Readings in HRM Proposal
“Transfer of Training” in Employee Training & Development
Introduction
In simple terms, training and development refers to the imparting of specific skills,
abilities and knowledge to an employee. A formal definition of training & development is… it is
any attempt to improve current or future employee performance by increasing an employee’s
ability to perform through learning, usually by changing the employee’s attitude or increasing his
or her skills and knowledge. The need for training & development is determined by the
employee’s performance deficiency, computed as follows:
Training & Development need = Standard performance – Actual performance
We can make a distinction among training, education and development. Such distinction
enables us to acquire a better perspective about the meaning of the terms. Training, as was stated
earlier, refers to the process of imparting specific skills. Education, on the other hand, is confined
to theoretical learning in classrooms. Training refers to the process of imparting specific skills.
Development refers to the learning opportunities designed to help employees grow. Education is
theoretical learning in classroom. Though training and education differ in nature and orientation,
they are complementary. An employee, for example, who undergoes training, is presumed to
have had some formal education. Furthermore, no training programme is complete without an
element of education.
Transfer of training is applying knowledge and skills acquired during training to a
targeted job or role. This is a term commonly used within industrial and organizational
psychology. When employees embark on a training course, the most important criterion for
success is that they transfer the skills they have learned back on the job. There has been much
research on those factors that lead to employee training and development success. However,
transfer of learning is still an issue within the Human Resource Development (HRD) community.
Area of Study

Training and development
 Transfer of Training
Name of the Book
“Managing Performance through Training and Development” (2016)
by: Allan M Saks, Robert R Haccoun
(Nelson Education Series in Human Resource Management)
10 Articles on Transfer of Training
 Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review
BD Blume, JK Ford, TT Baldwin… - Journal of …, 2010 - journals.sagepub.com
 A review of transfer of training studies in the past decade
EWL Cheng, DCK Ho - Personnel review, 2001 - emerald.com
 Transfer of training from virtual reality
JJ Kozak, PA Hancock, EJ Arthur, ST Chrysler - Ergonomics, 1993 - Taylor & Francis
 Predicting immediate and longer‐term transfer of training
CM Axtell, S Maitlis, SK Yearta - Personnel review, 1997 - emerald.com
 Transfer of training principles for instructional design
RE Clark, A Voogel - Ectj, 1985 – Springer
 The role of trainee and environmental factors in transfer of training: An
exploratory framework
AR Elangovan, L Karakowsky - Leadership & Organization …, 1999 - emerald.com
 The transfer of training: what really matters
R Grossman, E Salas - International journal of training and …, 2011 - Wiley Online Library
 Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research
TT Baldwin, JK Ford - Personnel psychology, 1988 - Wiley Online Library
 How to ensure transfer of training
PL Garavaglia - Training & Development, 1993 - go.gale.com
 An investigation of training activities and transfer of training in
organizations
AM Saks, M Belcourt - … in Cooperation with the School of …, 2006 - Wiley Online Library