– 32 –
7.
a
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
catabolic reactions release the chemical energy stored in organic
modules
OR
catabolic reactions are usually exergonic/exothermic ‹because
they release more energy than they absorb› OWTTE
catabolic reactions involve chemical reactions that break down
complex organic compounds into simple ones OWTTE
anaerobic catabolism involves chemical reactions that break
down complex organic compounds into simple ones without
oxygen OWTTE
anaerobic glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid
when limited amounts of oxygen are available OWTTE
OR
glycolysis plays a role in anaerobic ATP production
OR
glycolysis does not require oxygen
the NADH molecules cannot be converted to ATP without
oxygen, and the pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid
during anaerobic catabolism of glucose, 1 glucose molecule can
make 2 ATP/ produce a small amount of energy
anaerobic catabolism of glucose occurs in the cytoplasm of the
cell
3 max
– 33 –
b
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas when blood Award [2 max] for glucagon.
sugar levels are low
fasting reduces blood glucose which stimulates the release of
glucagon
glucagon increases the blood glucose level when it falls below
normal levels
OR
glucagon accelerates the conversion of glycogen in the liver into
glucose
OR
glucagon promotes glycogenolysis
adrenaline stimulates the liver/skeletal muscle to convert stored
Award [2 max] for adrenaline.
glycogen into glucose ‹same as glucagon›
adrenaline is released during fasting
when glycogen stores are depleted during extreme fasting, this
stimulates the conversion of amino acids into glucose
OR
when glycogen stores are depleted during extreme fasting, this
stimulates gluconeogenesis
3 max
– 34 –
c
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
occurs mainly within the mitochondria
the initial phase is the same as anaerobic system and occurs in the
sarcoplasm 
fuel source is glycogen/glucose and fats/lipids ‹proteins/amino
acids›
‹three processes› aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron
transport chain
electron transport chain produces the most ATP 
in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is processed by the Krebs
cycle which liberates electrons that are passed through the
electron transport chain producing energy/ATP
36-38 molecules
glycogen/glucose
of
ATP
from
one
molecule
of
more electrons thus more ATP is produced from fatty acids than
from glucose
OR
with beta oxidation, approximately three times/129 molecules of
ATP from one molecule of free fatty acid
the oxidative cost of ATP from glucose sources is more efficient
than from fat sources
some amino acids can be converted into glucose/pyruvate
controlling enzymes/pyruvate dehydrogenase
by-products are
heat/energy
carbon
dioxide/CO2,
water/H2O
and
4 max
– 35 –
d
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
for example multistage fitness test (MST)/bleep test/beep Accept other suitable examples (Cooper’s 12
test/Leger test/treadmill:
minute run, Harvard Step test, Yo Yo test).
advantages:
able to cater for large numbers at the same time
Award [2 max] for advantages.
requires limited space, staff and equipment
inexpensive
appropriate for sports players
OR
targeted at repeated sprint sports and this adds to the validity
can be used to predict VO2 max
OR
indirect
pacing strategy is pre-determined
reliability/accuracy can
standardized protocol
be
improved
by
employing
a
4 max
different predictive tables are available for young people
compared to adults
method ‹treadmill› has a high level of accuracy/reliable
disadvantages:
Award [2 max] for disadvantages.
MST is purely a prediction/indirect determination of maximal
oxygen uptake
reliability/accuracy can be improved by use of technology/direct
test eg Douglas bag
OR
gas analyzer
OR
treadmill test
continued …
– 36 –
may be invalid for some due to motivation
OR
comparison can be demotivating for some performers
environmental conditions can vary (for example running surface/
wind speed/ambient temperature)
unsafe for unhealthy individuals
OR
requires medical screening
reference to issue of runners/sports players underperforming at
pre-season training so that a re-test score looks impressive
‹for treadmill› cost of equipment 
time consuming
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 37 –
e
N14/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
identification of the research question ‹for example has a specific Aspects need to be explained ie give reasons why
problem identified›
these aspects are important to award the mark.
control groups
identification of the variables/independent variable/dependent
variable
Award [1 max] for a list of study design
considerations.
identification and management of control variables
identification of confounding variables and minimizing their
impact if possible
selection of suitable/appropriate statistical tests
selection of suitable/appropriate methods for data collection
pre-test standardization of nutritional status and activity profile of
subjects
appropriate recording of the data
appropriate amount of data is recorded
OR
appropriate number of trials
use of randomization
use of placebos
use of blinding
OR
double-blinding
ecological/external validity
OR
acknowledgment of the limitations of the study
6 max
M16/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2016
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
M16/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
C
16.
D
31.
–
46.
–
2.
A
17.
C
32.
–
47.
–
3.
C
18.
A
33.
–
48.
–
4.
B
19.
D
34.
–
49.
–
5.
B
20.
A
35.
–
50.
–
6.
A
21.
B
36.
–
51.
–
7.
B
22.
B
37.
–
52.
–
8.
C
23.
B
38.
–
53.
–
9.
A
24.
D
39.
–
54.
–
10.
B
25.
A
40.
–
55.
–
11.
B
26.
C
41.
–
56.
–
12.
A
27.
D
42.
–
57.
–
13.
B
28.
D
43.
–
58.
–
14.
A
29.
A
44.
–
59.
–
15.
B
30.
D
45.
–
60.
–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2016
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 2
19 pages
–2–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
This markscheme is the property of the International
Baccalaureate and must not be reproduced or distributed to any
other person without the authorization of the IB Assessment
Centre.
–3–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
Follow the markscheme provided, award only whole marks and mark only in RED.
2.
Make sure that the question you are about to mark is highlighted in the mark panel on the right-hand side of the screen.
3.
Where a mark is awarded, a tick/check () must be placed in the text at the precise point where it becomes clear that the candidate
deserves the mark. One tick to be shown for each mark awarded.
4.
Sometimes, careful consideration is required to decide whether or not to award a mark. In these cases use RM™ Assessor annotations to
support your decision. You are encouraged to write comments where it helps clarity, especially for re-marking purposes. Use a text box for
these additional comments. It should be remembered that the script may be returned to the candidate.
5.
Personal codes/notations are unacceptable.
6.
Where an answer to a part question is worth no marks but the candidate has attempted the part question, use the “zero” annotation to
award zero marks. Where a candidate has not attempted the part question, use the “SEEN” annotation to show you have looked at the
question. RM™ Assessor will apply NR once you click complete.
7.
If a candidate has attempted more than the required number of questions within a paper or section of a paper, mark all the answers.
RM™ Assessor will only award the highest mark or marks in line with the rubric.
8.
Ensure that you have viewed every page including any additional sheets. Please ensure that you stamp “SEEN” on any additional pages
that are blank or where the candidate has crossed out his/her work.
9.
There is no need to stamp an annotation when a candidate has not chosen an optional question in Section B. RM™ Assessor will apply
NR once you click complete.
10.
Mark positively. Give candidates credit for what they have achieved and for what they have got correct, rather than penalizing them for
what they have got wrong. However, a mark should not be awarded where there is contradiction within an answer. Make a comment to
this effect using a text box or the “CON” stamp.
–4–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Subject Details: Sports, exercise and health science SL paper 2 markscheme
Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B [20 marks].
Maximum total = [50 marks].
Markscheme format example:
Question
5
c
ii
Answers
Notes
this refers to the timing of the movements
OR
the extent to which the performer has control over the timing of the
movement
Total
2 max
external paced skills are sailing/windsurfing/receiving a serve
internal paced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine
1.
Each row in the ‘Question’ column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.
2.
The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the ‘Total’ column.
3.
Each marking point in the ‘Answers’ column is shown by means of a tick () at the end of the marking point.
4.
A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by ‘max’ written after the mark in the ‘Total’
column.
The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the ‘Notes’ column.
5.
An alternative wording is indicated in the ‘Answers’ column by a slash (/). Either wording can be accepted.
continued…
–5–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
6.
An alternative answer is indicated in the ‘Answers’ column by ‘OR’ on the line between the alternatives. Either answer can be accepted.
7.
Words in angled brackets ‹ › in the ‘Answers’ column are not necessary to gain the mark.
8.
Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.
9.
The order of marking points does not have to be as in the ‘Answers’ column, unless stated otherwise in the ‘Notes’ column.
10.
If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent significance, detail and validity as
that in the ‘Answers’ column then award the mark. Where this point is considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is emphasized
by OWTTE (or words to that effect).
11.
Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more important than grammatical accuracy.
12.
Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points. If an error is made in the first
marking point then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow
through marks should be awarded. When marking, indicate this by adding ECF (error carried forward) on the script. ‘ECF acceptable’ will
be displayed in the ‘Notes’ column.
13.
Do not penalize candidates for errors in units or significant figures, unless it is specifically referred to in the ‘Notes’ column.
–6–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
Question
1.
a
Answers
0.40 – 0.35 
Notes
Total
Units required.
= 0.05 m 
OR
2 max
0.35 – 0.40 
= –0.05 m 
b
centre of mass is the ‹mathematical› point around which the mass of
a body or object is evenly distributed OWTTE 
c
using the swing technique an individual will ‹on average›
jump higher 
1
Accept answers in the converse for all
marking points.
using the traditional technique an individual will ‹on average› have
less horizontal displacement 
Angle of release:
swing technique has a lesser angle of release ‹35–45 degrees› 
Speed of release:
greater in the swing technique ‹as indicated by a horizontal
displacement› 
3 max
horizontal velocity decreases as the angle of projection (release)
increases and vice versa 
Height of release:
is the same for both techniques 
d
anterior thigh / anterior upper leg / quadriceps group 
1
–7–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
e
Men
Women
men have more muscle
thickness
women have less muscle
thickness 
men have less fascicle length
DOM to ND
women have more fascicle
length DOM to ND 
men have more fascicle length
women have less fascicle length 
men have more
cross-sectional area
women have less
cross-sectional area 
men have more
cross-sectional area ND to DOM
women have less
cross-sectional area ND to DOM 
Award [1] per row.
3 max
muscle thickness for dominant and non-dominant is the same for
men and women 
f
standing broad jump 
vertical jump 
2.
1 max
a
matrix 
1
b
cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP
<from organic compounds in cells> 
1
c
Breathing in:
external intercostal muscles contract
OR
rib cage moves upwards and outwards 
diaphragm flattens / contracts 
thoracic cavity volume increases/lungs increase in size/capacity 
thoracic cavity pressure decreases ‹therefore air rushes in›
OR
air rushes in from high pressure to low pressure/inhalation continues
as long as the pressure difference exists / air flows from an area of
higher pressure to an area of lower pressure 
2 max
–8–
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
additional muscles can also be involved such as the trapezius,
sternocleidomastoid / scalene / pectoralis minor / back muscles 
d
the aerobic energy system / aerobic glycolysis involves three
processes: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain 
glycolysis takes place in the cell cytoplasm / outside the mitochondria 
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain takes place in mitochondria 
the aerobic energy system can produce ATP from all the main food
groups of our diet 
it involves the production of ATP with oxygen 
in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is processed by the Krebs cycle
which liberates electrons that are passed through the electron
transport chain producing energy ‹ATP› 
the oxidative system of energy production can generate up to 38
molecules of ATP from one molecule of glucose 
Glucose oxidation:
during glycolysis glucose is firstly phosphorylated which uses
up 2ATP 
glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis, <which
regenerates 4ATP> 
glycolysis generates a net production of 2ATP 
during aerobic production of ATP pyruvate is converted to acetyl
CoA which enters the Krebs cycle / which generates 2 ATP 
CO2 and hydrogen ions are released from the Krebs cycle 
hydrogen ions are carried to the electron transport chain where
energy and water are produced / which produces 34 ATP 
3 max
–9–
3.
Question
a
Answers
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
contractility 
extensibility 
elasticity 
atrophy 
2 max
hypertrophy 
controlled by nerve stimuli 
fed by capillaries 
b
interoceptors provide information from within the body 
interoceptors ‹joint receptors, muscle spindles and Golgi tendon
organs, vestibular apparatus> provide information about the position
of the body and limbs 
2 max
provide information about internal states such as pH, lung stretch,
temperature 
c
signal detection process consists of detection, comparison and
recognition ‹DCR› 
it is the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of
the information it is receiving from the sensory organs 
the most important sensory information present in the environment,
are generally visual and auditory 
detection is the process by which the brain identifies that a stimulus
is present 
comparison is when we attend to something we have sensed and
compare it to information in long-term memory 
recognition occurs when the code of the incoming information
matches a code stored in the long-term memory 
detection of a signal is dependent on the intensity of the signal
compared to the intensity of the background noise 
background noise is non-essential information such as auditory
information or information from within the individual such as worrying
about failure 
3 max
– 10 –
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
likelihood of detection is influenced by sensitivity of sense organs
eg eyes 
likelihood of detection is influenced by experience with familiar
signals 
arousal level can impact on detection. Low arousal will see the
signal missed, over arousal can see detection of a signal that does
not exist 
signal detection proficiency can be improved by ensuring the
performer is optimally aroused and be aided by selective attention 
selective attention can be improved through learning from
past experience 
4.
a
cardiac muscle 
b
diastolic BP remains constant during dynamic exercise 
diastolic BP rises during static exercise 
c
1
2 max
<absolute> VO2 values are considerably lower in aged-matched
females ‹15–30 % below male levels on average› 
female <absolute> VO2 values are considerably lower due to size
differences
OR
gender differences are related to body composition due to
non-oxygen using body fat in females 
when compared in relative terms active, healthy adult females have
lower VO2 max than males 
gender differences are also related to greater hemoglobin
concentration in males 
2 max
– 11 –
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section B
5.
Question
a
Answers
protection of vital organs eg ribs, skull 
support and maintenance of posture / structure eg vertebral column 
providing attachment points for the muscles / movement eg sternum 
storage and release of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
eg ribs 
Notes
An example together with the bone is
required for the mark to be awarded.
Award [1 max] for each function
Total
4 max
blood cell production eg ribs, sternum 
b
gaseous exchange takes place through the process of diffusion 
alveoli are one cell thick which assists in the process of
gaseous exchange 
alveoli are surrounded by a dense capillary network 
alveoli have a large surface area 
gas will move along a gradient of higher partial pressure to lower
partial pressure 
CO2 passes from the capillaries through the alveoli to the lungs 
O2 passes from the lungs through the alveoli to the capillaries 
4 max
– 12 –
c
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Oxygen deficit:
because oxygen needs and oxygen supply differ during the
transition from rest to exercise your body incurs an oxygen deficit
OR
occurs when exercise/aerobic work is above the requirement for
oxygen at rest 
the oxygen deficit is calculated simply as the difference between the
oxygen required for a given rate of work and the oxygen
actually consumed 
5 max
when exercise commences abruptly the demand for ATP is immediate 
the initial energy is met with ATP stores 
in spite of insufficient oxygen, your muscles still generate the ATP
needed through the anaerobic pathways 
oxygen deficit creates an oxygen debt which is paid back
after exercise 
d
i
Multistage Fitness test/bleep test/beep test/leger test 
Cooper’s 12 Minute Run 
ii
Award [2] for three correct and [1 max] for
two correct.
Harvard Step test 
Accept other recognised tests.
Multistage Fitness test:
Accept other recognised tests.
2 max
Validity:
the correlation to actual VO2 max scores is high 
there are published VO2 max score equivalents for each level
reached 
Reliability:
the reliability of the beep test would depend on how strictly the test
is run and the practice allowed for the subjects 
reliability would be impacted by the running surface 
Strengths:
the ability to test a large number of participants
no specialist equipment required 
5 max
– 13 –
cost to perform the test is minimal 
Limitations:
it is a maximal test so practice and motivation levels can impact on
score 
environmental conditions can affect results if the test is completed
outside 
may be an advantage for team sports with an agility component 
Cooper’s 12 Minute Run:
Validity:
Cooper ‹1968› reported a correlation of 0.90 between VO2 max and
the distance covered in a 12 minute walk/run 
Reliability:
the reliability of this test would depend on practice, pacing strategies
and motivation level. There should be good reliability if these issues
are addressed 
reliability would be impacted by the running surface 
Strengths:
the ability to test a large number of participants 
no specialist equipment required 
cost to perform the test is minimal 
Limitations:
practice and pacing is required, and performance on this test can
be affected greatly by motivation as it is a maximal test 
environmental conditions can affect results if the test is completed
outside 
requires someone to accurately monitor the length of time of
the test 
requires someone checking distance covered 
Harvard Step test:
Validity:
correlation to VO2 max has been reported as between 0.6 to 0.8 in
numerous studies 
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 14 –
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Reliability:
dependent upon the administration of the test and stepping at the
correct cadence 
Strengths:
can be used with larger groups 
cost for equipment is limited 
Limitations:
biomechanical characteristics vary between individuals. For example,
considering that the step height is standard, taller people are at an
advantage as it will take less energy to step up onto the step 
body weight has also been shown to be a factor 
testing large groups with this test will be time consuming 
specific equipment is required eg metronome and bench at
set height 
6.
a
Cognitive:
cognitive skill in team games such as rules, tactics and game
objectives are associated with decision making in game play and
contribute to success on the field 
Award [2 max] per skill type.
Award [1 max] for an example per
skill type.
success in chess is not associated with the movement tasks 
eg playing chess requires mostly cognitive because it requires a lot
of thinking 
Perceptual Motor:
these skills involve the interpretation of environmental stimuli and
the motor response to this sensory information 
4 max
perceptual motor skills depend on high perceptual ability and are
very important in activities that require the performer to adapt to the
environment 
most sports involve perceptual motor skills because they involve
thought, interpretation and movement 
eg dribbling with the ball to beat a defender in soccer 
b
i
gross – fine 
open – closed 
Award [2] for three correct and [1 max] for
two correct.
2 max
– 15 –
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
discrete – serial – continuous 
external – internal paced skills 
individual – coactive – interactive 
ii
gross – fine
eg gross = kicking a ball/fine = throwing a dart 
open – closed
eg open = receiving in tennis/closed = serving in tennis 
discrete – serial – continuous
Award marks for examples of approaches
stated in (bi), not for repeating the
approach. Each approach stated in (bi)
must have an example.
Award [2 max] per classification
approach.
eg discrete = handstand/serial = tumbling routine in
gymnastics/continuous = running 
4 max
external – internal paced skills
eg external = batting in cricket/internal = bowling in cricket 
individual – coactive – interactive
eg individual = archery/coactive = running race/interactive = game
of football 
c
skilled footballer consistently performs at a high level eg regularly
able to juggle ball with body over 100 times 
skilled footballer is accurate in execution of skills eg penalty shots
on goal at a high percentage 
Accept answers in the converse.
Award [2 max] if the underlined features
are listed rather than discussed
skilled footballer has the ability to control the ball eg under pressure
from opposition 
skilled footballer has learnt skills eg practiced over many years
novice footballer lacks efficiency eg passing and dribbling skills are
executed poorly with mistakes apparent 
skilled footballer is goal directed eg when shooting at goal, passing
to team mates, tackle attacking player 
skilled footballer movements are fluent eg completed with ease
and grace 
4 max
– 16 –
d
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
relative contributions of the energy systems will be determined by the
skill and fitness of the opposition / breaks in play/ pace of the game 
Award [2 max] for first three marking
points.
relative contributions of the energy systems will be determined by the
position of the player 
Award [5 max] for just descriptions of
energy systems.
relative contributions of the energy systems will be determined by the
individual’s fitness level 
ATP–PC:
short duration ‹one to ten seconds› at maximal intensity 
Award [2 max] per energy system.
fuel source Creatine Phosphate 
no fatigue causing by-products 
Award [1 max] for a valid example in a
match per energy system.
eg sprinting to stop an attacking move by opposition; goal kicker
diving to save goal 
Lactic acid:
moderate duration at a high intensity, between 20 seconds to
two minutes 
fuel source is anaerobic glycolysis/ glucose 
lactic acid is a fatigue causing by-product and will see cessation of
activity or reduced intensity 
eg broken play up and down field for 20 + seconds
Aerobic:
play at lower intensity 
fuel source is aerobic glycolysis/ glucose, fat and protein 
no fatigue causing by-products 
duration can continue as long as fuel supply exists 
eg passing and low intensity play off ball 
6 max
– 17 –
7.
Question
a
i
ii
Answers
to train harder than you have previously 
overload involves increasing intensity
eg when running increasing target heart rate from 70 % maximum
HR to 75 % maximum HR 
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
1
Each application method must have an
example.
overload involves increasing duration
2 max
eg when running increasing training time from 20 minutes to
30 minutes 
overload involves increasing frequency
eg increasing training frequency from three times a week to five
times a week 
b
Platelets/ thrombocytes:
assist in the process of repair following injury 
Award [2 max] per component.
allow the blood to clot 
Marks must come from 2 components only.
White blood cells / leucocytes:
involved in immune function / produce antibodies 
protect the body from infection / foreign substances 
Red blood cells / erythrocytes:
contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen 
hemoglobin binds with oxygen forming oxyhemoglobin 
4 max
hemoglobin increases the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
65–75 times that above that normally dissolved in plasma 
hemoglobin <contains a central iron ion which> can hold up to four
oxygen atoms <per heme> 
Plasma:
is the fluid component of the blood 
assists in transport of substances such as food / waste products/
gases / hormones / antibodies 
c
increased left ventricular volume / increased stroke volume so that it
pumps more blood per beat 
Award [3 max] if adaptations are listed
rather than described
5 max
– 18 –
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
lower resting heart rate as the heart is stronger from training doesn’t
need to work so hard at the same level 
lower exercising heart rate when working at the same load as when
untrained 
increased arterio-venous oxygen difference so the muscles are able
to extract a greater volume of oxygen from incoming blood 
larger and more numerous mitochondria in trained skeletal muscle to
produce more aerobic energy/ assist with recovery 
increased level of aerobic system enzyme activity so it can create
more ATP / energy 
increased ability of the muscle to mobilize, deliver and oxidize lipid to
prevent glycogen stores from running out 
increased glycogen storage in the muscle due to increased muscle
size / efficiency 
increased capacity for glycogenolysis so you are able to turn more
glycogen into glucose for ATP production 
slight cardiac hypertrophy/increase in heart size due to training of the
heart muscle 
increase in blood ‹plasma› volume to support the bodies sweating
needs and due to the increase in blood cells / maintain viscosity 
increase in cardiac output as the heart is stronger/ larger so the heart
can potentially pump more blood in a minute 
increase in capillarization which will mean that greater volumes of
blood / oxygen can be transported to muscle 
increase in blood volume/RBC which means blood can carry
more oxygen 
d
DOMS occurs after exercise / up to 48 hrs post exercise <and can
last three or four days> 
eccentric and isometric actions tend to produce the greatest post
exercise discomfort 
3 max
– 19 –
M16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
concentric contraction does not cause DOMS to the degree that it is
produced by eccentric contractions, due to greater microscopic tears
in eccentric contractions 
with DOMS comes a reduction in the force generating capacity of the
affected muscles / negatively affects performance 
Award [2 max] for what DOMS can be
produced by
DOMS can be produced by:
microscopic tears 
osmotic pressure causing fluid retention in the surrounding tissues 
muscle spasms 
overstretching and tearing of muscle connective tissue 
acute inflammation 
alteration in the cells’ mechanism for calcium regulation 
e
Award [1] per row.
Slow:
low
Fast:
high

contraction speed
slow
fast

fatigue resistance /
aerobic capacity
high
low
glycogen content
low
high

mitochondrial density
high
low

capillary density
high
low

myoglobin
high
low

oxidative enzyme
capacity
high
low

colour
red
white

small
large

endurance
activities
high intensity
rapid activities

force production
fibre diameter
primary function

5 max
N16/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2016
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
N16/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
B
16.
B
31.
–
46.
–
2.
A
17.
C
32.
–
47.
–
3.
B
18.
A
33.
–
48.
–
4.
C
19.
A
34.
–
49.
–
5.
B
20.
B
35.
–
50.
–
6.
D
21.
A
36.
–
51.
–
7.
A
22.
D
37.
–
52.
–
8.
C
23.
D
38.
–
53.
–
9.
A
24.
B
39.
–
54.
–
10.
B
25.
C
40.
–
55.
–
11.
B
26.
A
41.
–
56.
–
12.
D
27.
C
42.
–
57.
–
13.
D
28.
D
43.
–
58.
–
14.
B
29.
D
44.
–
59.
–
15.
A
30.
D
45.
–
60.
–
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2016
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 2
21 pages
–2–
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
This markscheme is the property of the International
Baccalaureate and must not be reproduced or distributed to any
other person without the authorization of the IB Assessment
Centre.
–3–
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
General marking instructions
1.
Follow the markscheme provided, award only whole marks and mark only in RED.
2.
Make sure that the question you are about to mark is highlighted in the mark panel on the right-hand side of the screen.
3.
Where a mark is awarded, a tick/check () must be placed in the text at the precise point where it becomes clear that the candidate
deserves the mark. One tick to be shown for each mark awarded.
4.
Sometimes, careful consideration is required to decide whether or not to award a mark. In these cases use RM™ Assessor annotations to
support your decision. You are encouraged to write comments where it helps clarity, especially for re-marking purposes. Use a text box for
these additional comments. It should be remembered that the script may be returned to the candidate.
5.
Personal codes/notations are unacceptable.
6.
Where an answer to a part question is worth no marks but the candidate has attempted the part question, use the “zero” annotation to
award zero marks. Where a candidate has not attempted the part question, use the “SEEN” annotation to show you have looked at the
question. RM™ Assessor will apply NR once you click complete.
7.
If a candidate has attempted more than the required number of questions within a paper or section of a paper, mark all the answers.
RM™ Assessor will only award the highest mark or marks in line with the rubric.
8.
Ensure that you have viewed every page including any additional sheets. Please ensure that you stamp “SEEN” on any additional pages
that are blank or where the candidate has crossed out his/her work.
9.
There is no need to stamp an annotation when a candidate has not chosen an option. RM™ Assessor will apply NR once you click complete.
10.
Mark positively. Give candidates credit for what they have achieved and for what they have got correct, rather than penalizing them for
what they have got wrong. However, a mark should not be awarded where there is contradiction within an answer. Make a comment to
this effect using a text box or the “CON” stamp.
–4–
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Subject Details: Sports, exercise and health science SL paper 2 markscheme
Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B [20 marks].
Maximum total = [50 marks].
Markscheme format example:
Question
5
c
ii
Answers
Notes
this refers to the timing of the movements
OR
the extent to which the performer has control over the timing of the
movement 
Total
2 max
external paced skills are sailing/windsurfing/receiving a serve 
internal paced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine 
1.
Each row in the “Question” column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.
2.
The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the “Total” column.
3.
Each marking point in the “Answers” column is shown by means of a tick () at the end of the marking point.
4.
A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by “max” written after the mark in the “Total”
column. The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the “Notes” column.
5.
An alternative wording is indicated in the “Answers” column by a slash (/). Either wording can be accepted.
continued…
–5–
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
6.
An alternative answer is indicated in the “Answers” column by “OR” on the line between the alternatives. Either answer can be accepted.
7.
Words in angled brackets « » in the “Answers” column are not necessary to gain the mark.
8.
Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.
9.
The order of marking points does not have to be as in the “Answers” column, unless stated otherwise in the “Notes” column.
10.
If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent significance, detail and validity as
that in the “Answers” column then award the mark. Where this point is considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is emphasized
by OWTTE (or words to that effect).
11.
Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more important than grammatical accuracy.
12.
Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points. If an error is made in the first
marking point then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow
through marks should be awarded. When marking, indicate this by adding ECF (error carried forward) on the script. “ECF acceptable”
will be displayed in the “Notes” column.
13.
Do not penalize candidates for errors in units or significant figures, unless it is specifically referred to in the “Notes” column.
–6–
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
1
Question
a
b
Answers
Notes
command style 
a small SD indicates that the data is clustered very close around the
mean value, whereas a large SD indicates the data is spread out
over a large range of values 
Physical involvement showed the lowest
variance/SD for the inclusion/problemsolving style
for example, the smaller SD suggests that the participants were
exhibiting similar scores for perceptions of teaching styles of
physical, cognitive and social involvement 
OR
Total
1
Physical involvement showed the highest
variance/SD for the practice style 
Cognitive involvement showed the lowest
variance/SD for the inclusion/problemsolving style
OR
Cognitive involvement showed the
highest variance/SD for the
command style 
Social involvement showed the lowest
variance/SD for the command style
OR
Social involvement showed the highest
variance/SD for the practice style 
1 max
–7–
1
Question
c
Answers
overall, the hypothesis is supported «teaching styles do impact
students’ perceptions about physical and cognitive involvement in
abdominal exercises» 
problem solving teaching style results in students feeling more
physically involved «5.61» than command «5.45» and practice
«5.34» teaching style 
problem solving teaching style results in students feeling more
cognitively involved «5.38» than command «3.96» and practice
«4.75» teaching style 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Accept answers in the converse.
Total
Award [1 max] if inclusion teaching style
is not stated as having highest score for
either physical or cognitive involvement.
3 max
the SD for inclusion was the lowest for physical «0.84» and cognitive
«0.76» involvement indicating more consistent results for this
teaching style in connection with the hypothesis 
although the data presented supports the hypothesis, the difference
between the three teaching style groups may not be significant 
d
athlete’s perception of exercise is graded on a numerical scale from
«no exertion to maximal exertion» eg 15 point scale «6–20» or 11
point scale «0–10» 
scale increases «linearly» as exercise intensity increases 
formed by athletes own assessment of their body’s physical signs eg
heart rate, breathing rate, perspiration/sweating, strains, aches 
2 max
–8–
1
Question
e
f
Answers
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
15 
Skill based approach:
skill level increases from 10–11/by 1/by 10 % 
Total
1
Both points must refer to the same
teaching approach.
decision making off-the ball decreases from 20–15/by 5/by 25 % 
has a negative effect on decision making off-the ball from 20–15 but
a positive effect on skill level from 10–11 
2 max
Tactical game based approach:
skill level increases from 15–20/by 5/by 33 % 
decision making off-the ball increases from 25– 40/by 15/by 60 % 
decision making off-the ball increases by 10 more than skill level 
g
physical maturation can increase the rate learning of a new skill 
young learners have difficulty in focusing on important cues, difficulty
in processing information 
2 max
young learners make a large number of errors 
2
a
X: external «abdominal» obliques 
Y: ilium 
2
b
hinge «joint» 
1
c
Joint action:
Do not accept isotonic as a sole answer.
plantar flexion 
Award [1 max] for muscle contraction.
Type of muscle contraction:
«gastrocnemius» contracts concentrically 
gastrocnemius/soleus is/are the agonist/prime mover 
tibialis anterior is relaxing «and acting as the antagonist» 
2 max
–9–
3
Question
a
Answers
erythrocytes/red blood cells 
leucocytes/white blood cells 
platelets/thrombocytes 
b
«peripheral» chemoreceptors 
c
degrades/breaks down Acetylcholine/Ach «within 5 milliseconds» 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Any correct name of a type of white blood
cell would be accepted, eg neutrophils,
monocytes, eosinophils and basophils.
Total
1 max
1
immediately repolarizes the membrane 
stops synaptic transmission of impulse
2 max
OR
allows the muscle to relax 
d
myosin head tilts toward actin to attach to exposed binding site
«to form a cross-bridge» 
myosin head drags actin and myosin filaments in opposite
directions/performs a power stroke/generation of force 
pulling of the actin filament past the myosin results in
muscle/sarcomere/Z line shortening 
the myosin head detaches from the actin when an ATP molecule
binds to the myosin head 
repeated attachments and power strokes cause the filaments to
slide/contract past one another 
H-zone disappears «and thus shortens» 
3 max
– 10 –
4
Question
a
i
Answers
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
CHO «1:2:1»
OR
1
carbon hydrogen oxygen 
ii
occurs with a condensation reaction
Accept in the form of a diagram.
OR
glucose molecules bond together to form
disaccharide/polysaccharide molecules with the loss of water 
each polysaccharide molecule contains many «tens/hundreds» of
monosaccharides joined «through dehydration synthesis
reactions» 
when two monosaccharides are attached together they do so by
means of a glycosidic bond «and this results in the formation of a
disaccharide»
OR
a glycosidic bond is the essential bond that provides the backbone
of larger carbohydrate molecules 
joining two –OH groups results in a disaccharide «containing an –O–
bridge between the 2 monosaccharide units» 
2 max
– 11 –
4
Question
b
Answers
fasting reduces blood glucose which stimulates the release
of glucagon 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas when blood sugar
levels are low 
glucagon increases the blood glucose level when it falls below
normal levels 
1 max
glucagon accelerates the conversion of glycogen in the liver
into glucose/promotes glycogenolysis 
glucagon promotes glucose formation from amino acids 
c
allows ADP to gain a phosphate molecule very quickly/almost
instantaneously so recovery time is quick 
does not require oxygen 
the CP is readily available «inside skeletal muscle» 
provides energy for explosive high intensity exercise/movement 
no fatiguing by-products 
2 max
– 12 –
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section B
5
Question
a
Answers
epimysium is the outer surrounding layer «which consists mainly of
collagen fibres» 
Notes
Do not award for reference to
striped/striated appearance.
perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle fibres 
Award [3 max] if they draw and label a
diagram.
muscle fibres which are surrounded in a layer called the
endomysium 
these all connect to a tendon which attaches to the bone to allow
muscles to move 
Total
5 max
the muscle cell/fibre is composed of smaller units called myofibrils 
a myofibril is composed of contractile components «protein
filaments» known as myosin and actin 
sarcomere is a basic/functional unit of the muscle cell 
b
during endurance running, systolic BP increases 
systolic BP increases in direct proportion to the increase in
running intensity 
increased systolic BP results from increased CO 
increase in systolic BP helps increase in blood flow «to muscles
involved in running» 
increase in systolic BP aids substrate delivery to working
muscles/muscles involved in running 
4 max
– 13 –
5
Question
c
Answers
phosphorylation of glucose requires 2ATP 
the glucose is broken down into «2×3C» pyruvate molecules 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Award [1] if marking points are presented
in the form of a diagram eg
in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid 
Glycogen
4 ATP are produced per glucose molecule 
Glycolysis
net production per glucose molecule is 2ATP 
only glucose can be used in anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP 
Glucose
5 max
Energy
Phosphofructokinase
2 ATP
Phosphofructokinase/PFK is stimulated by a reduction in CP 
generally used for high to medium intensity activities eg 400m/not
lasting longer than two minutes 
Total
Pyruvic acid
No
oxygen
Lactic
acid
[Source: S Young, (2009), AS/A-Level Resource
Pack: Anatomy and Physiology, page 105]
– 14 –
5
Question
d
Answers
fitness tests can be reliable even if they are not a valid test 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
valid inferences cannot be made from a fitness test unless it is reliable 
Validity:
Award [3 max] for validity.
is the extent to which a method/measurement of an investigation
possesses the property of doing what it has been designed to
do/measure 
Award [2 max] if there is no reference to
sport of choice.
eg testing the sprint speed of a cyclist using a running test such as a
40m sprint would not yield valid results of the cyclist’s cycling sprint
speed as it employs a different mode of transport not applicable to
the sport 
achieving external validity would enable your experimental results to
be applicable to real situations/generalized to the population as a
whole/reliant «in part» upon the adequacy of the sample 
6 max
internal validity is the extent to which the outcome/result of an
investigation is a function of the variables that are
measured/controlled/manipulated 
Reliability:
a test is reliable when you undertake a retest under the same
conditions as the original and a similar result is obtained 
it is important for tests to be repeatable so that any improvements in
performance can be identified and tracked/the effect of the
manipulated variable can be clearly seen 
reliability in any kind of testing questions the accuracy of test results 
Award [2 max] if there is no reference to
sport of choice.
– 15 –
6
Question
a
Answers
At rest:
differences in the partial pressures of the gases in the alveoli and blood create a
«pressure» diffusion gradient across the respiratory membrane 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Award [4 max] if there is no
reference to changes during
exercise.
Total
gases move from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure 
the amount and rate of gas exchange that occurs across the membrane depends
on the partial pressure of each gas
OR
Fick’s Law 
the «pressure» diffusion gradient for CO2 is less than for oxygen exchange 
PO2 at the alveoli is 105mm Hg/higher and PO2 of the blood in the pulmonary
capillaries is 40mm Hg/lower 
PCO2 in blood in pulmonary capillaries passing beside alveoli is 46mm Hg/higher
and air in the alveoli has a PCO2 of 40mm Hg/is lower 
oxygen/O2 enters the blood and carbon dioxide/CO2 leaves it 
CO2 crosses the alveolar membrane more readily than oxygen without a large
pressure gradient 
gases move randomly across the membrane when at equilibrium, but the net
movement stays the same
OR
the number of particles moving across the membrane in one direction is equal to
the number moving in the opposite direction 
During exercise:
oxygen diffusion capacity increases as one moves from rest to exercise 
greater arterio-venous difference facilitating O2 exchange 
exercise increases CO2 production and facilitates CO2 removal 
5 max
– 16 –
6
Question
b
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Answers
lactic acid system
(anaerobic
glycolysis)
Notes
Award [1 max] per row.
aerobic system
ATP
forms 2 adenosine
production triphosphate
molecules per
glucose molecule
metabolized
forms ~38 adenosine
triphosphate
molecules per glucose
molecule metabolised
fuel
source
glycogen, fats and
proteins
glycogen/glucose
Total
Award [4 max] for contrasting only.
For duration accept within the range of
15s–120s for lactic acid system and
55s–infinite time.

OR
glucose, lipids and
amino acids
duration
intensity
products
peaks at around
«approximately» 15
seconds and starts
to decline
high energy activities,
«eg ice hockey, sprint
cycling, 100m swim,
lacrosse, soccer, up
to the 400 metres in
track»
lactic acid
at around the
«approximately» 55
second point the
aerobic system is the
dominant producer
of energy
moderate or low
intensity work, but of
longer duration «eg
marathon»

5 max


carbon dioxide, water

heat energy

glycolysis

– 17 –
6
Question
c
Answers
Cognitive/verbal (early phase):
learning occurs through verbal labels/physical demonstrations, videos,
films, reading information or listening to a description of the skill
OR
to aid memory learning occurs through trial and error 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Award [1 max] if the three phases are
stated and not explained.
Total
Award [3 max] 1 mark per description
per phase.
Award [3 max], 1 mark for correctly
relating novice and/or skilled
performance to each phase.
Associative/motor phase (intermediate phase):
a performer practices the task and can associate their movements
with the mental image of the skill 
a performer begins to “feel” what a good performance is like kinaesthetically
OR
a performer begins to detect and correct errors in their performance 
6 max
Autonomous phase (final phase):
reaction time is shorter as motor programmes are well learnt «stored
in long-term memory» 
skills appear automatic as attention is focused elsewhere «for
example on tactics, the move or pass or shot and on using fakes» 
a performer judges his/her own performance and make changes
without external feedback from a coach 
Progression novice-skilled performer:
a novice performance will typically occur during the «early» cognitive
and associative phase 
a performer will gradually get more skilled in their performance as
they get closer to the autonomous phase 
– 18 –
6
Question
d
Answers
correlational research is where we observe what naturally goes on in
the world without directly interfering with it 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
the only way to infer causality is through comparison of two
controlled situations «one in which the cause is present and one in
which the cause is absent» 
these situations should be identical in all senses except the presence
of cause 
with ecological validity it can be difficult to ensure identical situations 
a confounding variable «third-variable»
OR
causality between two variables cannot be assumed because there may
be other measured or unmeasured variables affecting the results 
correlation coefficients say nothing about which variable causes the
other to change 
the inductive approach has a logical flaw eg although night and day
are perfectly correlated, neither causes the other «both are caused
by an external factor – the spinning of the Earth in relation to the
Sun» 
4 max
– 19 –
7
Question
a
Answers
Breathing in:
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Award [4 max] for breathing in.
Total
diaphragm flattens/contracts 
external intercostal muscles contract
OR
rib cage moves upwards and outwards 
thoracic cavity volume increases 
thoracic cavity pressure decreases «therefore air rushes in» 
air rushes in from high pressure to low pressure
OR
inhalation continues as long as the pressure difference exists 
Breathing out:
diaphragm relaxes 
external intercostal muscles relax
OR
rib cage moves down and inwards 
thoracic cavity volume decreases 
thoracic cavity pressure increases «therefore air rushes out» 
6 max
– 20 –
7
Question
b
Answers
Fosbury technique COM is below and outside the body/may be below the
bar 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Fosbury technique does not necessitate the COM to be raised as high as
an athlete performing the scissors when clearing the same height 
Fosbury technique is superior to the scissor technique
OR
can clear a higher bar compared to the scissors technique «all other
things being equal» 
4 max
scissor technique the body is upright and the legs are horizontal to the
body and places the COM above the legs/bar 
Fosbury technique only requires parts of the body move over the bar at
one time 
scissor technique the whole body moves over the bar at the same time 
Fosbury technique is less stable than the scissor technique therefore
requires a crash mat for landing 
c
the player applies force by extending his/her legs against the
ground/pushing back against the ground/earth 
Award [3 max] if response makes no
reference to uphill running.
the force from the extension of the legs is the action
OR
the action force is caused by muscle contraction 
the ground/earth exerts an equal and opposite force on the athlete 
the push back from the ground/earth is the reaction 
because the ground/earth is a larger mass than the mass of the athlete,
the effect on the athlete is greater than the effect on the ground/earth 
the result of the reaction force is to displace the relatively small mass of
the athlete/produces the uphill movement of the athlete 
the faster/harder the athlete pushes «action» the greater the force
will be 
4 max
– 21 –
7
Question
d
Answers
skill to skill/between two skills eg rugby union to rugby league OR
basketball to netball OR tennis to badminton 
N16/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Award [3 max] for types of transfer
without reference to sporting examples.
Total
practice to performance/positive transfer likely only to occur if
environmental conditions are similar in both situations/authentic/realistic
practice 
eg attack versus defence at set plays in soccer 
abilities to skills 
eg balance to balance on the beam in gymnastics 
bilateral/limb to limb/positive transfer of learning and training occurs
between limbs «hand to hand, leg to leg» 
eg striking a football with the right/left foot OR reverse sweep in
cricket
principles to skill 
eg principles of defensive play in invasion games such as soccer and
field hockey 
stages of learning/stage to stage 
eg skills that are learned in the cognitive phase of named activity will
develop until the associative stage of named activity 
6 max
M17/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2017
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
M17/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
C
16.
A
31.
–
46.
–
2.
C
17.
C
32.
–
47.
–
3.
D
18.
C
33.
–
48.
–
4.
A
19.
A
34.
–
49.
–
5.
C
20.
A
35.
–
50.
–
6.
B
21.
A
36.
–
51.
–
7.
B
22.
D
37.
–
52.
–
8.
C
23.
D
38.
–
53.
–
9.
B
24.
C
39.
–
54.
–
10.
D
25.
D
40.
–
55.
–
11.
D
26.
A
41.
–
56.
–
12.
B
27.
D
42.
–
57.
–
13.
A
28.
B
43.
–
58.
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14.
D
29.
A
44.
–
59.
–
15.
D
30.
B
45.
–
60.
–
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2017
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 2
15 pages
–2–
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
This markscheme is the property of the International Baccalaureate
and must not be reproduced or distributed to any other person
without the authorization of the IB Global Centre, Cardiff.
–3–
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
Question
1.
a
Answers
Notes
Total
Units not required.
3−6ü
1
−
1
−
= −3 (mL kg min ) ü
OR
2
6−3ü
= 3 (mL kg 1 min 1) ü
−
b
−
positive relationship between increasing training intensity and VO2max ü
at the higher intensity level there is a greater increase/positive acceleration in
VO2max ü
c
randomization is used to avoid bias/so that all groups were equal in ability and
potential to respond ü
randomization is one way to help ensure that results are demonstrating
causality ü
d
2 max
2 max
increased left ventricular volume/increased stroke volume ü
lower resting heart rate ü
lower working heart rate ‹when working at the same comparative level as
before training› ü
increase in max cardiac output ü
hypertrophy of the heartü
decrease resting blood pressure ü
2 max
–4–
1.
e
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Example:
For a runner:
by running different routes/ distances ü
running with different people ü
run in different conditions, eg altitude, weather ü
2 max
running at different speeds/ intensity over the run ü
running with music ü
runner doing rowing or some other form of physical activity that would enhance
components of fitness ü
f
g
i
ii
boys/males ü
1
cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate ü
OR
Q = SV × HR ü
1
52 × 192 ü
= 9984 mL min-1/ 9.9 L min 1/ 10 L min 1 ü
−
h
−
ECF from 1gi calculation
Units not required.
2
peak VO2 is greater for boys ‹1.41› than girls ‹1.23› ü
because boys are able to extract / utilise more oxygen from blood/ greater arterio-venous
difference in males ‹14.8› than females ‹12.6› ü
a greater SV/Q/HR in boys / means that more oxygen can be transported around the
body ü
boys have a lower respiratory exchange ratio value which can mean that their ability to
utilise oxygen is greater than the girls ü
3 max
–5–
Question
2.
Answers
a
compact ü
b
learning is a continuous process while performance occurs at one time ü
OR
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
1
Award [1 max] if no example is given
from a named sport.
learning causes permanent change while performing is temporary ü
learning may be difficult to measure but performance can be
measured accurately ü
OR
learning may be assessed but performance can have a quantitative measure ü
Accept answers in the converse.
2 max
Accept other valid examples.
eg, a golfer’s handicap may change due to learning while a single good shot is
performance ü
c
gross as involves large muscle movements ü
closed as it takes place in a stable environment ü
continuous as cycle is repeated / no obvious beginning or end ü
internally paced as swimmer controls the rate skill is executed ü
coactive as performed at same time as others ü
competitors are performing at the same time but where they are physically
separated ü
3 max
–6–
Question
3.
a
i
Answers
Concentric contraction:
the muscle shortens while developing tension ü
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
1 max
biceps during a bicep curl when the forearm comes up toward the upper arm ü
ii
Eccentric contraction:
the muscle lengthens while developing tension ü
biceps when lowering a weight during the curl – the forearm is moved away from
the upper arm ü
b
ATP is the only usable source of energy by the cell/ releases energy for muscle
contraction ü
ATP is present at the myosin head <ready to be used> ü
ATP gets broken down to ADP/ loss of Pi initiates power stroke ü
ADP can be re-joined with P which can be achieved from the use of more ATP /
the breakdown of CP / PC / ATP / ADP P is reversible ü
1 max
3 max
–7–
3.
c
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
The sketch needs to show that the
components are linked in an enclosed
loop.
Award [1] for loop from brain to
movement.
Award [1] for movement/ output to
feedback to brain.
2 max
OR
–8–
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section B
Question
4.
a
Answers
Cartilage:
joins bone to bone ‹as in cartilaginous joints› ü
Notes
Total
Award [1] per type of connective tissue.
allows limited movement ‹in cartilaginous joints› ü
Ligament:
attaches bone to bone ‹in synovial joints› ü
2
helps provide stability for synovial joints ü
Tendon:
attaches ‹skeletal› muscle to bone ü
helps provide stability for synovial joints ü
b
Erythrocytes:
transports oxygen ü
Award [1 max] per cell type.
transports carbon dioxide ü
Leucocytes:
fight disease and infection ü
3
Platelets:
responsible for clotting the blood ü
c
Strengths
can do many subjects at once ü
minimal equipment needed ü
Limitations
equipment is specific – bench of a set
height, metronome set to a beat ü
it has subjects working to their sub-max
– not too stressful ü
specific to leg muscle and action/ not
specific to a sport ü
easy to score/administer ü
set bench height favours
taller participants ü
heart rate measure can be of
varying accuracy ü
Award [2 max] if only strengths or
limitations are given.
3
–9–
4.
d
insulin is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is high/when blood
glucose levels increase after eating ü
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Accept converse.
insulin helps to maintain a stable/normal level of blood glucose ü
inhibits gluconeogenesis ü
insulin inhibits glucagon ü
6
inhibits lipolysis ü
promotes glycogenesis ü
insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into fat cells ü
it encourages an anabolic reaction ü
e
Rotation:
movement of bone/limb around a central/longitudinal axis ü
Name it and describe it for [1].
Award [1 max] for each.
Flexion:
bending or decreasing the angle between 2 bones ü
Extension:
increasing the angle between 2 bones ü
Abduction:
movement of the bone/ limb away from the midline of the body ü
Adduction:
movement of the bone toward the midline of the body ü
Circumduction:
when the end of the bone makes a circle and the bone makes the shape of a cone ü
Depression:
movement at the shoulder downwards towards the feet ü
Elevation:
movement of lifting the shoulders towards the head ü
For abduction the intent must be shown
for movement to be away from the
midline and adduction toward the
midline
6
– 10 –
Question
5.
a
b
Answers
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
no movement
slight movement ü
stable
less stable ü
bones held by fibres
bones held by cartilage ü
eg, bones of the skull/ pelvis
eg, vertebrae to ribs/ sternum to
ribs ü
Warm-up:
usually consists of light continuous activity which builds in intensity/aerobic activity
to help warm up the body/ loads the blood with oxygen ü
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [1 max] per line.
2
Name it and describe it for [1].
Award [1 max] for each.
Stretching activities:
are done as part of the warm-up and cool down phase ü
stretching may increase flexibility/reduce injury ü
Endurance training:
where a person works for long periods of time to exercise their heart, lungs and
large muscle groups ü
Cool down:
done at the end of the exercise session to enable the body to gradually come back
to a resting state ü
Flexibility training:
stretching of the body to help improve the range of movement/ can be dynamic,
static, PNF ü
Resistance training:
loading the muscles while doing exercise to help promote the maintenance and
growth of muscle tissue ü
Incorporation of recreational activities and sports:
this could be walking or jogging with others/this is to help motivate individuals ü
6
– 11 –
5.
c
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
cardiovascular drift is the gradual increase in HR seen in an athlete doing
prolonged ‹steady state› exercise ü
dehydration contributes to cardiovascular drift ü
cardiovascular drift is associated with increased blood viscosity ü
over prolonged periods of exercise stroke volume decreases ü
3
blood being sent to the skin/vasodilation for cooling reduces stroke volume to
active muscles causing HR to increase ü
to maintain cardiac output HR increases ü
exercise in a hot environment exaggerates cardiovascular drift ü
d
uses glucose as the fuel ü
used at the start of exercise
OR
is dominant for up to 3 minutes ü
used in high intensity exercise/eg, 400m sprint ü
anaerobic ü
has lactic acid as a byproduct ü
lactic acid limits longer duration exercise ü
<1 glucose> makes 2 ATP with this system ü
occurs in the cell cytoplasm/sarcoplasm/outside the mitochondria ü
the breakdown of glucose is activated by a reduction in PC levels ü
6
– 12 –
5.
e
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
differences in the partial pressure/concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and blood
create a pressure/concentration gradient ü
oxygen travels from areas of high partial pressure/concentration to low partial
pressure/ concentration ü
transfer of O2 is into the blood stream/capillary ‹at the alveoli› ü
oxygen is dissolved at the alveoli in order to move across and into the blood stream ü
oxygen diffusion increases as one moves from rest to exercise ü
while exercising, muscles require more O2 to be used in the metabolic process
OR
venous oxygen is depleted and O2 exchange at the alveoli is facilitated ü
3
– 13 –
Question
6.
a
Answers
Muscle contractility:
the ability of a muscle to contract forcefully ü
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [1 max] per characteristic.
Extensibility:
a muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length ü
Elasticity:
the ability of a muscle to recoil back to its original resting length after stretching ü
Excitability:
control by nerve stimuli ü
2
Atrophy:
a decrease in size due to a lack of exercising a muscle group ü
this change in size is primarily due to a decrease in the number of myofibrils and
sarcomeres inside the muscle fiber ü
Hypertrophy:
an increase in muscle size ü
Fed by capillaries:
which supply oxygen/ remove CO2 ü
b
acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter/initiates muscle contraction ü
allows electrical impulse to pass from the nerve to the muscle ü
OR
converts electrical impulse into a chemical message ü
Acetylcholine is produced in the cytoplasm of the terminal end/ stored in vesicles ü
acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft ü
binds with post synaptic receptors/receptors at motor end plate ü
acetylcholine increases the permeability ‹of sarcolemma› to sodium/ stimulates the
release of calcium ions ü
3
– 14 –
c
Intrinsic:
information received from inside the performer/is received via proprioceptors/it is
the “feel” associated with movement ü
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [1 max] for each type of
feedback.
could be positive or negative ü
Extrinsic:
received from outside the performer/received via senses/such as sight and sound
through exteroceptors from coaches ü
Knowledge of performance:
information about the execution of the performance ü
usually from external sources but can be internally obtained if the performer is
experienced enough ü
Knowledge of results:
information about the outcome of performance/it is obtained externally from
your senses ü
Positive:
used to encourage and reinforce good behaviour such as praise, rewards ü
could be the feeling or sound created from a good contact ü
Negative:
received if performance is not correct ‹the aim is to discourage performance› ü
Concurrent:
received during the activity ü
could be intrinsic or extrinsic ü
Terminal:
received after the activity has occurred ü
6
– 15 –
d
Coding
changing the information into a word/number/movement code, ‹which is shorter
and easier to remember› ü
M17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [1 max] per method.
eg, in many sports key moves are coded to help team members recall information
quickly ‹as well as hide information from opposition› ü
Chunking
information is grouped together, instead of being presented/taught as individual items ü
3
eg, in the breaststroke the three actions of “reach, glide and pull” are better
grouped together/ practised as one movement ü
allows more information to be memorized in a single glance/situation ü
Association
new learning is linked to what players already know/ movement patterns are
matched to something already known to the performer ü
eg, throwing a javelin is like throwing a water polo ball ü
e
muscles work in opposing/antagonistic pairs/groups ü
a contracting muscle/prime mover is the agonist ü
the relaxing muscle/muscle that opposes the action is the antagonist ü
Students can identify either the
backswing (preparation) or the action
stage.
when an agonist is stimulated the antagonist neuron is inhibited ü
Award [4 max] for a description.
Example for knee:
During the preparation phase/flexion at the knee:
Award [4 max] for the example.
hamstring group is acting as the agonist ü
quadriceps is acting as the antagonist ü
As the leg extends at the knee/action/execution phase:
quadriceps is the agonist ü
hamstring is the antagonist ü
6
N17/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2017
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
N17/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
A
16.
C
31.
–
46.
–
2.
C
17.
C
32.
–
47.
–
3.
C
18.
A
33.
–
48.
–
4.
D
19.
D
34.
–
49.
–
5.
B
20.
B
35.
–
50.
–
6.
D
21.
C
36.
–
51.
–
7.
C
22.
D
37.
–
52.
–
8.
D
23.
B
38.
–
53.
–
9.
C
24.
A
39.
–
54.
–
10.
B
25.
D
40.
–
55.
–
11.
D
26.
C
41.
–
56.
–
12.
C
27.
D
42.
–
57.
–
13.
B
28.
B
43.
–
58.
–
14.
B
29.
B
44.
–
59.
–
15.
D
30.
A
45.
–
60.
–
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2017
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 2
22 pages
–2–
This markscheme is the property of the International
Baccalaureate and must not be reproduced or distributed to any
other person without the authorization of the IB Global Centre,
Cardiff.
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
–7–
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
Question
1.
Answers
a
Group 2/trained participants ✔
b
0.3 «g min–1» ✔
c
a high r value «0.86» is a strong positive correlation
Notes
Total
1
Units not required.
1
OR
there is a positive trend between VO2max and fat oxidation «rate»
OR
as VO2 max increases so does fat oxidation «rate» ✔
group 2/trained participants are running faster «therefore require more energy» ✔
fats provide energy for the participants
OR
respiration involves fat oxidation ✔
the highest VO2max is not the highest fat oxidation «rate» value ✔
the existence of a correlation does not establish that there is a causal relationship
«between the two variables» ✔
3 max
–8–
1.
d
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
ensuring the safety/decreasing risk of the participant before/during the exercise
testing procedure
OR
2 max
information provided in the questionnaire will allow the test administrator to identify
any factors or contraindications / health status prior to participating in the study ✔
to meet the criteria for ethical approval of the study ✔
increase ✔
e
«by» 0.6 «W kg–1»✔
from 11.8 to 12.4 «W kg–1» ✔
f
i
ii
Units not required.
Accept the subtraction in a different
order.
1 max
«all methods» have demonstrated a positive impact / an increase in peak power
output ✔
1
«all methods» have demonstrated a positive impact / an increase in VO2max ✔
1
–9–
1.
g
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
an increase in left ventricular volume
OR
increased stroke volume ✔
lower resting heart rate ✔
lower heart rate during submaximal exercise at the same relative exercise
intensity ✔
2 max
increased cardiac output during maximal exercise ✔
increased capillarisation ✔
higher arterio-venous difference ✔
hypertrophy ✔
h
arm ergometry involves less muscle mass compared to cycling ✔
arm ergometry has a lower VO2max compared to cycling ✔
dependent on previous training the difference between VO2max between the two
modes could be very large ✔
Must state the relative relationship
between cycling and arm ergometry for
MP.
2 max
– 10 –
Question
2.
Answers
flat ✔
a
i
Total
Accept “sesamoid”.
2 max
attach bone to bone ✔
1 max
provide strength/stability to a joint ✔
c
Notes
short ✔
irregular ✔
b
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
ratings of perceived exertion/Borg/Omni/CERT Scale ✔
the Karvonen method/HR calculation✔
training heart rate range/zone
1 max
OR
percentage/target HR ✔
ii
abduction is the movement
OR
movement away from the midline ✔
deltoid is the agonist muscle ✔
pectoralis major / latissimus dorsi is/are the antagonist/s ✔
concentric contraction used to raise the weight ✔
movement takes place in frontal/coronal/lateral plane ✔
movement about sagittal/anterioposterior axis ✔
the joint is a third-class lever ✔
3 max
– 11 –
Question
3.
Answers
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
adipose tissue ✔
a
Total
1 max
skeletal muscle ✔
fats are broken down during beta (β) oxidation ✔
b
fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA ✔
2 max
acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle ✔
4.
a
i
the effect of learning/performance of one skill on the learning/performance of
another ✔
ii
stage to stage transfer/positive transfer/skill to skill transfer✔
«motor skill development» depends on building each new skill upon those learned
previously ✔
triple jump adds the stage of hop & step to the long jump ✔
b
1
Accept other applicable explanations.
2 max
pose less risk to the performer ✔
can be used by a wide range of the population/children/elderly/untrained ✔
do not require high levels of motivation ✔
allow estimation of an individual’s maximal capacity ✔
the prediction of data is made to an unknown maximum and small inaccuracies in
measurement can make significant errors in estimating maximal capacity ✔
3 max
– 12 –
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section B
Question
5.
a
Answers
Notes
Axial skeleton:
Award [2 max] per skeleton type for
both function and example.
eg, skull protects the brain «during a tackle in rugby» ✔
Award [1 max] if either an outline or
example has not been provided.
provides protection of vital organs ✔
supports the weight of the upper body ✔
eg, vertebral column supports the weight of the upper body «while balancing on a
beam in gymnastics» ✔
Appendicular skeleton:
Total
Accept any other suitable examples.
4 max
provides attachment for muscles ✔
eg, scapula provides attachment for rotator cuff muscles «which support the
shoulders during the rings and vaulting» ✔
provides levers to allow movement ✔
eg, humerus and ulna articulate to form a lever «that allows for a more effective
release of a javelin» ✔
b
diaphragm contracts
OR
Award [4 max] if there is no reference
to accessory muscles.
flattens ✔
«external» intercostal muscles contract ✔
raising the rib cage upwards and outwards ✔
this increases the thoracic volume ✔
this decreases the thoracic pressure ✔
final stages of the race accessory muscles contract (eg, pectoralis minor,
sternocleidomastoid and scalenes) increase (thoracic) volume further ✔
5 max
– 13 –
5.
c
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
all energy systems work in a continuum during physical activity depending on the
intensity / duration / fuel availability / oxygen availability ✔
ATP-CP System/PC system/alactic system:
Accept any reasonable ranges for
resynthesizes ATP during brief high intensity exercise «for more than 3 seconds to duration. Accept other suitable
examples.
less than 10 seconds» ✔
eg, in hockey/soccer when performing a sprint/explosive movement for the ball at
speed 20-60 m ✔
The lactic acid system / anaerobic glycolysis:
resynthesizes ATP during short/medium high intensity exercise «between
10s−2 mins range» ✔
Award [5 max] if all three systems are
not mentioned.
Award [3 max] without applied
examples.
eg, in hockey/soccer during transition of play such as a counter attack from
defense ✔
Aerobic system:
hockey/soccer requires moderate/high intensity movements but is ongoing «more
than 2 minutes» ✔
used during recovery between high intensity bouts or during lower intensity
periods ✔
eg, returning to the half way line after a goal is scored ✔
[2 max].
6 max
– 14 –
5.
d
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
greater fibres per motor neuron therefore more fibre recruitment per contraction ✔
fast motor neuron conduction transports action potential quickly ✔
a highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum helps spread the action potential
across the muscle fibre quickly ✔
«therefore» delivery of calcium is increased to the muscle cell ✔
«therefore» the contractile speed is fast ✔
high PC and ATP stores provide immediate source of energy for fast muscle
contraction ✔
high glycogen stores provide energy for high intensity movements ✔
have a high anaerobic capacity «which is important for sprinters» ✔
can produce an explosive performance «which is required at the start of the
event» ✔
5 max
– 15 –
Question
6.
a
Answers
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
is an increase in HR during prolonged exercise ✔
blood volume is reduced through sweating
OR
increased blood viscosity
therefore causing a reduction in venous return ✔
stroke volume is directly affected by venous return
OR
reduction in stroke volume/SV ✔
5 max
HR × SV = Q/ cardiac output is the product of HR times SV ✔
the compensation takes place to help maintain cardiac output during exercise ✔
exercise in a hot environment exaggerates cardiovascular drift
OR
dehydration contributes to cardiovascular drift ✔
as blood is redirected to the skin to help temperature regulation ✔
b
Ca2+ binds with troponin ✔
tropomyosin are lifted from the actin filament binding sites ✔
myosin heads attach to actin to form a cross bridge ✔
heads of myosin tilt and drag the actin filaments, referred to as the power stroke ✔
cross bridge breaks as ATP splits ✔
Z lines move closer together
OR
H zone disappears ✔
ratchet mechanism continues until the ends of the myosin filaments reach the
ends of the Z lines ✔
4 max
– 16 –
6.
c
Rehearsal:
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [3 max] per method.
by practising the sequence as much as possible they can become overlearned ✔
this means that they become automatic and therefore effective in establishing a
memory trace ✔
however this requires time and may not be accessible to the performer ✔
therefore other methods such as mental rehearsal may be required ✔
Organization:
the sequence can be organized in meaningful ways to help learn and remember
them more easily ✔
for example ensuring that the movements are practised in sequence so the end of
one movement is followed by the start of one movement ✔
verbalizing the routine as it is organized may also assist the learner to memorize
the routine ✔
organization of the routine still requires rehearsal and therefore in isolation may
not be the only method ✔
5 max
– 17 –
6.
d
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
BMI (body mass index):
Award [3 max] per test.
Body mass index is a measure of an adult’s weight in relation to height/weight in
kg divided by their height in metres squared ✔
At least one strength and one limitation
per test. Accept other suitable examples
of strengths and limitations.
Strengths:
more accurate than standard height and weight tables ✔
easy to administer ✔
non invasive ✔
Limitations:
BMI is not a direct measure of body fat ✔
not suitable for certain populations eg, children, pregnant women, elderly or
athletes ✔
6 max
despite its inaccuracy it is still used as a medical standard to assess obesity ✔
Anthropometry:
most common field technique is skinfold calipers ✔
where skin fat thickness is measured at a number of sites and the sum of these
sites used in an equation estimates percentage body fat ✔
Strengths:
accuracy is greater than BMI ✔
more detailed protocol and equations are used to focus on gender specific
differences ✔
widely used due to its accessibility ✔
[3 max].
At least one strength and one limitation
per test. Accept other suitable examples
of strengths and limitations.
– 18 –
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
limited cost implications ✔
non-invasive ✔
Limitations:
reliability of the data is affected by the experience and consistency of the tester ✔
accuracy is affected by the number of sites and the calculation being used to
determine density ✔
equations are based mostly on cadaver studies ✔
Underwater weighing/Hydrostatic weighing:
the athlete is weighed totally immersed in water OR where the difference between
their scale weight and underwater weight is measured ✔
Strengths:
considered one of the most accurate measures of body composition ✔
perhaps considered the most reliable and valid ✔
Limitations:
major weakness is in the conversion of body density to estimate relative body
fat ✔
equation assumes that fat mass and fat-free mass is constant in all people ✔
specialized equipment ✔
high cost ✔
[3 max].
At least one strength and one limitation
per test. Accept other suitable examples
of strengths and limitations.
– 19 –
Question
7.
a
Answers
addition of monosaccharides/glucose «molecules» form disaccharide «if two
molecules»/polysaccharide «if many molecules»/glycogen ✔
a condensation reaction takes place to form a disaccharide/polysaccharides/
glycogen ✔
condensation polymerization/condensation reaction releases/removes a water
«molecule» from the reaction ✔
glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose ✔
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Accept answers presented in a diagram.
4 max
– 20 –
7.
b
Skill profile
continuum
Gross-fine
Javelin throw
Table tennis forehand
gross «body movement»
fine «body movement»
closed skill «as there is
limited external
influence»
open skill «influenced by the return of the
ball from the opponent and the opponent’s
permission»
serial skill «javelin is
more of a serial skill
compared to the table
tennis forehand as there
are stages to the action
which are run up, side
step and release»
discrete skill «the forehand is a discrete skill
as there is a distinct start and finish, but
once the action starts it does not have
specific elements to the skill»
individual skill «a javelin
throw is an individual skill
as they perform on their
own at one time»
interactive skill «forehand is an interactive
skill where the performance is directly
against an opponent and influenced by their
performance»
self-paced «although
there is a limited time for
the throw to be
completed, the execution
of the skill is self paced»
externally paced «forehand is externally
paced as is it is influenced by the speed of
return from the opponent»
Open-closed
Discreteserial
continuous
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
✔
✔
Candidates can only
be credited for
identifying the skill
profile continuum if
they apply the skill
profile to the javelin
throw and table tennis
forehand.
✔
5 max
Interaction
continuum
Pacing
continuum
✔
✔
– 21 –
7.
c
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Newton’s first law/law of inertia:
Award [2 max] per law.
swimmer is at rest as no external force is acting upon them ✔
Accept reference to impulse
momentum relationship.
after the starting signal they apply a force to overcome their inertia to start moving ✔
Newton’s second law/law of acceleration:
the greater the force they apply as the push off from the blocks the faster they accelerate ✔
the swimmer’s movement is made in the direction of the force applied ✔
acceleration is dependent on swimmer’s mass ✔
Newton’s third law/law of reaction:
swimmer applies action force down and back on the blocks ✔
the blocks apply an upwards and forwards reaction force ✔
5 max
– 22 –
7.
d
N17/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
ANS/sympathetic nervous system shunts blood from an area of low demand to high
demand ✔
redistribution increased to 80–85% blood flow (Q) to the «working» muscles ✔
causes a reduced blood flow to kidneys/liver/stomach/pancreas/intestines
OR
15–20% blood flow / Q to non-essential organs ✔
blood flow to the brain remains constant/slightly lower ✔
vasodilation «of arterioles» in the «working» muscles
OR
local dilation substances prevent vasoconstriction of the muscle tissue ✔
vasoconstriction «of arterioles» in the organs ✔
constriction of pre-capillary sphincters to the organs ✔
dilation of pre-capillary sphincters to the «working» muscles ✔
if the body starts to overheat as a result of exercise or high environmental temperatures
more blood is redirected to the skin ✔
the percentage blood flow to the heart remains the same at rest and during exercise
OR
in absolute values the heart receives greater volumes of oxygen as exercise intensity
increases ✔
6 max
M18/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2018
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
M18/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
D
16.
C
31.
–
46.
–
2.
C
17.
B
32.
–
47.
–
3.
C
18.
B
33.
–
48.
–
4.
D
19.
C
34.
–
49.
–
5.
A
20.
A
35.
–
50.
–
6.
C
21.
D
36.
–
51.
–
7.
D
22.
D
37.
–
52.
–
8.
A
23.
A
38.
–
53.
–
9.
C
24.
C
39.
–
54.
–
10.
B
25.
C
40.
–
55.
–
11.
C
26.
B
41.
–
56.
–
12.
C
27.
B
42.
–
57.
–
13.
C
28.
C
43.
–
58.
–
14.
A
29.
C
44.
–
59.
–
15.
B
30.
A
45.
–
60.
–
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2018
Sports, exercise health science
Standard level
Paper 2
15 pages
–2–
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Subject details: Sports, exercise and health science SL paper 2 markscheme
Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B [20 marks].
Maximum total = [50 marks].
Markscheme format example:
Question
5
c
ii
Answers
Notes
this refers to the timing of the movements
OR
the extent to which the performer has control over the timing of the
movement ✔
Total
2 max
external paced skills are sailing/windsurfing/receiving a serve ✔
internal paced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine ✔
1.
Each row in the “Question” column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.
2.
The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the “Total” column.
3.
Each marking point in the “Answers” column is shown by means of a tick (✔) at the end of the marking point.
4.
A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by “max” written after the mark in the “Total” column.
The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the “Notes” column.
5.
An alternative word is indicated in the “Answers” column by a slash (/). Either word can be accepted.
6.
An alternative answer is indicated in the “Answers” column by “OR”. Either answer can be accepted.
7.
An alternative markscheme is indicated in the “Answers” column under heading ALTERNATIVE 1 etc. Either alternative can be accepted.
–3–
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
8.
Words inside chevrons « » in the “Answers” column are not necessary to gain the mark.
9.
Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.
10.
The order of marking points does not have to be as in the “Answers” column, unless stated otherwise in the “Notes” column.
11.
If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent significance, detail and validity as
that in the “Answers” column then award the mark. Where this point is considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is emphasized
by OWTTE (or words to that effect) in the “Notes” column.
12.
Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more important than grammatical accuracy.
13.
Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points. If an error is made in the first marking point
then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow through marks should be
awarded. When marking, indicate this by adding ECF (error carried forward) on the script. “ECF acceptable” will be displayed in the “Notes” column.
14.
Do not penalize candidates for errors in units or significant figures, unless it is specifically referred to in the “Notes” column.
–4–
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
Question
1.
a
i
ii
Answers
Notes
45–60 min ✔
Total
1
5.75–5.50 ✔
= 0.25 <m s–1 > ✔
Accept the subtraction in a different
order.
2
iii
for every time interval subjects’ times were better with HC / condition 1 than
placebo/ condition 3 ✔
for every time interval subjects’ times were better with HC / condition 1 than LC /
condition 2 ✔
Award [1] mark max if there is no
comparison with the LC and placebo
group. eg, HC group had the best
performance
2 max
the speed of the HC group / condition 1 varies the least across the time
intervals ✔
b
both subjects and the experimenter do not know which drink they are consuming
«HC, LC, PL» ✔
this ensures that experimenters are not going to accidentally bias the results ✔
prevents psychological impact on results / placebo effect / participant bias ✔
c
Glucose / glycogen
Protein
Fat
Lactic acid system
yes
no
no
Aerobic system
yes
yes
yes
✔
✔
✔
Both subjects and experimenter must
be included for first mark point.
Award [1] mark for each correct line or
for a statement which infers the intent of
the table, eg, both systems use glucose
whereas the aerobic also uses protein
and fat – this would be worth 3 marks.
2 max
3
–5–
Question
1
d
e
Answers
68–48 ✔
= 20 <beats min > ✔
–1
lower HR in marathon runners is a result of:
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Accept the subtraction in a different
order.
2
Award [2 max] for a list
stronger / larger heart / hypertrophy in marathon runners ✔
greater stroke volume / cardiac output in marathon runners ✔
greater capillarization in muscle / lung tissue of marathon runners ✔
greater red blood cell count in marathon runners
OR
increased release of hormones < such as erythropoietin> that affect red blood
cells of marathon runners ✔
more effective blood redistribution / shunting in marathon runners ✔
a greater arterio-venous oxygen difference in marathon runners ✔
3 max
–6–
Question
2.
a
b
c
Answers
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
A. <yellow / bone> marrow
B. spongy / cancellous bone
C. periosteum
superior
OR
proximal ✔
3rd class ✔
Total
3
Must be anatomical terminology.
1
1
–7–
Question
3.
a
Answers
i
the range of motion which a joint can move through ✔
ii
the time it takes you to initiate a response to a «particular» stimulus ✔
reaction time=response time – movement time ✔
4.
a
i
ii
standard deviation is the spread of <raw> data about the mean ✔
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
1
1
1
a small standard deviation indicates that the data is clustered around the mean
/ can indicate that there is good reliability ✔
a large standard deviation indicates that the data is spread further around the
mean / can indicate that there is an issue with the reliability ✔
a large standard deviation may be due to the differences between subjects ✔
around 68% of all values lie within 1±SD
OR
95% of all values lie within 2±SD ✔
The more data that is used the closer the standard deviation will be to the true
population standard deviation/ there will be a tendency of a normal distribution ✔
2 max
–8–
Question
5.
Answers
a
Capacity:
Duration:
b
Notes
STM
LTM
7±2 items
no limit ✔
lost within 10 seconds
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [1] per line.
2
no limit ✔
selective attention is where an individual focuses on relevant information <while
ignoring irrelevant information> ✔
Total
Award [1 max] for discussion with no
example.
awareness of relevant cues <from past experience> provides information that an
opponent can use to predict what to expect, eg, tennis: grip, footwork, ball toss
can inform about ball placement/spin ✔
recognition of cues «based on past experience» seen before could enable an
athlete to react quicker / more appropriately, eg, tennis player recognizing the grip
and arm swing of opponent is set for top spin ✔
selectively attending to stimuli allows a performer to adjust their response to
increase chances of success, eg, tennis player observing racquet swing and
changing their position ✔
3 max
–9–
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section B
Question
6.
a
Answers
synovial membrane: lines the inside of the capsule / produces synovial fluid ✔
bursae: sacs of synovial fluid / located in areas where there is a lot of friction ✔
Notes
Total
Must include feature and describe the
feature for [1] mark.
meniscus: crescent-shaped pad of cartilage prevents wear / rubbing / provides
cushioning ✔
ligaments: connect the bones of a joint / provide stability ✔
articular capsule: strong tissue enveloping the joint / blends into the periosteum /
gives the joint stability / stops unwanted material getting into the joint area ✔
5 max
articular cartilage: smooth cartilage that reduces friction / that is on the end of the
bones <of the joint> ✔
synovial fluid: fluid that lubricates the articular surfaces / forms a cushion /
provides nutrients for the cartilage / absorbs any debris / fluid inside the capsule ✔
b
gases diffuse across the alveoli membrane ✔
the membrane is very thin / one cell thick to allow this movement ✔
movement is from high to low partial pressure/concentration ✔
oxygen partial pressure / concentration is higher in air breathed in compared to
blood ✔
carbon dioxide has higher partial pressure / concentration in blood compared to
lungs ✔
greater volumes of gases diffuse across the alveoli membrane when exercising ✔
the diffusion gradient in alveoli is maintained by ventilation ✔
4 max
– 10 –
Question
6
c
Answers
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
angular momentum = rotational / angular velocity x moment of inertia ✔
angular momentum is conserved / stays «relatively» constant ✔
the moment of inertia is larger when the body / leg has an increased radius ✔
moment of inertia is reduced when the leg is bent ✔
large moment of inertia = more difficult to move ✔
smaller moment of inertia = easier to move ✔
5 max
angular velocity is increased by bending the knee ✔
therefore the recovery time is shorter <allowing the runner to take their next stride
quickly> ✔
angular velocity is reduced as the runner extends the knee ✔
d
calcium binds to troponin ✔
changing its shape to expose the active site
OR
exposes active sites on actin ✔
cross-bridges are formed with myosin binding with actin ✔
ATP binds to myosin heads causing them to detach from binding sites ✔
ATP is broken down so that the myosin head can recock to new position <storing
potential energy from ATP> ✔
myosin then reattaches to a new active site further along the actin filament ✔
ADP+Pi are released and the myosin head drags actin along myosin filaments
(known as the power stroke) ✔
sarcomere shortens (Z line shortens and H zone disappears / shortens) ✔
repeated attachments and power strokes cause the filaments to slide as long as
calcium ions are present ✔
6 max
– 11 –
Question
7.
a
Answers
Reliability:
a reliable test is one which will give a consistent result when conducted under the
same conditions ✔
to maintain the same conditions you might use the same apparatus / same
environment eg, route/facilities ✔
eg, weighing a subject and getting consistent results ✔
tests can be unreliable when there is a learning effect ✔
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [2] max for each
Award [1] max for each with no
example
4 max
Validity:
a valid fitness test must assess what it is intending to ✔
eg, bleep test measures cardiovascular endurance and so is considered a valid
test ✔
b
Strengths:
safer because not going to maximal effort / less stressful ✔
can be completed quickly ✔
easier to recruit participants / participants may be more willing to do the test ✔
quicker recovery allows retesting to occur faster ✔
correlation is reasonably strong with aligned maximal tests ✔
for those such as children, elderly who find it difficult to reach maximum levels ✔
Limitations:
estimate of maximal performance ✔
pacing and motivation required ✔
the correlation for some tests is reasonably poor ✔
Award [3] max for strengths or
limitations.
4 max
– 12 –
Question
7
c
Answers
Intrinsic:
the electrical impulse is initiated within the heart / with no external stimulation ✔
this occurs at the sinoatrial node ✔
the impulse travels across the atria to the atrio-ventricular node ✔
AV node conducts the impulse to the bundle of His / bundle branches are located
within the atrial septum / central ventricle walls and spreads towards the Purkinje
fibres ✔
stimulation of the Purkinje fibres stimulates the ventricles to contract ✔
it delays the cardiac impulse allowing the atria to contract and empty into the
ventricles / allows the order of contraction to be atria then ventricles ✔
Extrinsic:
the heart’s pacemaker is influenced by the nervous system / sympathetic and
parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system ✔
also influenced by hormones ✔
sensors in the body detect the status of the body eg, chemoreceptors,
baroreceptors which is monitored by the central nervous system ✔
sympathetic nerve stimulates the pacemaker to increase its action ✔
parasympathetic nerve stimulates the pacemaker to slow down ✔
increases in adrenaline «caused by a fright or nervousness» will increase heart
rate ✔
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [4] max for intrinsic or extrinsic.
6 max
– 13 –
Question
7
8.
d
a
Answers
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
blood pressure is the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system✔
when the heart contracts this gives the systolic pressure ✔
when the heart relaxes this gives diastolic pressure ✔
typical resting blood pressure is 120 / 80 mmHg / some suitable value ✔
during cycling «dynamic exercise» there will be an initial increase in systolic
pressure «which usually levels off at 140–160 mmHg» ✔
diastolic remains relatively unchanged/ may change slightly ✔
during maximal exercise systolic pressure could rise very high «200 mmHg+ due
to dilation of blood vessels and the rhythmic muscular actions assisting blood
movement» ✔
during prolonged exercise blood pressure may gradually increase «as a result of
cardiovascular drift features» ✔
Award [2] max for the first 3 mark points
Saturated fatty acids:
have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid
chain / they are unbranched ✔
from animal sources are red meat / poultry / full-fat dairy products ✔
plant sources are tropical oils, such as palm oils / coconut oils ✔
saturated with hydrogen ions ✔
saturated fatty acid raises cholesterol ✔
has maximum number of hydrogen atoms (4) on each carbon atom ✔
Award [2] max per fatty acid type.
Unsaturated fatty acids:
contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms within the fatty acid
chain / one or more branches ✔
originate from plant-based foods / olive oil / olives / avocado / peanuts, cashew
nuts, canola oil and seeds, sunflower oil / rapeseed oil ✔
where 2 hydrogen atoms are missing and double bonds are formed ✔
Total
6 max
4 max
– 14 –
Question
8
b
Answers
ATP-PC system:
helps to reform ATP from ADP and P ✔
is regenerated from the aerobic energy system ✔
will supply for up to first 10 seconds ✔
is the fastest system «doesn’t have a long series of reactions» ✔
during periods of steady state exercise the ATP-PC system will recover ✔
will be used whenever there is a rapid change in demand «buffers the system» ✔
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [4] max per system.
6 max
Lactic acid system:
will dominate during the first 2–3 minutes of the race ✔
lactic acid system is the second fastest system to get fully functioning ✔
will dominate if the athlete increases intensity above 90% max HR ✔
will limit performance if this system dominates due to by-products ✔
c
feedback from an action may be either intrinsic «kinesthesis» or extrinsic «from
other players» ✔
plays an important role in movement execution / information about the movement
can be fed back into the effector mechanism allowing «if time permits» corrections
to be made as the movement proceeds ✔
feedback is also received from the perceptual mechanism / visual / hearing ✔
since this feedback is slower «than the effector feedback loop» it takes more time
to be processed, but if the movement were long enough, the information could still
be used to correct latter parts for the total movement ✔
feedback is processed through the STSS through selective attention ✔
passed on to the STM and then compared to LTM ✔
this enables a decision to be made taking feedback into account ✔
actions and the results of actions are stored for future reference ✔
as a performer improves their skill level they are better able to interpret feedback
to adjust performance ✔
6 max
– 15 –
Question
8
Answers
d
M18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Diagram is here for reference only
and is not required.
4 max
the defender will respond to the initial stimulus / movement first ✔
this is still being processed when the stimulus has changed / the second movement
occurs ✔
the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed ✔
because the first stimulus and response to this stimulus is still being processed / has
to be cleared / single channel hypothesis ✔
any other action / response must wait until the first response has been completed ✔
the delay in response to the new stimulus is the PRP ✔
N18/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2018
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
2 pages
–2–
N18/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
C
16.
D
31.
–
46.
–
2.
D
17.
C
32.
–
47.
–
3.
B
18.
C
33.
–
48.
–
4.
B
19.
D
34.
–
49.
–
5.
C
20.
B
35.
–
50.
–
6.
A
21.
D
36.
–
51.
–
7.
D
22.
B
37.
–
52.
–
8.
C
23.
C
38.
–
53.
–
9.
A
24.
A
39.
–
54.
–
10.
D
25.
A
40.
–
55.
–
11.
B
26.
C
41.
–
56.
–
12.
C
27.
D
42.
–
57.
–
13.
A
28.
C
43.
–
58.
–
14.
C
29.
B
44.
–
59.
–
15.
A
30.
C
45.
–
60.
–
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZX/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2018
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 2
17 pages
–2–
This markscheme is the property of the International
Baccalaureate and must not be reproduced or distributed to any
other person without the authorization of the IB Global Centre,
Cardiff.
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
–3–
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
Question
Answers
Notes
1.
a
i
gymnasts with high training level ✔
Both gymnast and high required for [1]
mark.
1.
a
ii
160–140 ✔
Accept the subtraction in a different order.
=20 «cm» ✔
1.
a
iii
children who regularly participate in sport perform better on standing broad
jump ✔
Accept correct calculation if (a)(i) is
incorrect.
1.
1.
a
b
b
iv
i
ii
1
2
Accept other reasonable hypothesis.
gymnasts perform better than children from other sports across all participation
levels ✔
A high level/ >5hr per week of training appeared to have a significant effect on
standing broad jump performance in every sport when compared to the other 2
groups/ the greater the training the greater the effect✔
1.
Total
2
Accept response if “significant” is
mentioned once but implied in the rest of
the answers. Eg the low to moderate
moderate and high training level group did show «statistically» significant results/
training level did not show significant
showed they were significantly different to 95% ✔
results but the moderate and high training
level group and the low and high training
low and high training level group did show «extremely statistically» significant
level group did.
results/ showed they were significantly different to 99% ✔
low to moderate training level group did not show «statistically» significant
results ✔
vertical jump/Sargent test ✔
place a vertical marker from a standing position
OR
create a “baseline” measurement ✔
Accept valid tests eg Wingate,
Margaria-Kalamen.
3
1
Despite current research award [1] mark
for warm-up.
3 max
Accept protocols for alternate valid test
from (b)(i).
–4–
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
perform a two-foot take-off ✔
bending knees/swinging the arms for the take-off ✔
place a vertical marker at the apex of the jump ✔
power is measured as the distance from standing position marker to marker at
the apex of the jump✔
2.
a
elasticity ✔
2.
b
tendons connect muscles to bones ✔
ligaments connect bones to bones ✔
1
1 max for ligaments or tendons
2 max
ligaments/ tendons stabilize joints ✔
tendons enable flexion and/ or extension of the joint✔
2.
c
cycling produces higher maximal oxygen consumption/VO2max values than arm
ergometry ✔
2.
d
Gases/O2 move from a high to low partial pressure / concentration gradient✔
Accept in the converse.
1
Oxygen partial pressure is higher in the lungs than in the capillary
OR
oxygen/O2 moves from the lungs/alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries ✔
Gases/O2 diffuse across the membranes / into blood✔
The capillary and alveoli walls are 1 cell thick <which assists in the high rate of
diffusion>✔
A large surface area increases diffusion rate✔
the amount and rate of gas exchange that occurs across the membrane
depends on the partial pressure of O2, the thickness of the wall and the surface
area <which is Fick’s Law>✔
<98%> oxygen combines with hemoglobin <to form oxyhemoglobin>✔
4 max
–5–
2.
3.
e
a
untrained
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
trained
stroke volume
lower
higher
✔
resting heart rate
higher
lower
✔
<Maximal> cardiac output
lower
higher
✔
For a set task at submax level Q will be the same
but SV will be higher in trained
✔
and HR will be higher in untrained
✔
3
changes the electrical/neural impulse into a chemical stimulus at the motor end
plate
OR
ACh is released when an action potential arrives at the motor end plate ✔
ACh binds to post synaptic receptors✔
2 max
increases membrane permeability to sodium ions/Na ✔
+
which causes Ca++ to be released <into the muscle cell> ✔
ACh is broken down < by cholinesterase> to prevent continual muscle
stimulation✔
3.
b
Type I has a high density of capillaries and mitochondria✔
high capillary density allows for increased oxygenation ✔
high mitochondrial density allows for increased use of oxygen
OR
high mitochondrial density allows for use of aerobic respiration «producing high
amounts of ATP» ✔
both contribute to activities that require prolonged energy supply
2 max
–6–
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
OR
increases fatigue resistance ✔
3.
c
insulin production is a response to high blood sugar/glucose levels ✔
insulin stimulates glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle
Award [2 max] for either insulin or
muscle contraction
OR
insulin improves cell membrane permeability to glucose ✔
muscle contraction stimulates glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle
OR
exercise improves cell membrane permeability to glucose ✔
increased sensitivity leads to decreased insulin/glycogen production ✔
3 max
–7–
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section B
Question
4.
a
Answers
Feature
Skeletal
Cardiac
Notes
Total
Smooth
Movement
Voluntary
Involuntary
Involuntary
✔
Structure
Cells are bound
together into
bundles by
connective tissue
known as fascia
connected to
bone by tendon
Structure is
somewhere
between
skeletal and
smooth. The
branched fibres
are not attached
to bone
Cells are
small and not
attached to
bone.
✔
Striated
Yes
yes
no
✔
Nucleus
Cells or fibres are
multinucleate
Cells have a
single nucleus.
Cells are
single
nucleus.
✔
Location
Found in skeletal
muscles, e.g.:
biceps, triceps …
heart
hollow tubes
such as
digestive
tract, blood
vessels
✔
Nervous
stimulation
somatic motor
neurons
autonomic
nervous system
autonomic
nervous
system
✔
3
–8–
Tension
sensors
Stretch
receptors
4.
4.
b
b
i
ii
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Yes
no
no
✔
Yes
no
no
✔
motor programme is a set of movements stored as a whole in the memory
«regardless of whether feedback is used in their execution»
OR
consists of an executive programme and subroutines✔
practice of the motor programme/subroutines for a jump/gymnastics routine
improves proficiency ✔
improved proficiency reduces executive programmes to subroutines as the
movement has become more fluid ✔
this results in opportunity to practice more complex motor programmes such as a
hand spring ✔
1
Accept any valid example that refers to
a gymnastics routine.
2 max
–9–
4.
c
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
the nature of muscle contraction during static and dynamic exercise affect the
peripheral vascular resistance differently ✔
Award [2 max] if no explanation.
during static exercise muscles create higher pressure on the blood vessels in
contrast to dynamic exercise which results in lower pressure on the blood
vessels ✔
during static exercise there is an increase even in diastolic BP because the
muscles exert continuous pressure on the vascular system / the loss of the
vascular pump ✔
running
Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
higher than rest
Little or no change
from rest
«~150 mm Hg»
4 max
✔
«~80 mm Hg»
plank position
4.
d
much higher than
rest «~200 mm Hg»
higher than rest
«~150 mm Hg»
✔
input detection occurs / detected by the sense organs/interoceptors/exteroceptors
✔
information can come from intrinsic and extrinsic feedback/sources✔
information is briefly stored in short term sensory store ✔
relevant information is perceived/attended to through selective attention/signal
detection process ✔
the necessary information is passed on to short-term memory ✔
4 max
– 10 –
4.
e
during «approximately» the first minute all energy systems will be working ✔
during an 800 m run, energy systems do not respond in a sequential manner ✔
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [3 max] for each energy system
and [5 max] if only 2 energy systems
are discussed
ATP-CP system:
ATP production is from the breakdown of phosphocreatine <anaerobically> during
initial seconds of activity ✔
1 PC = 1 ATP ✔
may contribute at other times of rapid change in energy demand <as long as a
steady state is found where the athlete settles into a pace> such as at the end of
the race ✔
can only last for 10–15 seconds/ short bursts ✔
Lactic Acid System:
partial breakdown of glucose anaerobically to produce ATP ✔
1 glucose molecule = <net> 2ATP ✔
will dominate after the ATP-PC system up to 1–2 minutes <while the aerobic
system gets fully functional> ✔
The lactic acid system will dominate at other times where effort increases towards
100% such as during the final sprint ✔
6 max
Aerobic System:
The aerobic system will dominate from approx. 1–2 minutes as the runner settles
into their race pace ✔
1 glucose molecule = 38 ATP with the aerobic system ✔
Complete breakdown of glucose molecule in the presence of oxygen ✔
5.
a
ventilation is «chemically» regulated by blood acidity levels/low pH ✔
blood acidity levels increase/pH drops due to an increase in carbon dioxide
levels ✔
Accept appropriately labelled diagram.
3 max
– 11 –
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
blood acidity levels are detected by chemoreceptors ✔
medulla oblongata/ANS/respiratory control centre receive information from
receptors ✔
increased blood acidity «and information from the proprioceptors» increases the
depth / rate of ventilation ✔
5.
b
deficit is calculated as the difference between the oxygen required for a given rate
of work and the oxygen actually consumed ✔
deficit takes place during the initial stages of exercise ✔
muscles generate ATP through anaerobic pathways ✔
oxygen transport system is not immediately able to supply the needed quantity of
oxygen to the active muscles
OR
oxygen consumption requires several minutes/time before a homeostatic level is
reached ✔
homeostatic level is reached when the aerobic system meets the demands ✔
is repaid after exercise is finished✔
3 max
– 12 –
5.
c
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
rehearsal ✔
Award [1 max] for a list of methods.
information is processed mentally or physically ✔
Award [2 max] per memory aid.
coding ✔
labelling sets of information to make it easier to access ✔
Description must correspond to the
named method to obtain the mark.
brevity ✔
giving a learner a small amount of information at a time to avoid overload ✔
clarity ✔
keeping learning / teaching simple at the beginning ✔
avoiding to teach / learn similar but distinct items in the same session «to avoid
interference with the memory of the other» ✔
chunking ✔
learners retain more if the information is chunked «instead of being presented as
individual items» ✔
organization ✔
we remember more easily if we organize the way in which we are to learn and
ensure that the information is meaningful ✔
association ✔
ensuring that new learning is linked to what players already know ✔
practice ✔
establishes memory trace/pathway ✔
4 max
– 13 –
5.
d
Angular momentum=moment of inertia x angular velocity ✔
angular momentum is conserved after push off/take off
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [2 max] if no reference to an
example is included.
OR
the magnitude of angular momentum remains constant ✔
with decrease in radius the body has lower moment of inertia ✔
the speed of rotation/rotational velocity increases with decreased radius/body
being in a compact shape
4 max
OR
eg moving arms/legs closer in will increase the speed of rotation ✔
when an athlete wants to stop the spin, they increase the radius to decrease the
rotational velocity ✔
5.
e
sodium ions/Na+ enter the muscle and change the polarization in the myofibril ✔
the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions ✔
calcium ions bind to troponin ✔
Tropomyosin/troponin complex exposes the binding site «on actin» ✔
myosin «head» creates a cross-bridge with the actin ✔
power stroke takes place ✔
z lines come closer together / H zone gets smaller✔
myosin releases actin if new ATP appears ✔
myosin head reattached further down the actin filament repeating the cycle <
called the ratchet mechanism>✔
process goes on until acetylcholine-esterase breaks the acetylcholine down ✔
6 max
– 14 –
6.
a
fibrous/ synarthrosis
no movement
✔
cartilaginous/
amphiarthrosis
slight
movement
✔
synovial/ diarthrosis
freely movable
✔
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
3
– 15 –
6.
b
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Cardiovascular drift is an increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise
<despite effort remaining the same>✔
during prolonged exercise there is an increase in core temperature ✔
the rise in core temperature causes redistribution of blood to the periphery in order
to cool ✔
the blood volume redistribution causes the heart to work harder in order to
maintain muscle blood flow / energy demands✔
3 max
blood flow to skin increases and water is lost via sweating ✔
prolonged cooling/sweating causes a decrease in blood volume / increase in
viscosity✔
reduction in venous return/stroke volume causes the heart rate to increase to
maintain cardiac output ✔
6.
c
creatine phosphate/CP/PCr is a high-energy molecule/fuel ✔
Accept a reaction equation.
speed of breakdown is increased by creatine kinase ✔
CP is broken down to provide a phosphate molecule for the re-synthesis of ATP/
energy released is used to add Pi to ADP «endothermic reaction» ✔
reaction is a coupled reaction where one reaction is linked to another reaction ✔
releases energy «exothermic reaction» and phosphate molecule/Pi ✔
1 PC = 1ATP✔
does not require oxygen✔
is the first system to provide ATP / occurs in the first 10–15sec of exercise✔
4 max
– 16 –
6.
d
force is proportional to acceleration / F=ma
OR
more force yields greater acceleration ✔
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Accept other valid examples.
Award [3 max] if no example provided
eg kicking harder/application of more force increases the acceleration of a ball ✔
mass is proportional to the force / m 
F
a
OR
smaller mass yields greater acceleration with application of the same amount of
force ✔
eg decreasing the weight of gear in cycling allows for more acceleration when the
same force in pedaling is applied ✔
longer application of the same force causes greater acceleration ✔
acceleration occurs in the direction of the force ✔
4 max
– 17 –
6.
e
psychological refractory period/PRP is the increase in reaction time to a second
stimulus caused when the second stimulus has been delivered while the performer
is responding to the first stimulus
OR
it is the time delay in reaction time caused by the arrival of a second stimulus
before the first is processed ✔
this is believed to take place due to brain processing information on a single
track/using the single channel mechanism ✔
in sports you can use PRP as an advantage by introducing a dummy stimulus
before the real movement ✔
strengths:
can be used to help a performer have greater chances of success eg pretending
to pass / run one direction then quickly changing to pass / run the other way ✔
provides a performer with a greater range of options in their play ✔
external noise eg other players calling, or crowd noise can enhance the
effectiveness of the PRP ✔
the more options that a player has will increase the reaction time to the stimulus
<Hick’s law> ✔
limitations:
if a performer uses it too often, they will become predictable and this limits success✔
PRP may be reduced by anticipation / early cue detection / effective coach analysis /
practicing «open» skills ✔
anxiety might make the performer get the timing wrong and thus the PRP is not effective
✔
N18/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award [2 max] for an annotated diagram
of the single channel hypothesis for
mark points 1 and 2.
Award 4 [max] if only strengths or
limitations provided
Award [4 max] if no example given
6 max
M19/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2019
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
3 pages
–2–
M19/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
No part of this product may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic
or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the IB.
Additionally, the license tied with this product prohibits commercial use of
any selected files or extracts from this product. Use by third parties,
including but not limited to publishers, private teachers, tutoring or study
services, preparatory schools, vendors operating curriculum mapping
services or teacher resource digital platforms and app developers, is not
permitted and is subject to the IB’s prior written consent via a license. More
information on how to request a license can be obtained from http://
www.ibo.org/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-forthird-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-a-license.
Aucune partie de ce produit ne peut être reproduite sous quelque forme ni
par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris des
systèmes de stockage et de récupération d’informations, sans l’autorisation
écrite de l’IB.
De plus, la licence associée à ce produit interdit toute utilisation
commerciale de tout fichier ou extrait sélectionné dans ce produit.
L’utilisation par des tiers, y compris, sans toutefois s’y limiter, des éditeurs,
des professeurs particuliers, des services de tutorat ou d’aide aux études,
des établissements de préparation à l’enseignement supérieur, des
fournisseurs de services de planification des programmes d’études, des
gestionnaires de plateformes pédagogiques en ligne, et des développeurs
d’applications, n’est pas autorisée et est soumise au consentement écrit
préalable de l’IB par l’intermédiaire d’une licence. Pour plus d’informations
sur la procédure à suivre pour demander une licence, rendez-vous à
l’adresse http://www.ibo.org/fr/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/
guidance-for-third-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-alicense.
No se podrá reproducir ninguna parte de este producto de ninguna forma ni
por ningún medio electrónico o mecánico, incluidos los sistemas de
almacenamiento y recuperación de información, sin que medie la
autorización escrita del IB.
Además, la licencia vinculada a este producto prohíbe el uso con fines
comerciales de todo archivo o fragmento seleccionado de este producto. El
uso por parte de terceros —lo que incluye, a título enunciativo, editoriales,
profesores particulares, servicios de apoyo académico o ayuda para el
estudio, colegios preparatorios, desarrolladores de aplicaciones y
entidades que presten servicios de planificación curricular u ofrezcan
recursos para docentes mediante plataformas digitales— no está permitido
y estará sujeto al otorgamiento previo de una licencia escrita por parte del
IB. En este enlace encontrará más información sobre cómo solicitar una
licencia: http://www.ibo.org/es/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/
guidance-for-third-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-alicense.
–3–
M19/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
B
16.
B
31.
–
46.
–
2.
C
17.
A
32.
–
47.
–
3.
A
18.
B
33.
–
48.
–
4.
B
19.
C
34.
–
49.
–
5.
B
20.
B
35.
–
50.
–
6.
A
21.
C
36.
–
51.
–
7.
C
22.
A
37.
–
52.
–
8.
C
23.
C
38.
–
53.
–
9.
C
24.
B
39.
–
54.
–
10.
A
25.
A
40.
–
55.
–
11.
D
26.
B
41.
–
56.
–
12.
B
27.
A
42.
–
57.
–
13.
C
28.
D
43.
–
58.
–
14.
D
29.
D
44.
–
59.
–
15.
D
30.
C
45.
–
60.
–
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
May 2019
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 2
21 pages
–2–
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
No part of this product may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage
and retrieval systems, without written permission from the IB.
Additionally, the license tied with this product prohibits commercial use of any selected files or extracts from this product. Use by
third parties, including but not limited to publishers, private teachers, tutoring or study services, preparatory schools, vendors
operating curriculum mapping services or teacher resource digital platforms and app developers, is not permitted and is subject
to the IB’s prior written consent via a license. More information on how to request a license can be obtained from http://
www.ibo.org/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-for-third-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-alicense.
Aucune partie de ce produit ne peut être reproduite sous quelque forme ni par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou
mécanique, y compris des systèmes de stockage et de récupération d’informations, sans l’autorisation écrite de l’IB.
De plus, la licence associée à ce produit interdit toute utilisation commerciale de tout fichier ou extrait sélectionné dans ce
produit. L’utilisation par des tiers, y compris, sans toutefois s’y limiter, des éditeurs, des professeurs particuliers, des services
de tutorat ou d’aide aux études, des établissements de préparation à l’enseignement supérieur, des fournisseurs de services de
planification des programmes d’études, des gestionnaires de plateformes pédagogiques en ligne, et des développeurs
d’applications, n’est pas autorisée et est soumise au consentement écrit préalable de l’IB par l’intermédiaire d’une licence. Pour
plus d’informations sur la procédure à suivre pour demander une licence, rendez-vous à l’adresse http://www.ibo.org/fr/contactthe-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-for-third-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-a-license.
No se podrá reproducir ninguna parte de este producto de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio electrónico o mecánico, incluidos
los sistemas de almacenamiento y recuperación de información, sin que medie la autorización escrita del IB.
Además, la licencia vinculada a este producto prohíbe el uso con fines comerciales de todo archivo o fragmento seleccionado
de este producto. El uso por parte de terceros —lo que incluye, a título enunciativo, editoriales, profesores particulares,
servicios de apoyo académico o ayuda para el estudio, colegios preparatorios, desarrolladores de aplicaciones y entidades que
presten servicios de planificación curricular u ofrezcan recursos para docentes mediante plataformas digitales— no está
permitido y estará sujeto al otorgamiento previo de una licencia escrita por parte del IB. En este enlace encontrará más
información sobre cómo solicitar una licencia: http://www.ibo.org/es/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-forthird-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-a-license.
–3–
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Subject details: Sports, exercise and health science SL paper 2 markscheme
Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B [20 marks].
Maximum total = [50 marks].
Markscheme format example:
Question
5
c
ii
Answers
Notes
Total
this refers to the timing of the movements
OR
the extent to which the performer has control over the timing of the
movement ✔
2 max
external paced skills are sailing/windsurfing/receiving a serve ✔
internal paced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine ✔
1.
Each row in the “Question” column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.
2.
The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the “Total” column.
3.
Each marking point in the “Answers” column is shown by means of a tick (✔) at the end of the marking point.
4.
A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by “max” written after the mark in the “Total” column.
The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the “Notes” column.
5.
An alternative word is indicated in the “Answers” column by a slash (/). Either word can be accepted.
6.
An alternative answer is indicated in the “Answers” column by “OR”. Either answer can be accepted.
7.
An alternative markscheme is indicated in the “Answers” column under heading ALTERNATIVE 1 etc. Either alternative can be accepted.
–4–
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
8.
Words inside chevrons « » in the “Answers” column are not necessary to gain the mark.
9.
Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.
10.
The order of marking points does not have to be as in the “Answers” column, unless stated otherwise in the “Notes” column.
11.
If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent significance, detail and validity as
that in the “Answers” column then award the mark. Where this point is considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is emphasized
by OWTTE (or words to that effect) in the “Notes” column.
12.
Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more important than grammatical accuracy.
13.
Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points. If an error is made in the first marking point
then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow through marks should be
awarded. When marking, indicate this by adding ECF (error carried forward) on the script. “ECF acceptable” will be displayed in the “Notes” column.
14.
Do not penalize candidates for errors in units or significant figures, unless it is specifically referred to in the “Notes” column.
–5–
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
Question
1.
a
Answers
Notes
Total
8 minutes
AND
1
plyometric ✔
1
1
b
c
6.75 – 6.55 ✔
Accept calculations in the reverse.
= 0.20 «m s–1» ✔
Consider ECF
2
plyometric exercise improved performance / hypothesis is supported ✔
For mark point 1, accept the use of the
actual data for discussion. Also the
The t-test supports the hypothesis that plyometric exercise improves performance
reason for the judgement needs to
with p<0.05 «at 4 minutes» ✔
relate to the data.
plyometric exercise did not improve performance prior to 4 minutes ✔
2 max
plyometric exercise was less effective after 8 minutes / plyometric condition speed
increased/was better than the control up to the 12-minute test period ✔
1
d
the control condition allows for a comparison point for the experimenter to
compare the subjects speed with
OR
shows if there is an effect of the plyometric condition compared to walking only ✔
a control allows one factor to be investigated while all others are kept constant
OR
there are confounding variables in comparing outcomes with baseline data ✔
the control condition allows the researcher to determine warm-up / fatigue
effects ✔
control condition increases «internal» validity ✔
2 max
–6–
Question
2.
a
Answers
Cells (erythrocytes / leucocytes / platelets) ✔
plasma ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Accept suitable examples of any
component eg oxygen would be
awarded the mark for gases
electrolytes ✔
proteins ✔
1 max
gases ✔
nutrients ✔
waste products ✔
hormones ✔
2
b
HR and/or SV need to increase to maintain/increase Q during prolonged
exercise ✔
Simply stating the equation for cardiac
output is not enough for a mark
sweating/fluid loss/decrease in blood plasma/increased viscosity/decrease in SV
can be compensated for by a «gradual» increase in HR / cardiovascular drift ✔
rise in body temperature / diversion of blood flow to the skin / reduced blood
volume to working muscles can be compensated for by an increase in HR /
cardiovascular drift ✔
to maintain blood volume / to maintain Q an athlete can ingest electrolyte drink or
water and foods during prolonged exercise «to avoid cardiovascular drift» ✔
3 max
–7–
Question
3.
Answers
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
A: epimysium ✔
a
B: muscle fibre/muscle cell/endomysium ✔
3
C: perimysium/ «muscle» fascicle ✔
3
b
«often proximal» attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone ✔
3
c
myosin heads use the breakdown of ATP to trigger the contraction process ✔
Must refer to stationary/nonmoving/fixed end.
1
the breakdown of ATP to ADP releases phosphate molecule ✔
the release of a phosphate molecule provides the energy for muscle contraction ✔
ATP reattaches to the myosin head and this causes the detachment of the cross
bridge ready for the next phase if necessary ✔
3
during sprinting the ATP will come from stores (2 seconds approximately) / from
the ATP-PC system ✔
depending on the length of the sprint the lactic acid process will provide sources of
ATP ✔
3
d
reciprocal inhibition is a neuromuscular reflex that inhibits opposing muscles «to
enable voluntary movements» ✔
the quadriceps act as the agonist / concentrically contracting ✔
3
the hamstrings act as the antagonist / relaxing to enable knee extension ✔
3
A: effort/muscular force ✔
e
B: load/resistance force ✔
3
C: fulcrum/pivot ✔
3
f
i
Inferior
OR
distal ✔
1
–8–
Question
3.
f
ii
Answers
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
posterior
OR
1
lateral ✔
3
f
iii
anterior
OR
proximal
1
OR
superior ✔
4.
a
the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction ✔
4
b
increase in systolic blood pressure ✔
no change/slight decrease in diastolic blood pressure ✔
1
2
–9–
Question
5.
a
Answers
Inhalation:
diaphragm contracts and flattens ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Mark points must clearly be linked to the
relevant process of inhalation or
exhalation.
internal intercostal muscles relax ✔
external intercostal muscles contract ✔
raising the rib cage upwards and outwards ✔
Award [4 max] from
inhalation/exhalation.
this increases the thoracic volume ✔
this decreases the thoracic pressure ✔
the result of this is that air moves into the lungs ✔
accessory muscles contract such as trapezius / sternocleidomastoids / scaleni ✔
Award [5 max] if no mention of
accessory muscles
6 max
Exhalation:
diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards ✔
internal intercostal muscles contract ✔
external intercostal muscles relax ✔
lowering the rib cage downwards and inwards ✔
this decreases the thoracic volume ✔
this increases the thoracic pressure ✔
the result of this is that air moves out of the lungs ✔
accessory muscles contract such as the abdominal muscles ✔
The movement of air needs to be clearly
linked to the factors of changing volume
or pressure or some other relevant
variable
– 10 –
Question
5.
b
Answers
Whole
the skill is demonstrated and practised as a whole, from start to finish ✔
commonly used for skills that cannot be easily broken into parts because they are
quick and fluent / discrete in nature or simple serial skill ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Explanation must correctly match
method for mark.
Award [2 max] for presentation method.
an example would be completing a dig in volleyball / long jump ✔
Whole-part-whole
the whole skill is demonstrated and practised first, before being broken down into
its constituent parts and then progressed back to the whole skill ✔
commonly used for complex skills that contain specific parts / serial in nature ✔
an example could be tennis serve by doing the whole action followed by
practising the parts «ball toss, arm phases, grip, contact» then putting them
together again ✔
Progressive part
parts of the skill are practised individually before being linked together ✔
commonly used for skills that contain discrete parts that form a sequence ✔
an example could be in basketball practising the dribble, then the 2 steps then the
jump off one foot before combining ✔
Part
parts of the skill are demonstrated and practised individually ✔
commonly used for complicated or serial skills, where the coach may wish to
isolate a particular component to practise ✔
an example could be learning how to do the arm action of a swim stroke using a
pull buoy and then the legs using a kick board before putting them together ✔
4 max
– 11 –
Question
5.
c
Answers
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
increased capillarisation in lungs/ trained muscles ✔
blood plasma increases ✔
red blood cell count / hemoglobin increases ✔
more effective blood redistribution ✔
these factors result in increased arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-VO2
difference) ✔
4 max
decreased resting blood pressure ✔
improved elasticity of blood vessels ✔
decreased resting heart rate ✔
increased stroke volume ✔
lower working heart rate when working at the same intensity as to prior to the
training occurred ✔
Lower working HR needs to be clearly
linked to when working at the same
intensity as prior to training
– 12 –
Question
5.
d
Answers
all systems work concurrently / at all times ✔
dominant system is determined by intensity and duration / the anaerobic system
will dominate due to the short duration «3 minutes» and high intensity of many of
the actions «punching is explosive» ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [3 max] per energy system.
Award [5 max] if the explanation does
not refer to the energy systems during
boxing
ATP-CP:
dominant for the first 7–10 seconds ✔
system replenishes initially used ATP ✔
one ATP produced from one CP ✔
has a high rate but low yield ✔
during quieter phases in the round the system may be replenished to assist the
seamless flow of ATP ✔
Lactic acid / anaerobic glycolysis:
dominant from five seconds to 1–2 minutes ✔
source of ATP is glucose molecule ✔
2–4 ATP produced from one glucose molecule ✔
bi-product of «hydrogen ions» / lactic acid inhibits effectiveness of
ATP production ✔
6 max
– 13 –
Question
6.
a
Answers
carbohydrates are primary energy source «40–70%» ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Accept other reasonable
recommendations.
carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram / 1760 kJ per 100 grams ✔
proteins contribute a smaller amount «10–30%» ✔
proteins provide 4 calories per gram / 1720 kJ per 100 grams ✔
lipids make up a relatively small amount of intake «10–30%» ✔
fats provide 9 calories per gram / 4000kJ per 100 grams ✔
recommendations vary by country / age / gender / height / weight / RMR / activity
level ✔
calorie intake should be 2000–3000 for males and 1600–2400 females ✔
there is much contention about recommended ranges ✔
5 max
– 14 –
Question
6.
b
Answers
Experience:
more experienced athletes can better use their long-term memory to improve their
selective attention ✔
experienced athletes selectively attend to stimuli quicker than less experienced
athletes ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [4 max] for experience or
memory
Award [5 max] if there is no link to a
sporting example
selective attention can be improved through over-learning ✔
more experienced athletes better filter stimuli into relevant and irrelevant
«noise» ✔
Memory:
the apparent limited capacity of the short-term memory indicates that there is
some form of selective attention to prioritise stimuli ✔
more long-term memories provide a greater source to draw from for selective
attention ✔
selective attention operates in the short-term sensory store ✔
only relevant information is passed to the short-term memory ✔
Long-term memory will enable a person to attend quickly to the correct stimuli in
future situations ✔
6 max
– 15 –
Question
6.
c
Answers
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
the Bernoulli principle explains how relative air pressure «from backspin» around a Accept annotated diagram to outline the
golf ball means that it experiences a lift force and travels further through the air ✔ principles.
as a golf ball travels with backspin, it experiences higher air pressure on the
bottom of the ball and lower air pressure on the top of the ball ✔
the ball/object is attracted to the area of lower air pressure, which is above the ball
and therefore experiences lift ✔
the lift force is perpendicular to the direction of the airflow ✔
the faster the ball travels / spins, the greater the differences in relative air pressure
and therefore the greater the lift force ✔
the dimples on the golf ball encourage small turbulent air, which protects the ball
against drag force ✔
a ball struck off «laterally» centre will spin in the air, therefore creating lower
relative air pressure on one side and generating curve ✔
5 max
– 16 –
Question
6.
d
Answers
the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Accept annotated diagrams for suitable
mark points.
OR
F = ma ✔
the ball will travel in the same direction as the direction of the net force applied to
the ball ✔
when the club contacts the ball, the change in momentum of the club is transferred
to the ball/conservation of momentum ✔
the greater the change in momentum of the ball, the longer distance the ball will
travel
OR
the greater the impulse applied to the ball, the longer distance the ball will travel ✔
larger clubs /club with greater mass will generate a greater force and therefore
propel the ball further
OR
a lighter golf ball will accelerate faster when struck by the golf club ✔
4 max
– 17 –
Question
7.
a
Answers
Phases:
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [2 max] for each phase.
cognitive/verbal phase, associative/motor phase, autonomous phase ✔
Cognitive/verbal phase:
the activity is completely new to the learner/they are in the beginning/initial stage
of the learning continuum ✔
Award [5 max] if no example used.
Award [1 max] for an example for a
performance is highly variable/shows a lack of consistency from one attempt to the
phase.
next ✔
learners are less likely to self-correct/ require an external coach to provide
feedback ✔
during the cognitive stage of learning, the beginner focuses on cognitivelyorientated problems, for example, body position for skill execution/ how fast should
I move this arm / rules of the game ✔
the change in the rate of improvement is faster in the cognitive phase ✔
Associative/motor phase:
a performer practices the task and can associate their movements with the mental
image of the skill ✔
a performer begins to “feel” what a good performance is like kinaesthetically
(continued...)
6 max
– 18 –
(Question 7a continued)
OR
a performer begins to detect and correct errors in their performance/ begins to
develop consistent movements ✔
Autonomous phase:
reaction time is shorter as motor programmes are well learnt «stored in long-term
memory» ✔
skills appear automatic/instinctive as attention is focused elsewhere ‹for example
on tactics, the move or pass or shot and on using fakes› ✔
a performer judges their own performance and is able to make changes without
external feedback from a coach ✔
a performer will perform with a greater level of skill/consistency/accuracy/fluency /
as they get closer to the autonomous phase ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
– 19 –
Question
7.
b
Answers
apply to all:
strengths:
can administer to many at once ✔
inexpensive ✔
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
Award [1 max] for listing 2 valid aerobic
tests
Award [4 max] for each aerobic test.
Award [2 max] for strength or limitation
for each test
minimal equipment ✔
no training required to administer ✔
limitations:
are indirect measures of VO2max ✔
ALTERNATIVE TEST 1: Multistage fitness test/bleep test/Leger test
strengths:
large normative data available ✔
correlation with VO2max is good ✔
limitations:
as a maximal test, it relies heavily on psychological attributes ✔
requires lots of turning, which can be a confounding factor ✔
ALTERNATIVE TEST 2: Cooper’s 12-minute run
strengths:
limited turning involved
easier for athletes to motivate themselves ✔
limitations:
relies on athlete pacing themselves correctly ✔
submaximal, meaning less accurate VO2max estimation ✔ (continued...)
6 max
– 20 –
Question
7.
b
Answers
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
(Question 7b continued)
ALTERNATIVE TEST 3: Harvard step test
strengths:
clearly paced by metronome ✔
submaximal nature makes it effective for people with health issues ✔
limitations:
significantly affected by lower body muscular endurance ✔
submaximal, meaning less accurate VO2max estimation ✔
7
c
gases diffuse across the alveoli membrane ✔
movement is from high to low partial pressure/concentration gradient ✔
Accept answers in the converse where
appropriate.
oxygen partial pressure is higher in air breathed in compared to blood ✔
carbon dioxide has a higher partial pressure in blood compared to lungs ✔
the concentration gradient is maintained due to ventilation / blood flow ✔
diffusion is facilitated by the thin / moist barrier/ large alveoli surface area between
blood and alveoli ✔
greater volumes of gases diffusing across alveoli membrane when exercising ✔
4 max
– 21 –
Question
7.
d
Answers
M19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Notes
Total
during exercise insulin is inhibited
OR
during exercise increased levels of sympathetic nervous system hormones
«catecholamines» inhibits the release of insulin ✔
insulins role is to increase glucose uptake by muscle for glucose storage/
gylcogensis ✔
during exercise adrenaline is released ✔
adrenaline stimulates glucose uptake «for glucose to be used» ✔
adrenaline promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose/ glycogenolysis ✔
adrenaline promotes lipolysis/ catabolism of fatty acids ✔
when glucose levels in blood drop during exercise glucagon is released
glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose/ glycogenolysis ✔
during exercise glucose uses transporters (GLUT4) ✔
vesicles containing GLUT4 are mobilised to the plasma membrane by exercise ✔
4 max
N19/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2019
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 1
3 pages
–2–
N19/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
No part of this product may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or
mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written
permission from the IB.
Additionally, the license tied with this product prohibits commercial use of any selected
files or extracts from this product. Use by third parties, including but not limited to
publishers, private teachers, tutoring or study services, preparatory schools, vendors
operating curriculum mapping services or teacher resource digital platforms and app
developers, is not permitted and is subject to the IB’s prior written consent via a license.
More information on how to request a license can be obtained from
http://www.ibo.org/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-for-third-partypublishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-a-license.
Aucune partie de ce produit ne peut être reproduite sous quelque forme ni par quelque
moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris des systèmes de stockage et
de récupération d’informations, sans l’autorisation écrite de l’IB.
De plus, la licence associée à ce produit interdit toute utilisation commerciale de tout
fichier ou extrait sélectionné dans ce produit. L’utilisation par des tiers, y compris, sans
toutefois s’y limiter, des éditeurs, des professeurs particuliers, des services de tutorat
ou d’aide aux études, des établissements de préparation à l’enseignement supérieur,
des fournisseurs de services de planification des programmes d’études, des
gestionnaires de plateformes pédagogiques en ligne, et des développeurs
d’applications, n’est pas autorisée et est soumise au consentement écrit préalable de
l’IB par l’intermédiaire d’une licence. Pour plus d’informations sur la procédure à suivre
pour demander une licence, rendez-vous à l’adresse http://www.ibo.org/fr/contact-theib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-for-third-party-publishers-and-providers/howto-apply-for-a-license.
No se podrá reproducir ninguna parte de este producto de ninguna forma ni por ningún
medio electrónico o mecánico, incluidos los sistemas de almacenamiento y
recuperación de información, sin que medie la autorización escrita del IB.
Además, la licencia vinculada a este producto prohíbe el uso con fines comerciales de
todo archivo o fragmento seleccionado de este producto. El uso por parte de terceros
—lo que incluye, a título enunciativo, editoriales, profesores particulares, servicios de
apoyo académico o ayuda para el estudio, colegios preparatorios, desarrolladores de
aplicaciones y entidades que presten servicios de planificación curricular u ofrezcan
recursos para docentes mediante plataformas digitales— no está permitido y estará
sujeto al otorgamiento previo de una licencia escrita por parte del IB. En este enlace
encontrará más información sobre cómo solicitar una licencia: http://www.ibo.org/es/
contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-for-third-party-publishers-andproviders/how-to-apply-for-a-license.
–3–
N19/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
1.
B
16.
D
31.
–
46.
–
2.
A
17.
B
32.
–
47.
–
3.
A
18.
C
33.
–
48.
–
4.
B
19.
D
34.
–
49.
–
5.
B
20.
A
35.
–
50.
–
6.
A
21.
B
36.
–
51.
–
7.
A
22.
B
37.
–
52.
–
8.
C
23.
A
38.
–
53.
–
9.
D
24.
A
39.
–
54.
–
10.
D
25.
C
40.
–
55.
–
11.
A
26.
D
41.
–
56.
–
12.
C
27.
D
42.
–
57.
–
13.
D
28.
A
43.
–
58.
–
14.
A
29.
B
44.
–
59.
–
15.
C
30.
C
45.
–
60.
–
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Markscheme
November 2019
Sports, exercise and health science
Standard level
Paper 2
18 pages
–2–
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
No part of this product may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information
storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the IB.
Additionally, the license tied with this product prohibits commercial use of any selected files or extracts from this product. Use by
third parties, including but not limited to publishers, private teachers, tutoring or study services, preparatory schools, vendors
operating curriculum mapping services or teacher resource digital platforms and app developers, is not permitted and is subject
to the IB’s prior written consent via a license. More information on how to request a license can be obtained from
http://www.ibo.org/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-for-third-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-applyfor-a-license.
Aucune partie de ce produit ne peut être reproduite sous quelque forme ni par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou
mécanique, y compris des systèmes de stockage et de récupération d’informations, sans l’autorisation écrite de l’IB.
De plus, la licence associée à ce produit interdit toute utilisation commerciale de tout fichier ou extrait sélectionné dans ce
produit. L’utilisation par des tiers, y compris, sans toutefois s’y limiter, des éditeurs, des professeurs particuliers, des services
de tutorat ou d’aide aux études, des établissements de préparation à l’enseignement supérieur, des fournisseurs de services de
planification des programmes d’études, des gestionnaires de plateformes pédagogiques en ligne, et des développeurs
d’applications, n’est pas autorisée et est soumise au consentement écrit préalable de l’IB par l’intermédiaire d’une licence. Pour
plus d’informations sur la procédure à suivre pour demander une licence, rendez-vous à l’adresse http://www.ibo.org/fr/contactthe-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-for-third-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-a-license.
No se podrá reproducir ninguna parte de este producto de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio electrónico o mecánico, incluidos
los sistemas de almacenamiento y recuperación de información, sin que medie la autorización escrita del IB.
Además, la licencia vinculada a este producto prohíbe el uso con fines comerciales de todo archivo o fragmento seleccionado
de este producto. El uso por parte de terceros —lo que incluye, a título enunciativo, editoriales, profesores particulares,
servicios de apoyo académico o ayuda para el estudio, colegios preparatorios, desarrolladores de aplicaciones y entidades que
presten servicios de planificación curricular u ofrezcan recursos para docentes mediante plataformas digitales— no está
permitido y estará sujeto al otorgamiento previo de una licencia escrita por parte del IB. En este enlace encontrará más
información sobre cómo solicitar una licencia: http://www.ibo.org/es/contact-the-ib/media-inquiries/for-publishers/guidance-forthird-party-publishers-and-providers/how-to-apply-for-a-license.
–3–
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Subject details: Sports, exercise and health science SL paper 2 markscheme
Mark Allocation
Candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A [30 marks] and ONE question in Section B [20 marks].
Maximum total = [50 marks].
Markscheme format example:
Question
5
c
ii
Answers
Notes
this refers to the timing of the movements
OR
the extent to which the performer has control over the timing of the
movement ✔
Total
2 max
external paced skills are sailing/windsurfing/receiving a serve ✔
internal paced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine ✔
1.
Each row in the “Question” column relates to the smallest subpart of the question.
2.
The maximum mark for each question subpart is indicated in the “Total” column.
3.
Each marking point in the “Answers” column is shown by means of a tick (✔) at the end of the marking point.
4.
A question subpart may have more marking points than the total allows. This will be indicated by “max” written after the mark in the “Total” column.
The related rubric, if necessary, will be outlined in the “Notes” column.
5.
An alternative word is indicated in the “Answers” column by a slash (/). Either word can be accepted.
6.
An alternative answer is indicated in the “Answers” column by “OR”. Either answer can be accepted.
–4–
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7.
8.
An alternative markscheme is indicated in the “Answers” column under heading ALTERNATIVE 1 etc. Either alternative can be accepted.
Words inside chevrons « » in the “Answers” column are not necessary to gain the mark.
9.
Words that are underlined are essential for the mark.
10.
The order of marking points does not have to be as in the “Answers” column, unless stated otherwise in the “Notes” column.
11.
If the candidate’s answer has the same “meaning” or can be clearly interpreted as being of equivalent significance, detail and validity as
that in the “Answers” column then award the mark. Where this point is considered to be particularly relevant in a question it is emphasized
by OWTTE (or words to that effect) in the “Notes” column.
12.
Remember that many candidates are writing in a second language. Effective communication is more important than grammatical accuracy.
13.
Occasionally, a part of a question may require an answer that is required for subsequent marking points. If an error is made in the first marking point
then it should be penalized. However, if the incorrect answer is used correctly in subsequent marking points then follow through marks should be
awarded. When marking, indicate this by adding ECF (error carried forward) on the script. “ECF acceptable” will be displayed in the “Notes” column.
14.
Do not penalize candidates for errors in units or significant figures, unless it is specifically referred to in the “Notes” column.
–5–
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section A
Question
1.
a
Answers
Notes
Total
i
67.95 ✔
1
ii
dribbling, variable ✔
1
iii
82.73–65.23 ✔
17.50/17.5 ✔
2
b
Trapping
Passing
Shooting
Dribbling
Fixed
improved
improved
improved
declined
Variable
improved
improved
declined
declined
Game-based
improved
improved
declined
improved
Accept in the converse.
✔
✔
✔
✔
variability reduced for all skills/practice groups post-test ✔
4 max
shooting and dribbling appear to be more advanced skills compared to trapping and
passing ✔
post-test mean for trapping improved significantly (p<0.05) through variable and
game-based practice and passing improved significantly for game-based practice ✔
c
specific movement pattern / skill (eg. passing in pairs) ✔
the performer completes the skill through blocks
OR
practised repeatedly ✔
2 max
–6–
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
there is limited variance in the practice ✔
low levels of cognitive interference
OR
practice is in a closed environment✔
d
i
practice to performance ✔
2
performers develop skills through practice, which they then transfer into a
competitive environment ✔
ii
e
i
a temporary occurrence fluctuating over time ✔
To be awarded WTTE, the candidate
must differentiate clearly between
learning (permanent change) and
performance (temporary change).
1
Axes must be correctly labelled
(performance OR learning / time) to
award the mark.
1
–7–
e
ii
a coordination of physical maturation and motivation has an optimal (positive) effect
on learning ✔
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Accept answers in the converse.
motivation is required to help/have a positive effect on how a performer learns ✔
a lack of physical maturation has a negative effect on physically demanding skills ✔
3 max
learning cannot go beyond / capped by a learners' physical development /
developmental readiness ✔
physical maturation within a particular school/college year group can have a positive
effect on learning ✔
2.
a
Athlete is in flight / in the air ✔
b
it is the combination of speed and strength
1
OR
1
the ability to perform a maximum effort within the shortest period of time ✔
c
Strengths:
easy to administer / limited training required ✔
limited cost / equipment required ✔
athlete can conduct test on their own ✔
relevant to the actions of a volleyball player ✔
good for assessing lower limb power ✔
Award max [3] if only strengths or
limitations are provided.
Award max [3] if the answer does not
make reference to volleyball.
4 max
–8–
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Limitations:
requires timing of the participant to mark at the peak of their jump ✔
performance could improve with practice ✔
can only test one person at a time ✔
reliability decreases with fatigue with repeated, continuous trials ✔
3.
a
Movement
Fibrous
cannot move
Cartilaginous
slightly moveable
1
OR
cartilaginous joints allow more movement than fibrous joints ✔
b
Bursae:
Award max [1] per feature outlined
a small sac lined with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid ✔
often found between a bone and soft tissue, such as tendons or ligaments ✔
reduces friction / facilitates movement between structures in and/or around a joint✔
Synovial membrane:
lines the inner surface of the capsule ✔
secretes synovial fluid into the cavity ✔
2
–9–
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
encloses synovial fluid ✔
Synovial fluid:
thick stringy fluid that helps to lubricate the joint ✔
nourishes articular cartilage ✔
Articular cartilage:
smooth tissue that covers the end of articulating bones ✔
allows bones to glide smoothly over each other ✔
absorbs shock ✔
c
4.
the prime mover is known as the agonist, eg. the quadriceps when the knee extends Correct example required for [1].
to kick a ball ✔
1
increased systolic blood pressure due to dynamic exercise, eg, running ✔
systolic BP increases (with dynamic workload) as a result of increased stroke
volume ✔
systolic blood pressure increases proportionally as cardiovascular workload
increases ✔
diastolic BP remains constant through the repetitive action of the muscles on the
blood vessels ✔
diastolic BP is constant due to a decrease in total peripheral resistance ✔
3 max
– 10 –
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Section B
Question
5.
a
Answers
Frequency:
frequency of training can be from 2-7 sessions per week ✔
Notes
Total
Headings are not necessary to obtain
the marks.
Intensity:
often working at an intensity of 60–80% MHR to improve aerobic capacity ✔
interval training can be used working at a higher intensity with medium to long
intervals, eg, 75–90% MHR, 2–1/3–1 work–relief ratio ✔
Time:
training over 20 minutes in a continuous manner ✔
4 max
Type:
activities such as running/swimming/cycling/rowing/HIIT ✔
HIIT circuit, including endurance activities in bouts of 30–60s, eg. burpees/spotty
dogs/jumping jacks ✔
fartlek training can be used to replicate the change intensities within a team game ✔
b
the discus acts as an aerofoil ✔
the angle of flight of the discus causes air to travel faster over the top ✔
air pressure is lower above the discus ✔
6 max
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difference in air velocity creates a differential pressure above and below the discus
✔
lift is generated as a result of the pressure gradient ✔
flight of discus becomes horizontal at apex of flight ✔
when the pressure is equal above and below the discus ✔
unbalanced forces acting on the discus <eg, gravity> cause the angle of the discus
to change ✔
so, air travels slower on the top, causing a pressure gradient ✔
discus accelerates towards ground ✔
creates an asymmetrical flight path ✔
c
The greater the intensity of the exercise, the greater the EPOC ✔
initial stages of exercise, oxygen demand cannot be met by the aerobic system
<oxygen deficit>
OR
initial stages are met by anaerobic processes ✔
oxygen deficit is paid back after exercise/oxygen debt ✔
alactic/fast component is replenished with <3–4 litres of> oxygen ✔
ATP and CP/PC stores are replenished ✔
5 max
– 12 –
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
myoglobin oxygen levels are replenished ✔
aerobically metabolize lactic acid ✔
resynthesize lactate to glycogen ✔
replacement of muscle / liver glycogen stores ✔
d
aerobic training is likely to cause a higher VO2 max than those with no training ✔
anaerobic non-interval training is likely to have little effect on VO2 max compared to
those with no training
OR
Accept other appropriate physiological
adaptations.
Award max [4] if only physiological
adaptations given.
high-intensity interval training produces improvements in maximum oxygen
consumption ✔
activities where individuals have trained a greater area of muscle mass are likely to
have a higher VO2 max ✔
due to an increase in stroke volume/maximal cardiac output ✔
increased oxygen carrying capacity/hemoglobin content ✔
increased capillary density in muscles ✔
increased mitochondrial density / increased arteriovenous oxygen difference ✔
increased maximal minute ventilation/increased muscular endurance of
respiratory muscles ✔
5 max
– 13 –
6.
a
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
When a stimulus is closely followed by a second stimulus, the first stimulus must be
cleared before the second can be processed
Award max [4] if no example has been
provided.
OR
Award max [2] for an explanation of
the PRP including a schematic
representation if no example provided.
S2 only becomes relevant when S1 is finished with ✔
the delay in reaction time to a second stimulus is called the psychological refractory
period ✔
a performer/defender has to sort out new and correct stimulus, but first they have to
disregard the old and now useless stimuli, which causes the delay ✔
any other action/response must wait until the first response has been completed ✔
eg, in soccer an attacker may lean to the left/fake/dummy to move the defender; this
is S1 ✔
5 max
the defender will begin to respond (R1) to S1/ to the initial stimulus first ✔
the attacker immediately moves to their right to beat the defender; this is S2 ✔
the defender cannot respond to S2 until they have completed R1 <therefore they
appear to be slow and beaten by the attacker> ✔
[Source: Psychological refractory
period adapted from Multidix, https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/4.0/, Single channel hypothesis
by International Baccalaureate
Organization]
– 14 –
b
c
Contrast
Type IIa fast oxidative
glycolytic
Type IIb fast glycolytic
myoglobin content
capillary density
fibre diameter
mitochondria
sample activity
medium
medium
medium
high
eg. 400 m sprint
low
low
large
low
eg. 100 m sprint
Compare
Type IIa fast oxidative
glycolytic
Type IIb fast glycolytic
glycogen
PC stores
sarcoplasmic recticulum
high
high
high
high
high
high
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award max [3] for each of
contrast / compare
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
4 max
✔
✔
✔
an increase in CO2 causes a decrease in pH ✔
decrease in pH is detected by the chemoreceptors ✔
movement is detected by the proprioceptors ✔
this stimulates the ANS to increase the depth of breathing ✔
baroreceptors inform the ANS to increase the rate of breathing ✔
the increase in rate of breathing causes the lungs to stretch further ✔
5 max
– 15 –
d
stretch receptors initiate exhalation ✔
the diaphragm and/or <internal> intercostal muscles contract more forcefully ✔
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
Award max [5] if no mention of
accessory muscles.
accessory muscles are required to pull the rib cage in during exercise ✔
the rib cage moves downwards and inwards further when exercising ✔
increasing the depth of breathing ✔
6 max
the rate of breathing is increased ✔
the thoracic volume decreases further ✔
the thoracic cavity pressure raises higher than at rest ✔
air rushes out faster due to a greater difference between the lungs and the atmosphere ✔
7.
a
angular momentum is defined as moment of inertia x angular velocity ✔
Accept in the converse
angular velocity and moment of inertia are inversely proportional ✔
Award max [5] if the student
does not refer to figure skating.
angular momentum is when a body is spinning about an axis ✔
a moment of inertia is determined by the distance of the load from the rotational axis ✔
angular momentum remains constant unless the figure skater is acted upon by an
unbalanced force ✔
figure skater rotates in the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis ✔
6 max
– 16 –
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
a figure skater can increase their moment of inertia by moving their limbs away from the
centre of their body/axis
OR
a figure skater can increase their angular velocity by moving their limbs close to the
centre of the body/axis ✔
in picture A, the figure skater has a large moment of inertia and therefore their rate of spin
(angular velocity) is low
OR
in picture B, the figure skater has a small moment of inertia and therefore their rate of spin
(angular velocity) is high ✔
b
joint is a ball and socket joint ✔
movement is adduction ✔
agonist pectoralis major and/or latissimus dorsi ✔
antagonist deltoid ✔
4 max
concentric contraction of the agonist ✔
third-class lever ✔
c
defined as the removal of glucose units from glycogen, producing glucose-1-phosphate
OR
defined as the breakdown of glycogen to glucose ✔
5 max
– 17 –
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
glycogen is stored in the liver ✔
glucagon acts on the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis ✔
insulin inhibits glycogenolysis ✔
requires enzymes for optimal function
OR
phosphorylase is the main enzyme ✔
it provides a rapid rate of production of glucose-6-phosphate ✔
adrenalin is released during the fight or flight system, which also stimulates
glycogenolysis to raise glucose levels ✔
glucose is taken up by the muscle cells, where glycolysis takes place ✔
d
involves a hydrolysis reaction ✔
is controlled by nerve stimuli ✔
is fed by capillaries ✔
Contractility:
ability to generate force / create tension ✔
Extensibility:
ability to be stretched beyond its normal resting length ✔
Elasticity:
ability to return to resting length after it has been stretched ✔
Award max [2] if only a list of
characteristics is given.
5 max
– 18 –
Atrophy:
a decrease in myofibrils / fibre diameter due to a lack of physical activity ✔
Hypertrophy:
an increase in myofibrils / fibre diameter due to an increase in activity/training ✔
N19/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M