DEFINITION OF DIABETES DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes mellitus is a disease that develops when the body cannot respond to glucose (sugar) properly or cannot produce a sufficient amount of insulin. Glucose serves as the primary source of energy for the cells in the body. Insulin is a pancreatic hormone and in charge of regulating glucose levels in the bloodstream. Insulin also plays an important role in bringing glucose into the body cells. When people have diabetes mellitus, their bodies cannot take up glucose into their cells to use it for energy. As a consequence, there is an accumulation of excess sugar in the blood circulation. Diabetes mellitus is also a category of metabolic disorders defined by hyperglycemia due to deficiencies of insulin secretion, the activity of insulin, or both of them. Diabetes-induced chronic hyperglycemia has a history of causing long-term consequences and malfunction, of several organs, including the eyes, heart, and blood vessels, among other organ systems. Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and impaired vision are symptoms of severe hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia may impair growth and make patients more prone to infections. Uncontrolled diabetes causes acute hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome, which can be life-threatening. DIABETES INSIPIDUS Diabetes insipidus is a condition that rarely happens and develops when the kidneys cannot retain water while filtering blood. Diabetes insipidus is not the same as diabetes mellitus. Both types of diabetes produce excessive urine, but they are treated differently. The primary cause of diabetes insipidus is a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, or the kidney's failure to react to ADH. ADH helps the kidneys retain water. This hormone is produced in the brain's hypothalamus: the pituitary gland, a tiny gland near the brain's base, stores and releases this hormone. Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland may cause central diabetes insipidus. When kidneys cannot react to ADH, it refers to as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and the disorder may be hereditary. This disease occurs due to a kidney malfunction that inhibits the body from reabsorbing water, and this kind of condition is very uncommon. CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES TYPE 1 DIABETES Type 1 diabetes happens because of an autoimmune response where the cells that generate insulin are attacked by the body's defense system, hence prevents insulin production. Therefore, the body will only produce little or no insulin. The precise reasons are unknown, but this response is related to genetic and environmental factors. About 5-10 percent of diabetics get type 1 diabetes. The rapid development of symptoms characterizes type 1 diabetes. This type of diabetes is also most often found affecting children, teenagers, and young adults, although it may affect individuals of any age. Type 1 diabetes patients must have daily insulin injections to adjust the levels of glucose in their blood, and they might die if they do not get insulin. At this time, nobody knows how to prevent type 1 diabetes from occurring. TYPE 2 DIABETES Type 2 diabetes develops due to excessiveness of blood glucose in the blood. This condition occurs due to insufficient production of insulin in the body, or the body does not utilize insulin well. The result is that too much glucose remains in the bloodstream and not much reaches body cells due to less uptake of glucose by insulin into the cells. Roughly one in every ten Americans has type 2 diabetes, and it accounts for around 90-95 percent of the total population. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in individuals that are over 45 years old, but it is increasingly becoming more prevalent in children, teenagers, and young adults as well. Patients with type II diabetes do not require insulin to live throughout their lives. Rather than absolute insulin insufficiency, this kind of diabetes is defined by insulin resistance. Insulin resistance occurs due to the lack of reaction of body cells to insulin. In this type of diabetes, the pancreas still generates insulin to stimulate cells; however, due to insulin resistance, glucose cannot enter body cells. Therefore, blood sugar increases and can lead to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. High blood sugar may cause severe health issues, including heart disease, eye loss, and renal damage. GESTATIONAL DIABETES Gestational diabetes is believed to occur in women who do not have diabetes before getting pregnant. Gestational diabetes affects between 2 and 10 percent of all pregnancies in the US annually. Gestational diabetes develops exclusively during pregnancy and may harm both mother and infant. A healthy pregnancy and infant depend on the management of gestational diabetes. Unlike type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which occurs when other hormones generated during pregnancy reduce the effectiveness of insulin. Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the body cells for energy consumption. Throughout pregnancy, there will be an increase in hormone production and also weight increase. Insulin resistance develops due to the reduction of the ability of body cells to utilize insulin efficiently. Insulin resistance will raise the amount of insulin required by the body. Women who have insulin resistance before getting pregnant may have a greater requirement for insulin when they first get pregnant and are more prone to develop gestational diabetes. Genes and too much weight gain may also contribute to gestational diabetes. Symptoms of gestational diabetes are typically absent or minor, such as frequently go to the toilet for urination and being excessively thirsty.
