Kent
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This article is about the county in England. For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation).
Kent
Ceremonial county
FlagOfKent.svg
Flag
Coat of arms of Kent
Coat of arms
Motto(s): "Invicta"
Kent within England
Coordinates: 51°12′N 0°42′ECoordinates: 51°12′N 0°42′E
Sovereign state
United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Region South East
Established Ancient
Time zone
UTC±00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+01:00 (British Summer Time)
Members of Parliament
List of MPs
Police Kent Police
Ceremonial county
Lord Lieutenant
Philip Sidney
High Sheriff Mrs Remony Millwater[1] (2020/21)
Area 3,736 km2 (1,442 sq mi)
• Ranked
10th of 48
Population (mid-2019 est.) 1,846,478
• Ranked
5th of 48
Density
494/km2 (1,280/sq mi)
Ethnicity
96% White British
Non-metropolitan county
County council
Kent County Council
Executive
Conservative
Admin HQ
Maidstone
Area 3,544 km2 (1,368 sq mi)
• Ranked
8th of 26
Population
1,581,555
• Ranked
1st of 26
Density
446/km2 (1,160/sq mi)
ISO 3166-2 GB-KEN
ONS code
29
GSS code
E10000016
NUTS UKJ42
Website
www.kent.gov.uk
Districts
Kent numbered districts.svg
Districts of Kent
Unitary
County council area
Districts
Sevenoaks
Dartford
Gravesham
Tonbridge and Malling
Medway
Maidstone
Tunbridge Wells
Swale
Ashford
City of Canterbury
Folkestone and Hythe
Thanet
Dover
Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater
London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west. The county
also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames (connected by land via
High Speed 1 and the Dartford Crossing), and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais
through the Channel Tunnel. The county town is Maidstone.
Kent was one of the first British territories to be settled by Germanic tribes, most notably the
Jutes, following the withdrawal of the Romans.[2] Canterbury Cathedral in Kent, the oldest
cathedral in England, has been the seat of the Archbishops of Canterbury since the conversion
of England to Christianity that began in the 6th century with Saint Augustine. Rochester
Cathedral in Medway is England's second-oldest cathedral. Located between London and the
Strait of Dover, which separates England from mainland Europe, Kent has been the setting for
both conflict and diplomacy, including the Battle of Britain in World War II and the Leeds Castle
peace talks of 1978 and 2004.
England relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of its history; the Cinque
Ports in the 12th–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of
particular importance. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the
White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the
length of the county and in the series of valleys in between and to the south are most of the
county's 26 castles.
Because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as "The
Garden of England".[3]
Kent's economy is greatly diversified: haulage, logistics and tourism are major industries. In
northwest Kent, industries include extraction of aggregate building materials, printing and
scientific research. Coal mining has also played its part in Kent's industrial heritage. Large parts
of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its strong transport connections to the capital
and the nearby continent make Kent a high-income county. Twenty-eight per cent of the county
forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty: the North Downs and The High Weald.
Contents
1
Etymology
2
History
3
Climate
4
Physical geography
5
Demography
6
Government
7
Economy
8
Culture
8.1
Architecture
8.2
Literature and publishing
8.3
Visual arts
8.4
Performing arts
9
Transport
9.1
Roads
9.2
Water
9.3
Railways
9.4
Air
10
Education
10.1 National Challenge schools
11
Sport
12
Local media
12.1 Television
12.2 Radio
12.3 Newspapers
13
See also
14
References
15
External links
Etymology
An early mention of Kent in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The name Kent is believed to be of British Celtic origin. The meaning has been explained as
'coastal district,' 'corner-land' or 'land on the edge' (compare Welsh cant 'bordering of a circle,
tire, edge,' Breton cant 'circle'). In Latin sources the area is called Cantia or Canticum, while the
Anglo-Saxons referred to it as Cent, Cent lond or Centrice.[4][5]
History
Main article: History of Kent
The area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at
Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era. There is a rich
sequence of Bronze Age, celtic Iron Age, and Britto-Roman era occupation, as indicated by
finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent
valley.[6]
Julius Caesar described the area as Cantium, or the home of the Cantiaci, in 51 BC.[7] The
extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by a celtic Iron
Age tribe known as the Regnenses. Caesar wrote that the people of Kent were 'by far the most
civilised inhabitants of Britain'.[5]
Following the withdrawal of the Romans, large numbers of Germanic speakers from the
continent settled in Kent, bringing their language, which came to be Old English. While they
expelled the native Romano-British population, some likely remained in the area, eventually
assimilating with the newcomers.[8] Of the invading tribes, the Jutes were the most prominent,
and the area became a Jutish kingdom[9] recorded as Cantia in about 730 and Cent in 835. The
early medieval inhabitants of the county were referred to as the Cantwara, or Kentish people.
The city of Canterbury was the largest in Kent.[10]
In 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary (who became Saint Augustine of
Canterbury after his death) as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year,
Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity. The
Diocese of Canterbury became England's first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since
remained England's centre of Christianity.[11] The second designated English cathedral was in
Kent at Rochester Cathedral.[12]
In the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning "undefeated" or
"unconquered". This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy as he was
unable to subdue the county and they negotiated favourable terms. The continued resistance of
the Kentish people against the Normans led to Kent's designation as a semi-autonomous county
palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of William's half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was
granted similar powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales and Scotland.[13]
Kent was traditionally partitioned into East and West Kent, and into lathes and hundreds. The
traditional border of East and West Kent was the county's main river, the Medway. Men and
women from east of the Medway are Men (or Maids) of Kent, those from the west are
Kentishmen or Kentish Maids.[5] The divide has been explained by some as originating in the
Anglo-Saxon migrations, with Jutes mainly settling east of the Medway and Saxons settling west
of it.[14][15]
Flag of the traditional county of Kent
During the medieval and early modern period, Kent played a major role in several of England's
most notable rebellions, including the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, led by Wat Tyler,[16] Jack
Cade's Kent rebellion of 1450, and Wyatt's Rebellion of 1554 against Queen Mary I.[17]
Title page of William Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent (completed in 1570 and published in
1576), a historical description of Kent and the first published county history
The Royal Navy first used the River Medway in 1547. By the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) a
small dockyard had been established at Chatham. By 1618, storehouses, a ropewalk, a
drydock, and houses for officials had been built downstream from Chatham.[18]
By the 17th century, tensions between Britain and the powers of the Netherlands and France led
to increasing military build-up in the county. Forts were built all along the coast following the raid
on the Medway, a successful attack by the Dutch navy on the shipyards of the Medway towns in
1667.[19]
The 18th century was dominated by wars with France, during which the Medway became the
primary base for a fleet that could act along the Dutch and French coasts. When the theatre of
operation moved to the Atlantic, this role was assumed by Portsmouth and Plymouth, with
Chatham concentrating on shipbuilding and ship repair. As an indication of the area's military
importance, the first Ordnance Survey map ever drawn was a one-inch map of Kent, published
in 1801.[20] Many of the Georgian naval buildings still stand.
In the early 19th century, smugglers were very active on the Kent coastline. Gangs such as The
Aldington Gang brought spirits, tobacco and salt to the county, and transported goods such as
wool across the sea to France.[21]
In 1889 the County of London was created and took over responsibility for local administration
of parts of north-west Kent. These included the towns of Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Lee,
Eltham, Charlton, Kidbrooke and Lewisham. In 1900, however, Kent absorbed the district of
Penge. Some of Kent is contiguous with the Greater London sprawl, notably parts of Dartford.
Originally the border between Kent and Sussex (later East Sussex) ran through the towns of
Tunbridge Wells and Lamberhurst. In 1894, by the Local Government Act, the parts of these
towns that lay in East Sussex were absorbed by Kent.
During the Second World War much of the Battle of Britain was fought in the skies over Kent.
Between June 1944 and March 1945 more than 10,000 V1 flying bombs, or "Doodlebugs", were
fired towards London from bases in Northern France. Although many were destroyed by aircraft,
anti-aircraft guns and barrage balloons, both London and Kent were hit by around 2,500 of
these bombs.
After the war Kent's borders changed several more times. In 1965 the London boroughs of
Bromley and Bexley were created from nine towns formerly in Kent.[22][23] In 1998 Rochester,
Chatham, Gillingham and Rainham left the administrative county of Kent to form the Unitary
Authority of Medway. Plans for another unitary authority in north-west Kent were dropped, but in
2016 consultations began between five Kent local authorities (Canterbury, Thanet, Dover,
Folkestone & Hythe, and Ashford) with a view to forming a new unitary authority for East Kent,
outside the auspices of Kent County Council.
For almost nine centuries a small part of present-day East London (the North Woolwich, London
E16 area), formed part of Kent. The most likely reason for this is that in 1086 Hamon, dapifer
and Sheriff of Kent, owned the manor and, perhaps illegally, annexed it to Kent. It ceased to be
considered part of the county in 1965[disputed (for: contradicting related articles) – discuss]
upon creation of the London Borough of Newham.
Climate
Kent is one of the warmest parts of Britain. On 10 August 2003, in the hamlet of Brogdale near
Faversham the temperature reached 38.5 °C (101.3 °F), at that time the hottest temperature
ever officially recorded in the United Kingdom.[24]
Climate data for Wye, England (1981–2010) data
Month Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun
Year
Average high °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 7.4
(45.3) 10.3
(50.5) 12.9
(55.2) 16.3
(61.3) 19.3
(66.7) 21.8
(71.2) 21.9
(71.4) 18.8
(65.8) 14.8
(58.6) 10.7
(51.3) 7.8
(46.0) 14.1
(57.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 4.4
(39.9) 6.7
(44.1) 8.7
(47.7) 12.0
(53.6) 14.7
(58.5) 17.2
(63.0) 17.2
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
(63.0) 14.6
(58.3) 11.2
(52.2) 7.5
(45.5) 5.0
(41.0) 10.3
(50.5)
Average low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 1.5
(34.7) 3.1
(37.6) 4.6
(40.3) 7.7
(45.9) 10.2
(50.4) 12.6
(54.7) 12.5
(54.5) 10.5
(50.9) 7.7
(45.9) 4.3
(39.7) 2.3
(36.1) 6.6
(43.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 71.4
(2.81) 50.3
(1.98) 48.9
(1.93) 49.1
(1.93) 50.7
(2.00) 48.8
(1.92) 48.2
(1.90) 61.8
(2.43) 55.1
(2.17) 93.0
(3.66) 83.5
(3.29) 80.3
(3.16) 741.1
(29.18)
Average rainy days 12.7 9.6
9.5
12.0 12.2 117.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours
59.6
152.2 118.2 71.9 49.8 1,649.9
Source: [25]
Physical geography
Main article: Geography of Kent
The White Cliffs of Dover
9.0
9.2
7.9
7.7
7.4
8.1
12.1
79.6
115.3 174.1 205.2 200.1 213.7 210.3
View of the White Cliffs of Dover from France
Kent is in the southeastern corner of England. It borders the Thames Estuary and the North Sea
to the north, and the Straits of Dover and the English Channel to the south. France is 34
kilometres (21 mi) across the Strait.[26]
The major geographical features of the county are based on a series of ridges and valleys
running east–west across the county. These are the results of erosion of the Wealden dome, a
dome across Kent and Sussex created by alpine movements 20–10 million years ago. This
dome consists of an upper layer of chalk above successive layers of Upper Greensand, Gault
Clay, Lower Greensand, Weald Clay, and Wealden sandstone. The ridges and valleys formed
when the exposed clay eroded faster than the exposed chalk, greensand, or sandstone.
Sevenoaks, Maidstone, Ashford, and Folkestone are built on greensand,[27] while Tonbridge
and Tunbridge Wells are built on sandstone.[28] Dartford, Gravesend, the Medway towns,
Sittingbourne, Faversham, Canterbury, Deal, and Dover are built on chalk.[27][28] The easterly
section of the Wealden dome has been eroded away by the sea, and cliffs such as the White
Cliffs of Dover are present where a chalk ridge known as the North Downs meets the coast.
Spanning Dover and Westerham is the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[29]
The Wealden dome is a Mesozoic structure lying on a Palaeozoic foundation, which can often
create the right conditions for coal formation. This is found in East Kent roughly between Deal,
Canterbury, and Dover. The Coal Measures within the Westphalian Sandstone are about
250–400 m (820–1,310 ft) deep, and are subject to flooding. They occur in two major troughs,
which extend under the English Channel.[30]
Seismic activity has occasionally been recorded in Kent, though the epicentres were offshore. In
1382 and 1580 there were two earthquakes exceeding 6.0 on the Richter Scale. In 1776, 1950,
and on 28 April 2007 there were earthquakes of around 4.3. The 2007 earthquake caused
physical damage in Folkestone.[31] A further quake on 22 May 2015 measured 4.2 on the
Richter Scale.[32] It was centred in the Sandwich area of east Kent at about ten miles below the
surface. There was little if any damage reported.
Geological cross-section of Kent, showing how it relates to major towns
The coastline of Kent is continuously changing, due to tectonic uplift and coastal erosion. Until
about 960, the Isle of Thanet was an island, separated by the Wantsum channel, formed around
a deposit of chalk; over time, the channels silted up with alluvium. Similarly Romney Marsh and
Dungeness have been formed by accumulation of alluvium.[28]
Kent's principal river, the River Medway, rises near East Grinstead in Sussex and flows
eastwards to Maidstone. Here it turns north and breaks through the North Downs at Rochester,
then joins the estuary of the River Thames near Sheerness. The Medway is some 112
kilometres (70 mi) long.[33][34] The river is tidal as far as Allington lock, but in earlier times,
cargo-carrying vessels reached as far upstream as Tonbridge.[33] The Medway has captured
the head waters of other rivers such as the River Darent. Other rivers of Kent include the River
Stour in the east.
A 2014 study found that Kent shares significant reserves of shale oil with other neighbouring
counties, totalling 4.4 billion barrels of oil, which then Business and Energy Minister Michael
Fallon said "will bring jobs and business opportunities" and significantly help with UK energy
self-sufficiency. Fracking in the area is required to achieve these objectives; it has been
opposed by environmental groups.[35]
See also: List of hills of Kent
Demography
See also: List of settlements in Kent by population
At the 2011 census,[36] Kent, including Medway, had 1,727,665 residents (18.0% of which in
Medway); had 711,847 households (17.5% of which in Medway) and had 743,436 dwellings
(14.8% of which in Medway). 51.1% of Kent's population excluding Medway was female — as to
Medway, this proportion was 50.4%.
The tables below provide statistics for the administrative county of Kent, that is, excluding
Medway.
Main household types[36]
Married couples with/without children
Sole occupants
Unmarried couples
with/without children Lone parents Shared homes and institutions
210,671
174,331 of which 79,310 over aged 65
63,750 60,645 77,877
Claimants of JSA or Income Support (DWP)[36]
Unit Claimants
Population
(April 2011)
August 2012 August 2001
Kent 55,100 89,470 1,463,740
% of 2011 Kent resident population
(2001 population where applicable) 3.8% 6.7% Three highest-ranking districts
Thanet 6.5% 11.3% 134,186
Folkestone and Hythe4.9% 8.9% 107,969
Swale 4.8% 7.5% 135,835
Three lowest-ranking districts
Tonbridge and Malling2.5% 4.4% 120,805
Sevenoaks
2.3% 4.3% 114,893
Tunbridge Wells
2.2% 5.1% 115,049
Government
Kent County Council (KCC) and its 12 district councils administer most of the county (3352
km2), while the Medway Towns Council, a unitary authority and commonly called Medway
Council, administers the more densely populated remainder (192 km2).[37] Together they have
around 300 town and parish councils. Kent County Council's headquarters are in Maidstone,[38]
while Medway's offices are at Gun Wharf, Chatham.
At the 2013 county council elections, control of Kent County Council was held by the
Conservatives, who won 44 of the council's 83 seats. 17 seats were won by the United Kingdom
Independence Party, 13 by the Labour Party, 7 by the Liberal Democrats, 1 by the Green Party
and 1 by the Swanscombe and Greenhithe Residents Association. At the 2007 local
elections[out of date], control of Medway Council was held by the Conservatives; 33 of the
council's 55 seats were held by the Conservatives, 13 by the Labour Party, 8 by the Liberal
Democrats and 1 by an Independent.[39] All but one of Kent's district councils are controlled by
the Conservatives: a minority Labour administration took control of Thanet District in December
2011 after a Conservative councillor defected to the Independent group. In the council elections
of May 2015 the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) took control of the
Council[which?], the first and so far only one in the UK. In October 2015 UKIP lost overall
control following a series of resignations, although remaining the largest party, only for UKIP to
regain control once more following ward elections in August 2016.
At the national level, Kent is represented in Parliament by 17 MPs, all of whom were
Conservative until the general election of June 2017.[40] At that election Canterbury elected
Rosie Duffield, the first ever Labour MP to hold the seat since the constituency was formed in
1918. At the 2019 general election, she increased her majority from 187 to 1836.
Economy
Converted oast houses at Frittenden
At the 2001 UK census[out of date],[36] employment statistics for the residents in Kent,
including Medway, were as follows: 41.1% in full-time employment, 12.4% in part-time
employment, 9.1% self-employed, 2.9% unemployed, 2.3% students with jobs, 3.7% students
without jobs, 12.3% retired, 7.3% looking after home or family, 4.3% permanently sick or
disabled, and 2.7% economically inactive for other reasons. Of residents aged 16–74, 16% had
a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared to 20% nationwide.[36]
The average hours worked per week by residents of Kent were 43.1 for males and 30.9 for
females. Their industry of employment was 17.3% retail, 12.4% manufacturing, 11.8% real
estate, 10.3% health and social work, 8.9% construction, 8.2% transport and communications,
7.9% education, 6.0% public administration and defence, 5.6% finance, 4.8% other community
and personal service activities, 4.1% hotels and restaurants, 1.6% agriculture, 0.8% energy and
water supply, 0.2% mining, and 0.1% private households. This is higher than the whole of
England for construction and transport/communications and lower for manufacturing.
Kent is sometimes known as the "Garden of England" for its abundance of orchards and hop
gardens. In particular the county produces tree-grown fruits,[41] strawberries and hazelnuts.[42]
Distinctive hop-drying buildings called oasts are common in the countryside, although many
have been converted into dwellings. Nearer to London, market gardens also flourish. Kent is the
main area for hazelnut production in the UK.
However, in recent years, there has been a significant drop in agriculture, and industry and
services are increasing their utilisation of the area. This is illustrated by the following table of
economic indicator gross value added (GVA) between 1995 and 2003[out of date] (figures are in
£ millions):[43]
Year Regional GVA[A]
Agriculture
Industry[B]
Services[C]
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995 12,369 379
3.1% 3,886 31.4% 8,104 65.5%
2000 15,259 259
1.7% 4,601 30.2% 10,399 68.1%
2003 18,126 287
1.6% 5,057 27.9% 12,783 70.5%
Medway
1995 1,823 21
3.1% 560
31.4% 1,243 68.2%
2000 2,348 8
1.7% 745
30.2% 1,595 67.9%
2003 2,671 10
1.6% 802
27.9% 1,859 69.6%
A Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
B includes energy and construction
C includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
North Kent is heavily industrialised with cement-making at Northfleet and Cuxton, brickmaking at
Sittingbourne, shipbuilding on the Medway and Swale, engineering and aircraft design and
construction at Rochester, chemicals at Dartford and papermaking at Swanley, and oil refining at
Grain.[22] A steel mini mill in Sheerness and a rolling mill in Queenborough. There are two
nuclear power stations at Dungeness, although the older one, Dungeness A, built in 1965, was
decommissioned in 2006.[44]
Cement-making, papermaking, and coal-mining were important industries in Kent during the
19th and 20th centuries. Cement came to the fore in the 19th century when massive building
projects were undertaken. The ready supply of chalk and huge pits between Stone and
Gravesend bear testament to that industry. There were also other workings around Burham on
the tidal Medway.[45] Chalk, gravel and clay were excavated on Dartford Heath for centuries.
Kent's original paper mills stood on streams like the River Darent, tributaries of the River
Medway, and on the River Stour. Two 18th century mills were on the River Len and at Tovil on
the River Loose. In the late 19th century huge modern mills were built at Dartford and Northfleet
on the River Thames and at Kemsley on The Swale. In pre-industrial times, almost every village
and town had its own windmill or watermill, with over 400 windmills known to have stood at
some time. Twenty-eight survive within the county today, plus two replica mills and a further two
in that part of Kent now absorbed into London. All the major rivers in the county were used to
power watermills.
From about 1900, several coal pits operated in East Kent. The Kent Coalfield was mined during
the 20th century at several collieries,[46] including Chislet, Tilmanstone, Betteshanger, and the
Snowdown Colliery, which ran from 1908 to 1986.[47]
The west of the county (including Tunbridge Wells, Tonbridge, and Sevenoaks) has less than
50% of the average claimant count for low incomes or worklessness as the coastal districts of
Dover, Folkestone and Hythe, and Thanet (chiefly three resorts: Ramsgate, Broadstairs, and
Margate). West and Central Kent have long had many City of London commuters.
Culture
Architecture
Canterbury Cathedral
Kent's geographical location between the Straits of Dover and London has influenced its
architecture, as has its Cretaceous geology and its good farming land and fine building clays.
Kent's countryside pattern was determined by a gavelkind inheritance system that generated a
proliferation of small settlements. There was no open-field system, and the large tracts were
owned by the two great abbeys, Christ Church, Canterbury and St Augustine's Abbey, that did
not pass into the hands of the king during the Reformation. Canterbury Cathedral is the United
Kingdom's metropolitan cathedral; it was founded in AD 598 and displays architecture from all
periods. There are nine Anglo-Saxon churches in Kent. Rochester Cathedral is England's
second-oldest cathedral, the present building built in the Early English Style.[48] These two
dioceses ensured that every village had a parish church.
The sites of Richborough Castle and Dover Castle, along with two strategic sites along Watling
Street, were fortified by the Romans and Normans. Other important sites include Canterbury city
walls and Rochester Castle.[clarification needed][49] There remained a need to defend London
and thus Kent. Deal Castle, Walmer Castle, Sandown Castle (whose remains were eroded by
the sea in the 1990s) were constructed in late mediaeval times, and HM Dockyard, at Chatham
and its surrounding castles and forts—Upnor Castle, Great Lines, and Fort Amherst—more
recently.
Kent has three unique vernacular architecture forms: the oast house, the Wealden hall house,
and Kentish peg-tiles.
Kent has bridge trusts to maintain its bridges, and though the great bridge (1387) at Rochester
was replaced there are medieval structures at Aylesford, Yalding and Teston.[50] With the
motorways in the late twentieth century came the M2 motorway bridge spanning the Medway
and the Dartford tunnel and the Dartford Bridge spanning the Thames.
Literature and publishing
Kent has provided inspiration for several notable writers and artists. Canterbury's religious role
gave rise to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, a key development in the English language. The father
of novelist Charles Dickens worked at the Chatham Dockyard; in many of his books, the
celebrated novelist featured the scenery of Chatham, Rochester, and the Cliffe marshes.[51]
During the late 1930s, Nobel Prize-awarded novelist William Golding worked as a teacher at
Maidstone Grammar School, where he met his future wife Ann Brookfield.[52] William Caxton,
who first introduced the printing press to England, was born in Kent; the recent invention was
key in helping many Kent dialect words and spellings to become standard in English. Lord
Northbourne hosted a biodynamic agriculture conference on his estate at Betteshanger in the
summer of 1939, he coined the term 'organic farming' and published his manifesto of organic
agriculture the following year spawning a global movement for sustainable agriculture and
food.[53]
Visual arts
A number of significant artists came from Kent, including Thomas Sidney Cooper, a painter of
landscapes, often incorporating farm animals,[54] Richard Dadd, a maker of faery paintings, and
Mary Tourtel, the creator of the children's book character, Rupert Bear. The artist Clive Head
was also born in Kent. The landscape painter J. M. W. Turner spent part of his childhood in the
town of Margate in East Kent, and regularly returned to visit it throughout his life. The East Kent
coast inspired many of his works, including some of his most famous seascapes.[55] Kent has
also been the home to artists including Frank Auerbach, Tracey Emin and Stass Paraskos.
Kent was also the location of the largest number of art schools in the country during the
nineteenth century, estimated by the art historian David Haste, to approach two hundred. This is
believed to be the result of Kent being a front line county during the Napoleonic Wars. At this
time, before the invention of photography, draughtsmen were used to draw maps and
topographical representations of the fields of battle, and after the wars ended many of these
settled permanently in the county in which they had been based. Once the idea of art schools
had been established, even in small towns in Kent, the tradition continued, although most of the
schools were very small one-man operations, each teaching a small number of daughters of the
upper classes how to draw and make watercolour paintings. Nonetheless, some of these small
art schools developed into much larger organisations, including Canterbury College of Art,
founded by Thomas Sidney Cooper in 1868, which is today the University for the Creative
Arts.[56]
Blean near Canterbury was home to Smallfilms, the production company founded by Oliver
Postgate and Peter Firmin and responsible for children's TV favourites Noggin the Nog, Ivor the
Engine and Bagpuss.
Performing arts
The county's largest theatre is the Marlowe Theatre in the centre of Canterbury. Other venues
for live music include Leas Cliff Hall in Folkestone and the Assembly Hall in Tunbridge Wells.
It re-opened, after being completely rebuilt, in October 2011.[57] Music festivals that take place
in Kent include Chilled in a Field Festival, Electric Gardens, Hop Farm Festival, In the Woods
Festival, Lounge On The Farm and the annual (not 2020) Smugglers Festival near Deal.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Kent
Roads
The M2 and High Speed 1 crossing the Medway Valley, south of Rochester
With the Roman invasion, a road network was constructed to connect London to the Channel
ports of Dover, Lympne and Richborough. The London–Dover road was Watling Street. These
roads are now approximately the A2, B2068, A257, and the A28. The A2 runs through Dartford
(A207), Gravesend, Rochester, Canterbury, and Dover; the A20 through Eltham, Wrotham,
Maidstone, Charing, Ashford. Hythe, Folkestone and Dover; the A21 around Sevenoaks,
Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells and on to Hastings in East Sussex.[22] In the 1960s, two
motorways were built; the M2 from Medway to Faversham, and the M20 from Swanley to
Folkestone. Part of the M25 runs through Kent, from Westerham to the Dartford Crossing. The
M26 motorway, built-in 1980, provides a short link between the M25 at Sevenoaks and the M20
near Wrotham. Kent currently has more motorways by distance than any other county in the UK,
with sections of the M2, M20, M25 and M26 totalling 173 km (107 mi) within the extents of the
ceremonial county.
In the run-up to Britain leaving the European Union, Government Minister Michael Gove MP for
Surrey Heath confirmed that the UK government intended to impose a de facto border between
Kent and the rest of England for freight lorries,[58] in order to deal with expected lorry queues of
7,000 or more [59] at Folkestone, Dover and other ports. HGV operators need to apply for a
24-hour Kent Access Permit (KAP) to take a vehicle of 7.5 tonnes or more into Kent if their
intention is to cross to the EU via Dover or the Eurotunnel.[60]
Water
The medieval Cinque Ports, except for the Port of Dover, have all now silted up. The Medway
Estuary has been an important port and naval base for 500 years. The River Medway is tidal up
to Allington and navigable up to Tonbridge. Kent's two canals are the Royal Military Canal
between Hythe and Rye, which still exists, and the Thames and Medway Canal between Strood
and Gravesend. Built-in 1824, it was purchased in 1846 by the railways, which partially
backfilled it.[22] Container ports are at Ramsgate and Thamesport. Following the closures
across the lower Medway, and the Swale to the Isle of Sheppey, during the 20th century, the
Woolwich Ferry is the only domestic ferry that runs in the broadest definition of the county.
Railways
A 300 km/h (186 mph) Eurostar train at km 48 (mile 30) on High Speed 1, near Strood
The earliest locomotive-driven passenger-carrying railway in Britain was the Canterbury &
Whitstable Railway which opened in 1830.[61] This and the London & Greenwich Railway later
merged into South Eastern Railway (SER).[62] By the 1850s, SER's networks had expanded to
Ashford, Ramsgate, Canterbury, Tunbridge Wells, and the Medway towns. SER's major London
termini were London Bridge, Charing Cross, and Cannon Street. Kent also had a second major
railway, the London, Chatham & Dover Railway. Originally the East Kent Railway in 1858, it
linked the northeast Kent coast with London terminals at Victoria and Blackfriars.
The two companies merged in 1899, forming the South Eastern & Chatham Railway, further
amalgamated with other railways by the Railways Act 1921 to form the Southern Railway.[62]
Britain's railways were nationalised in 1948, forming British Railways. The railways were
privatised in 1996 and most Kent passenger services were franchised to Connex South
Eastern.[63] Following financial difficulties, Connex lost the franchise and was replaced by
South Eastern Trains and after Southeastern.[64]
The Channel Tunnel was completed in 1994 and High Speed 1 in November 2007 with a
London terminus at St Pancras. A new station, Ebbsfleet International, opened between
Dartford and Gravesend, serving northern Kent.[65] The high speed lines will be utilised to
provide a faster train service to coastal towns like Ramsgate and Folkestone. This station is in
addition to the existing station at Ashford International, which has suffered a massive cut in
service as a result.
Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway
In addition to the "main line" railways, there are several light, heritage, and industrial railways in
Kent. There are three heritage, standard gauge railways; Spa Valley Railway near Tunbridge
Wells on the old Tunbridge Wells West branch, East Kent Railway on the old East Kent coalfield
area and the Kent & East Sussex Railway on the Weald around Tenterden. In addition, there is
the 15-inch (380 mm) gauge, Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway on the southeast Kent
coast along the Dungeness peninsula. Finally, there is the 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m), industrial
Sittingbourne & Kemsley Light Railway, previously the Bowaters Paper Railway.
Air
Charter flights are provided by Lydd Airport at Lydd.
In 2002, it was revealed that the government was considering building a new four-runway airport
on the marshland near the village of Cliffe on Hoo Peninsula.[66] This plan was dropped in 2003
following protests by cultural and environmental groups.[67] However further plans for a
Thames Estuary Airport on the Kent coast have subsequently emerged, including the Thames
Hub Airport, again sited on the Isle of Grain and designed by Lord Foster,[68][69] and the
London Britannia Airport plan, colloquially known as "Boris Island" due to its being championed
by the former Mayor of London Boris Johnson, which would see a six runway airport built on an
artificial island to be towards the Shivering Sands area, north-east of Whitstable.[69][70] Both of
these options were dropped in 2014 in favour of expansion at either Gatwick or Heathrow
Airport, the latter finally being the chosen option following Theresa May's installation as Prime
Minister in summer 2016.
Manston Airport, located near the village of Manston in the Thanet district, was a former RAF
facility that also handled some civilian flights. It closed in 2014.[71]
Education
See also: List of schools in Kent
Kent has four universities: Canterbury Christ Church University with campuses throughout East
Kent; University of Kent, with campuses in Canterbury and Medway; University of Greenwich (a
London University), with sites at Woolwich, Eltham, London and Medway; the University for the
Creative Arts (UCA) also has three of its five campuses in the county.
Although much of Britain adopted a comprehensive education system in the 1970s, Kent County
Council (KCC) and Medway Unitary Authority are among around fifteen[72] local authorities still
providing wholly selective education through the eleven-plus examination with students
allocated a place at a secondary modern school or at a grammar school.
Together, the two Kent authorities have 38 of the 164 grammar schools remaining in
Britain.[72][73]
Kent County Council has the largest education department of any local council in Britain,[74]
providing school places for over 289,000 pupils.
In 2005–06, Kent County Council and Medway introduced a standardised school year, based on
six terms, as recommended by the Local Government Association in its 2000 report, "The
Rhythms of Schooling".[75]
Kent County Council Local Education Authority maintains 96 secondary schools, of which 33
are selective schools and 63 are secondary modern schools.
Schools in Kent (data from 2000)[76]
LEA Nursery
Primary
Secondary
(modern)
Secondary
(Grammar)
Special
Pupil
Referral
Units Independent City
Technology
College
Total
KCC 1
475
74
32
34
11
83
1
711
Medway
0
89
14
6
3
1
7
0
120
Music education is provided by Kent Music (formerly Kent Music School),[77] which has its
origins in the 1940s. Kent Music provides services across the county including Kent County
Youth Orchestra, Kent Youth Choirs, and an annual summer school at Benenden School.
National Challenge schools
Kent has the highest number of National Challenge schools in England: schools which are
branded 'failing' based on the British Government's floor targets that 30% of pupils achieve at
least 5 GCSE grades A* to C.[78] Of the 63 secondary modern schools, 33 missed this target;
thus 52% of Kent secondary modern schools (34% out of all 96 maintained secondary schools)
are 'failing'.[79]
Sport
Priestfield Stadium is the home of Gillingham FC, Kent's only Football League team.
In association football, Kent's highest ranked football team is Gillingham FC, who play in
Football League One. Maidstone United was a Football League side from 1989 until going
bankrupt in 1992. Kent clubs in the higher levels of non-league football include the current
incarnation of Maidstone United and Dover Athletic playing in the National League along with
Ebbsfleet United, who were promoted in 2017. Dartford currently play in National League South,
the sixth tier of the English football pyramid.
Kent is represented in cricket by Kent County Cricket Club. The club was a founder member of
the County Championship in 1890 and has won the competition, the major domestic first-class
cricket competition, seven times. The club is based at the St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury
and also plays matches at the Nevill Ground in Royal Tunbridge Wells and the County Cricket
Ground, Beckenham.[80] The Kent Women cricket team has won the Women's County
Championship seven times since it was established in 1997. Cricket has traditionally been a
popular sport in the county and Kent is considered one of the locations in which the game first
developed. Teams have represented the county since the early 18th century. The Kent Cricket
League is the top level of club competition within Kent and features teams from throughout the
county, including areas such as Beckenham and Bexley which were formerly part of the county.
Canterbury Hockey Club and Holcombe Hockey Club both play in the top division in both the
men's and women's England Hockey Leagues. Sevenoaks Hockey Club's women first XI plays
in the second tier of national competition.
In rugby union, Canterbury RFC play in the fourth-tier of English rugby in the National League 2
South. Gravesend RFC and Tonbridge Juddians both play in the fifth-tier National League 3
London & SE. Blackheath FC, a club within the historic boundaries of the county, play in
third-tier National League 1.
In motorsport, the Brands Hatch circuit near Swanley has played host to a number of national
and international racing events and hosted 12 runnings of the British Grand Prix in various years
between 1964 and 1986.
Kent is home to two National League netball clubs, both based in northwest Kent: Telstars
(Premier Division 2) and KCNC (Premier Division 3).
Local media
Television
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reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn
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Much of Kent is served by the BBC's South East region, which is based in Tunbridge Wells and
provides local news for the county and East Sussex. Its commercial rival is ITV Meridian Ltd,
which has a newsroom at The Maidstone Studios despite the main studio being based in
Hampshire. Main transmitters providing these services are at West Hougham, near Dover and
Blue Bell Hill, between Chatham and Maidstone. A powerful relay transmitter at Tunbridge Wells
serves the town and surrounding area. Those parts of Kent closest to London such as Swanley,
Westerham, Dartford, Gravesend, and Sevenoaks lie within the ITV London and BBC London
areas, taking their television signals from the Crystal Palace transmitter.
Radio
Kent has two county-wide stations – BBC Radio Kent, based in Tunbridge Wells; and the
commercial station KMFM, owned by the KM Group. KMFM previously consisted of seven local
stations which covered different areas of the county (and are still technically seven different
licences) but have shared all programming since 2012[81]
The county's first commercial station was originally known as Invicta FM and began
broadcasting in 1984. After various buyouts, the station was rebranded into Heart Kent in 2009
as part of the Heart Network. The station was closed and merged with several other Heart
stations in the south of England in 2019 to form Heart South, with the Kent studios in Whitstable
closing and production moving to Fareham in Hampshire.
There are several community radio stations in Kent including:
Academy FM (Folkestone).
Academy FM (Thanet)
Ashford FM (Ashford) on 107.1 FM.
BRFM 95.6 FM (Sheppey)
Cabin FM broadcasting to Herne Bay on 94.6FM.
CSR 97.4FM (Canterbury)
Deal Radio (Deal): online only.
Dover Community Radio (DCR) Dover: currently online only; in May 2020 this was a granted a
community radio licence and will start broadcasting in the next few years.
Radio Faversham (Faversham): online only.
Maidstone Community Radio (MCR): online only.
Miskin Radio (Dartford and Gravesend): online only.
SFM 106.9FM (Sittingboune)
Sheppey FM 92.2 (Sheppey)
Shoreline FM (Romney Marsh) broadcasting since January 2020 on 101.1FM.
West Kent Community Radio (WKCR) serving Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells and Sevenoaks.
Awarded a community licence by Ofcom in late 2019 and due to launch in the next few years.
Whitstable Bay Radio (Whitstable): online only.
Newspapers
The KM Group, KOS Media and Kent Regional News and Media all provide local newspapers
for most of the large towns and cities. County-wide papers include the Kent Messenger, Kent on
Saturday, Kent on Sunday, and the Kent and Sussex Courier.
See also
icon Geography portal
map Europe portal
flag
United Kingdom portal
flag
England portal
icon South East England portal
flag
Kent portal
Custos Rotulorum of Kent – list of Keepers of the Rolls
Duke of Kent
Kent (UK Parliament constituency) – historical list of MPs for Kent constituency
Kent Community Network
Kent Police and Crime Commissioner
List of churches in Kent
List of civil parishes in Kent
List of fire stations in Kent
List of hills of Kent
List of Lord Lieutenants
List of people from Kent
List of places in Kent
List of tourist attractions in Kent
Recreational walks in Kent
Thames Gateway – includes details of regeneration projects in the northern areas of Kent
Category:Towns in Kent
Category:Villages in Kent
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kent.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kent.
Kent at Curlie
Kent County Council – local government website
BBC – origins of Kent placenames
Images of Kent at the English Heritage Archive
Neighbouring English counties and French department
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Kent Ceremonial county of Kent
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