THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF TRAUMA CAUSED BY WAR ON
REFUGEE ADOLESCENTS: A CASE OF WHITAKER PEACE AND
DEVELOPMENT TRAINING CENTRE IN
BWEYALE CAMP-UGANDA
JACOB KUNYUAT JANY GOLONG
A thesis presented to School of Education, Arts and Social Sciences in partial
fulfillment for the conferment of the degree of Master of Arts in
Counseling Psychology of Africa International University
July, 2019
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other
award in any other University.
Sign: ______________________________ Date: ____________________
Name:
Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong
Student No: 180037 MACP
This work has been supervised and approved by the University supervisors
Sign: ________________________
First Supervisor:
Dr Niceta Ireri, PhD
Date: ___________________
Sign: ___________________________
Second Supervisor: Dr Jared Menecha
Date: ____________________
Sign: _____________________________
External Examiner: Dr. Anne W. Mbwayo
Date: ___________________
i
DEDICATION
This research work was fully devoted to my wife Mrs. Angelina Nyakume Reath
for her unwavering support, encouragement and her understanding through the horrible
situation I left them in with young infants who demanded parental care from time to
time and some become sick at a time. And to our beloved children Jany Kunyuat,
Rankuoth Kunyuat and Nyamuch Kunyuat who usually demands my presence when
they see me leaving for school at AIU after a busy and short holiday. I dedicate the
research to my family for their uncountable patience and understanding because without
your permission, this degree and research would have not been done. Remember again,
without your commitment I would have not done the Degree of Master of Art in
Counseling Psychology. We as a family have been pushing together to this level by the
grace from the Almighty God.
God bless you.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
“But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness,
faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. Against such things, there is no law” (Gal.
5:22-23).
My first sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God the Father, the Son and the
Holy Spirit who has enabled this journey to be completed in a very wonderful way.
May the grace of God Almighty be upon those who abide by the fruit.
My special thank goes to the Most Rev Bishop Samuel Peni of Nzara Diocese who
wrote the letter of recommendation for me to be able to mobilize resource for this
academic journey. Without his recommendation, it would have not been easy to
achieve this precious academic goal.
Secondly, a lot of thanks and sincere appreciation goes to my supervisors.
i.
Dr. Niceta Wanja Ireri who showed her motherly to the supervisor. She never
corrected any mistake with harshness. Your skill of leadership and being a
mother figure help me to grow to this level in the field of counseling
Psychology. She, therefore, walked with me, appreciated, encouraged, corrected
in love and made it possible for me to reach this level and self-confident.
ii.
Dr. Jared Bravin Menecha who has been lowering himself up to the point of
spending personal private time to help, even at night he could listen to my need
when things become a very tough challenge. His geniuses and positive
encouragements made it possible for me to finish my project within the shortest
iii
time. He has the full skills of counselling; hence your contribution is
undisputable in offering the kind of help needed.
iii.
Mrs. Lilian Munyekenye who has been so kind enough to be my daily teacher
on Zotero, how to create an automatic table of contents and pagination when I
was doing my undergraduate. Madam Lilian! you have contributed a lot to my
educational success.
iv.
My greatest appreciation goes to John Marienau Turpin, his wife Mrs. Stephanie
Turpin and two little children who did not spare their finances and fully
sponsored my education while at AIU as a fulltime student.
v.
Fifth, my recognition goes direct to my Archbishop of Upper Nile Internal
province (ECSS), The Most Rev. Hillary Garang Deng who challenged my
mind to think rationally and independently during one of the secret meetings.
vi.
Finally, not forgetting my late daddy Jany Golong Kon and my wonderful late
mother Martha Kangach Pan Kuoth Jang who brought me up to be a person of
self-determination. She entrusted me so much. I remember what she said in
1986 that “even if my son was in the military barrack still can make to have a
successful life where every mind of himself/herself.” This proved my individual
ability to do what I intended to do.
vii.
To all those whose names are not on this list, may God’s be gracious to you and
keep you faithful.
God bless you.
iv
ABSTRACT
Most of the refugees are currently staying in Bweyale refugee camp-Uganda,
Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre have experienced almost a
permanent culture of war from their origin in South Sudan and Northern Uganda since
1955 which is now more than four decades. Yet little or nothing has been done as a
result of trauma caused by the war on adolescents. The main purpose of this study was
to assess the impact of trauma caused by war on refugee adolescents, the level of PTSD
on adolescents aged 13-19 years old who are caught up in Trauma caused by war and
investigated on how the participation of humanitarian agency help adolescent in
escaping mental disorder which may relate to death they narrowly survived or
witnessed horrible activities during the crisis. Many dimensional approaches have been
employed as humanistic theory, cognitive behavioral theory, and in short, it is to say
eclectic approaches. This research investigated the impact of trauma caused by the war
on adolescents in Bweyale refugee Camp-Uganda. A sample size of 90 but only 77
adolescents participated to end of the research. The study was carried out within the
time frame of three & a half months as it was mainly concerning the refugee. The data
collection was done through socio-demographic information form, focus group
discussion and administration of questionnaires among the refugee adolescents. The
data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the social science (SPSS)
version 16 and every piece of data attained was offered using the descriptive method.
This study found out that the prevalence of trauma on refugee adolescents aged 13-19
years. It was as well indicate that refugee adolescents who were affected by the
psychological impact of trauma caused by war suffer a higher level of Posttraumatic
disorder (PSTD). They as well suffered from lack of proper shelters and socioeconomic position. The other finding shows that the majority of refugee adolescents
desperately need counseling service in Bweyale refugee camp-Uganda. There was no
single answer which could qualify if counselors had the needed qualifications to carry
out their jobs of counseling. This study recommended that the counseling program need
to be strengthened and expand to offer the healing needed. All the war affected refugee
adolescents are liable to go through a thorough rehabilitation program to fit in the
society. Secondly, the study recommends another study to be carried out in the country
of origin in future during peacetime for the study to gain more information from the
focus group participants without fear that will improve the results of the study.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STUDENT’S DECLARATION ..................................................................................... i
DEDICATION ...............................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ ix
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... x
THE LIST OF ACRONYMS OR ABBREVIATION .................................................. xi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................... 1
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Background .................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................... 18
1.4 Main Objective of the Study ...................................................................... 19
1.4.1 The Specific Objectives of this Research ................................... 19
1.5 Research Questions (RQs) ......................................................................... 20
1.6 Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 20
1.7 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................. 22
1.8 Assumptions for The Study ....................................................................... 22
1.9 The Scope of the Study .............................................................................. 22
1.10 Limitations and Delimitations of the Research ........................................ 23
1.11 Definitions of Terms ................................................................................ 23
1.12 Summary .................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................... 26
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 26
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 26
2.2 Theoretical Approach................................................................................. 26
2.3.The Prevalence of Adolescents Affect Psychological Effect of Trauma ... 29
2.4 The Psychological Effect of Trauma Caused by War on Refugee
Adolescents. ............................................................................................................. 30
2.5 The Input of Humanitarian Agencies to Deal with Trauma on Adolescents
.................................................................................................................................. 33
2.7 Conceptual Framework .............................................................................. 34
vi
2.8 Summary .................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................... 36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ....................................................... 36
3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 36
3.1 Research Design and Methodology ........................................................... 37
3.3 Entry Procedure ......................................................................................... 38
3.4 Location of the Research ........................................................................... 39
3.5 Research Population................................................................................... 39
3.6 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ....................................................... 40
3.7 Research Instruments ................................................................................. 42
3.8 Instruments Validation and Verification .................................................... 43
3.9 Pilot Test .................................................................................................... 45
3.10 Data Collection ........................................................................................ 46
3.11 Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 46
3.12 Ethics in Research .................................................................................... 47
3.13 Summary .................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................ 50
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ......................... 50
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 50
4.1.1 Questionnaire Return Rate ............................................................. 50
4.2 Demographic Characteristics ..................................................................... 50
4.3 The Prevalence of Adolescents affected by the Psychological Effect of
Trauma caused by War ............................................................................................. 56
4.4 Input of Humanitarian agencies in dealing with trauma on adolescents
subjected to war at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Center in Bweyale
Camp-Uganda........................................................................................................... 61
4.7 Traumatic Impact of the conflict on the Refugee adolescents at Whitaker66
4.6 Keys findings ............................................................................................. 71
4.7 Summary .................................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................... 73
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................ 73
5.0 Introduction ................................................................................................ 73
5.1 Summary of Findings ................................................................................. 73
5.2 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 76
5.3 Recommendations ...................................................................................... 78
5.4 Suggested Areas for Further Research ....................................................... 79
REFERENCES LIST ................................................................................................... 81
APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRRE .......................................................................... 90
vii
APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION .. 91
APPENDIX III: PCL-5 ................................................................................................ 93
APPENDIX A: IERB PROPOSAL SUBMISSION FORM ........................................ 97
APPENDIX B: IERB PROPOSAL RE-SUBMISSION FORM-(AIU-A/IERB Form
2017 2) ......................................................................................................................... 99
APPENDIX D: IERB INFORMED CONSENT FORM SAMPLE-(AIU-A/IERB
Form 2017-4) ............................................................................................................. 102
APPENDIX E-iii: PARENTAL INFORMED CONSENT FORM SAMPLE .......... 103
APPENDIX E- iv: IERB INFORMED ASSENT FORM ......................................... 105
APPENDIX F: IERB PARTICIPANT DEBRIEF FORM SAMPLE - (AIU-A/IERB
Form 2017-6) ............................................................................................................. 106
APPENDIX G-i: IERB CONFIDENTIALITY FORM – Principal Investigator ...... 107
Appendix IV............................................................................................................... 109
Appendix IV: CURRICULUM VIRTAE (CV) ......................................................... 110
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Total population for Whitaker TOTs participants recruited by 20172018………………………………………………………………………………….30
Table 4.1: Gender of the Respondents ......................................................................... 51
Table 4.2: Age bracket of the Respondents ................................................................. 51
Table 4.3: Education of the Respondents .................................................................... 52
Table 4.4: Nature of the Respondents .......................................................................... 53
Table 4.1: Prevalence of adolescents affected by the psychological effect of trauma
caused by war in at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Center………….…56
Table 4.2: Input of Humanitarian Agencies in dealing with trauma ……………...…61
Table.4.7 Traumatic Impact of the conflict on the Refugee adolescents at Whitaker.66
Table 4.8: Regression Analysis.................................................................................... 70
Table 4.9: Co-efficient analysis ................................................................................... 71
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: How long you have been in this Camp as a
Refugee?………………...............................................................................................52
Figure 2: Status of living
condition………………………….…………………………………………………..54
Figure 3: Whether the Refugee camp have a counseling
program?.......................................................................................................................55
x
THE LIST OF ACRONYMS OR ABBREVIATION
CAAC:
Child and Armed Conflict
CBT:
cognitive-behaviour theory
CPA:
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CTE:
Checklist of Traumatic Experience
DRC:
Democratic Republic of Congo
DSM-IV:
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition
HIV/AIDS:
Human Immune Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndromes
IDPs:
Internally Displaced Persons
LRA:
Lord Resistance Army
MLC:
Midlife Crisis
NCP:
National Congress Party
n.d:
No Date
NGOs:
Non-governmental organizations
NVIVO:
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Computer Software package
OPM:
Office of prime minister UNMISS: United Nations Mission in South
Sudan
PTSD:
Post Trauma Stress Disorder
RDC_ML
Really Do Not Care,_ Military Leaders,
RQ:
Research Questions
SPLA:
Sudan People Liberation Army
SPSS:
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
TOTs:
Training of Trainers
xi
UN:
United Nations
UNFPA:
United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF:
United Nations Children Fund
xii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the background, statement of the problem, the main
objective and the specific research objectives, research questions, significance of the
study, the purpose of the study and the limitation and delimitation of the study.
The ongoing fight in the world, particularly in South Sudan, brings about
displacement and causes of families’ separation. By the end of September 2016, 13,937
adolescent and kids across South Sudan had been documented as singlehanded, were
found disconnected from their biological parents. There was a high increase in the
number which rose to 3,596 from the onset of 2015, the report acknowledged that each
month there are at least three hundred cases. The most dangerous countries and the
recent one for trauma caused by the war on adolescents and children in conflict since
2016 are Central Africa Republic, Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, Yemen, Nigeria, South
Sudan, Iraq, DRC and Sudan. Despite humanitarian effort yet the gap remains
unbridged.
“war is not inevitable. For perhaps 99 percent of human history, people lived in
egalitarian groups in which generosity was highly valued and the war was rare. War
first occurred relatively recently in human history along with changes in social
organization, especially the development of nation-states. Even at present, when war
seems ever-present, most people live peaceful, nonviolent lives. If we can learn from
history, we may be able to move beyond war and create a culture of peace” (Levy &
Sidel, 2007).
1
1.2 Background
Internationally, the statistics show that more than 1 million young adolescents
were below the age of eighteen who resided in the Republics exaggerated the warfare.
There was growth of disturbing the population in general concerning the psychological
impact of trauma caused by war, this was to understand the result of psychological
health and to enlarge the traditionally proper intervention to the pleasure of the
traumatized adolescent and children during the conflict (McMullen, O’Callaghan,
Shannon, Black, & Eakin, 2013a). The result of conflict on infants and adolescents
come with complexity on monetary authorizations to stop conflict that denies the
adolescents of the supplies to sustain living; the spread of the less heavy armaments
brands made the societies dangerous; this involvement in conflict traumatize the
adolescent and kids, this send off the everlasting marks and all facilities related to wellbeing are interrupted or divert to the service of combatant instead of nationals benefit
(McMullen, O’Callaghan, Shannon, Black, & Eakin, 2013b).
Every republic at war and after the conflict, the group possesses knowledge of
least experience of an annual of civil unrest from 1990 to date. This group consisted of
the succeeding nations such as Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bosnia, Burundi, Chad,
DRC. Congo, Ethiopian, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Myanmar, Mozambique, North
Ireland, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan, Republic
of Uganda and Vietnam (Hiiboro, 2008, p. 17).
The subsequent part would provide statistics on the current state of the
immigrants and the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) around the world, a brief
history about Swedish immigrants and refugees policy in Sweden. Care is normally the
focus of the bereavement had been ringing about the psychological impact of trauma
brought by the conflict mostly during the shortest run. The conflict may bring secondary
2
results on the mental health of fighters. It is evidenced that those born after the conflict
had stopped carrying forward the impact of trauma on the next stage of life. There are
many routes in which the conflict could affect the long-standing health exposure of
populace. These have constantly offended the adolescents who are not militants,
nevertheless, the contemporary conflicts are very exploitative. Damaging and
murdering of adolescents is an additional heartlessly and extra analytically compared
to the previous stage (Taylor, 2010, p. 229). Adolescents currently discover themselves
trapped in compound, complex and perplexing wars of many faces that missing the pure
procedure to the solution.
Once the conflict has started, there is a possibility of the “development in
reverse” meaning that people gather resources of no value. There is no single new
structure constructed as a claim of ongoing development, yet all the existing structures
are brought down (Collier, 2007).
Not only that the available resources become valueless but also each of the
central governments do not have the full access to some locations where the
development projects were to be directed. Unknown fear is the order of the day. And
again, each of the military equipment becomes the top priority for the state in war rather
than building roads, bridges, good hospitals, proper facilities for the education of both
lower and higher learning.
The populace was mentally challenged in the sense that one cannot think of
productive work toward personal development or constructive ideas. The kidnapping
of other people’s children, which lead to a reduction of population and occurrent of
sexual Gender Based violence (SGBV) of different forms, is considered as antidevelopmental agents. As quoted by the writer, I mean to say that whatever formerly
exists whether being physical infrastructure must not be in place anymore. This implies
3
that conflicts demolish the infrastructure and human’s wealth, dislocate provision
distribution, where ruling party would sidetrack the communal cash to serve militant,
disorganization of the former effective operational of business and transportation of
substructure, and its prime fluctuation of currency, conflict over material wealth, and
the migration of knowledgeable labors to the refugees’ camps in the neighboring
countries. The report by Colliers (2007) and his colleagues settled on the position that,
wars justification create a wide gap between the least income nations with highest
income within the universe which varies from location to another.
Between 1981 and 2005, an inadequate number of people employed by the
public sector arose from the nations strikes by the fierceness conflict, and it’s clear-cut
significantly in states with insignificant outrage and abruptly in those with minor
ferocity (World Bank, 2011). Wars regularly relapse in the rate of ninety (90%) percent
in the previous tens annuals’ civilian conflicts happened in Republics that had tested at
least violence from 1945 (World Bank, 2011). Hence, the devastation caused by wars
supplies to “conflict traps,” in which countries that are previously underprivileged and
display sheathing personnel advancement are wedged in a series of lingering fights and
deep-rooted shortage.
To consider an example from Europe, wives and children often accompanied
Napoleon’s soldiers on the long marches during the wars fought for France from 1792
to 1815. Though these families usually stayed behind the front lines during a battle,
there was no hiding from the brutal realities of freezing winters, food shortages, or
certainly, injury and death on the battlefield. Over time, young children who were males
became incorporated into the units as military apprentices (Holton, 2011).
In Germany, during the year 2001-2003, the report revealed that the highly
ranked police mistreated and utilized unwarranted power in contradiction to prisoners.
4
There was report about the 1949’s elementary regulation which is stating that “men, on
getting to the age of 18 may be required to serve in the Armed Forces, the Federal
Border Guard or civil defence organization” however; they have the fundamental
pledge to reject serving as soldiers only based on scruples and guarantees the right to
refuse military service on the ground of conscience. The lawful foundation for
recruitment is found in the military rule of service drafted in 1956, it stated that every
male aged 18 must be recruited forcefully to delivery military package.
On the other hand, willing individuals can link themselves to military services
when they have attained the age of 17 years, the must be with the consent of legal parent
or guidance (Maor, 2002). It has been recognized that the international standard ratified
on the rights of the child in the year 1992, it has showed that the local authority voiced
their guilt “under Article 38(2) of the convention even 15-year-old may take a part in
hostilities as soldiers, because this age limit is incompatible with the considerations of
the child’s best interest (Article 3 of the convention)”. It has been acknowledged to the
world that the populace who cannot “make any use the limit of 15 years to place their
claims for the recruitment process.” The global report acknowledged to have registered
300 to 500 combatants immigrated from different nations who lived in Germany were
an unaccompanied minor.
World war II impacted the children and adolescents of many nations. Most
notable, of course, are children of the Holocaust, who were especially targeted for death
because they represented the future of the Jewish people (Holton, 2011, p. 64).
According to a report from the Japanese later at the end of the second world
war, there were some associated forces who had assisted to shape solid foundations of
supremacy, plus involved radical organizations. There is never compulsory
conscription has been in Japan accord to the information of the United Nations ’Board
5
concerning the right of children around 2003 “except for educational institutions, only
those who are 18 years old or over can apply and be recruited into the self-defence
Forces.” There are procedures of recruitment in Japan which stated the measures to be
used to authenticate the candidates mostly to be sure about when they were born. The
Japanese government had stopped the recruitment of any person who exceeded 15 years
old to participate directly or indirectly in hostilities.
In Vietnam, the constitution of 1992 said that “it was a holy obligation and
honorable to true for every nation to protect his/her home village. All citizens can be
able fulfill the military duty and all persons of reasonable ages would voluntarily
conscript themselves to the national forces to render territorial defence” according to
the above constitution (Article 77), which demands that “the entire population should
attempt to protect the communalist Vietnamese hometown to make sure the security for
every person was guaranteed.” This announcement approved the operational Protocol
of December 2001, the authority declared that by this rule it was only with the exception
for all males below the age of 18 years old. Therefore, the individuals whose ages below
18 years old were not supposed to participate in the military’s aggression. However;
’nationals whose age was above 18 years old were reliable to offer service to the
national army as an individual’s duty. Despite the edict of not included adolescents
below the age of 18 years into military activities because when there was an exceptional
issue of an urgent need to safeguarding the sovereignty of nation, power, harmony and
regional truthfulness” these children can help for short term goal. Although there was
a strong commitment made in Vietnam to keep the elementary health and schooling in
the era of conflict, still there were specific places after more affected in the North
Vietnam where there was fierce war and has a lot to do in restoring buildings in a
destroyed location after the time of conflict has tended to lessen the impact of wars
6
(Miguel &Roland 2005). Each year in January, the board and the supplementary
officers plus the executives of professional and high school, are mandated to send the
names of adolescents who were approximately reached the age of 17 years old in that
year to the provincial army general command. This order was being carried out
severally in a year and the time that the number of inhabitants to be called upon to agree
with the administration on some measures. The situation which simplifies the speedy
renewal is not existing in several current breakable nations.
War affects adolescents educationally and morally especially among the
philistine children (Affouneh, 2007). The arrival to the Pacific conflict in Solomon
Island was somehow manifested histrionic effect on all the characteristics of local
socialization. Forced sexual activities and sexual abuse were the biggest blows but with
minimum publication for easy assessment of the psychological impact of war trauma
caused by the war was the truth that it was exposed to the outsiders. Several reports on
sexual abuse equally on adolescent and kids have been rampant as ways of coping with
horrible in the world particularly the Continent of Africa, America and Asia this list of
countries: Afghanistan, Central Africa Republic, Columbia, Myanmar and Syria. There
are tendencies and figures recognized now are expected to be important not to
undervalue of the truth.
Myanmar as a country was known for the forcefully of thousands of adolescent
girls and young boys who may perhaps not return home. The young girls and boys in
Myanmar military barrack persisted be soldiers for the rest of their lives according to
the information found. The combatants of ages 12 to 18 years were being recruited
against their will to become part of the cruel living situation and being subjected to
beating. Closely political and armed factions conscripted to their camp children where
many of them predicted to had been promoted to seniorities which sustained their stay
7
in the camp. According to the UN CAAC information show that around the later in the
1990s to 2000s, sexual harassment has been persistent and considered to the avenue of
tribal emptying, plus some in the country of Burundi, Chad, South Sudan, and this in
Burundi, Chad, Sudan, and the ongoing tendency has been shown in Balkans and
Lebanon as happening in many locations. The adolescent and children who live the
refugees camp and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are becoming defenceless
mostly who got abducted and sexually misused as slaves.
According to the report of Burundi, the acceptable age is being discussed but
their verbal agreement is ranging from the age of 16-year-old. On the other hand, the
country’s authority declared to the General Secretary representative for adolescents and
children affected by arm and war to increase this lowest age up to 18 years old to fit the
obligatory conscription as passed in 1990. The adolescents/minor who served the
military were conscripted by force to the national armed group to become experts for
war on the battlefield. The foremost recruited minor into the military gives the idea of
having stopped; furthermore, many adolescent and kids are frequently very small to be
conscripted as soldiers symbolizing the act of damaging the future of the nation. They
are very small and surprisingly being conscripted without them agreeing, while they
are subjected to become bodyguards, unmotivated military intelligence, gatekeepers’
loaders and cooks.
In 2004 children whose age was less than ten years nonstop abused as home
workers for senior commanders in Burundi and the DRC. The Republic of Congo as
part of their jobs description to authority and army group. War in Burundi has affected
adolescence and children (Bundervoet, Verwimp, & Akresh, 2009a). The report
revealed a number greater than a million population of a human being were murdered
due to the activities of arm struggle in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in
8
1998. This exploitative way of country’s natural resources and financial Exploitation
of natural and financial capitals fueled the ongoing war and conflict and order people
morally harassed, especially the local people who live in Eastern and North part of
Congo. Around December 2003, it was reported that three points four (3.4) million
were not able to go back to their residences. This is heartbreaking when seeing the usage
of “child soldiers” the maximum life-threatening thinking is to realize that about
30.000 adolescents and kids range from age seven experience how to fight or else stay
in the military barracks of 9 different factions in the country (McMullen et al., 2013a).
In 2004 in the month of February, approximately nine hundred minor combatants were
told to stop serving in the army by the authority with help of NGOs who managed to
release 1000 young children to be reintegrated to their previous homes. The report came
from the Democratic Republic of Congo former combatants’ partnership, they testified
that 4,522 progenies boys and 121 progenies girls were disbanded form the Force
Armies Congolese (FAC) and armed faction in Bukavu, Bunia, Goma, Kalemie, Kasai,
Kinshasa and Kivu in 2004 dated March.
Re-recruitment was from head to foot and the description of March 2003, a
partnership associate mentioned that “the re-recruitment of 19 children by an RDC_ML
commander from one of its transit centres”(Mullins & Rothe, 2008). Approximately,
fifty percent from Mai-Mai faction fighters were predicted as less than 18 years old and
the majority of these have reported as below the age of fifteen. This populace was
possibly shimmering growth in the incorporation of frequency and the writing of sexual
abuse in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Within 2003 only, around two
hundred and fifty young ladies in a location named South Kivu in the Democratic
Republic of Congo (DRC) demand clinical involvement to mend the damage done by
the rapist who terribly causes this growth to rise to the tip. The Broadcast to be aired
9
out from the Democratic Republic of Congo was rare unless an extermination brands
the frontpage (Moss, Petrie, & Petrie, 2005).
From the year 2001 to 2002, an indefinite number of adolescents under age of
18 years old and extra associate of Zaghawa tribe was conveyed to applied compulsory
recruitments into a military camp in the Northern part Chad who assigned on the fierce
battleground. In the middle of the month of March 2002, out of the one hundred people
who were detained in the capital city N’Djamena, the physically abused as the result
were relocated to gendarmeries station about one kilometer toward the north of
N’Djamena. In the middle of fear of being recruited from the prisoners “disappear” with
the condition of the Chadian confinement facility, the association of human right
assemblies demonstrated to the detention. In the duration of twenty-one days, everyone
in the detention was free or run away. The Chadian soldiers perceived to have involved
national armies to rescue military faction of commander-in-chief Francis Bozize to
Chadian combatants, believed to include government soldiers, helped an armed group
led by General Francois Bozize to take over the Central Africa Republic during the
leadership of President Agne-Flex Patase around March in the year 2003. Beneath the
authority of the president Patase, the government mentioned that they would put a
policy in place to guide conscription of underaged, whereas explicitly err out that the
conscription of minor can have long term psychological pain while recruiters justify
themselves as the minor has no identification and birth registration. Around February
in the year 2003, the boys who were begging on the road whose ages range between
twelve to fifteen were and 15 were apparently conscripted through the orders issued by
the French rapacious who advised the President Patase into force to strengthen MLC
units. General Bozize forces include child soldiers. Offspring whose age around fifteen
years old and above 15 and above allegedly conscripted to the military faction. The
10
unskilled can be dangerous because they could have plundered and devoted themselves
to abuse of human rights. Others combatants who joined military forces at the end child
soldiers were integrated into government forces after the rebellion, for example, a boy
of 17 years old by the name Eric Mbelenga got promotion to the ranks of sergeant in
October 2003 as a reward to his loyalty to the command (Lynch, 2013).
In Comoros, at the end three years treaty which designed to countrywide and
reunion, the modern regulation agreed 2002 in March, this was meant to bring into
peaceful coexistence the three Islands namely Anjouan, Grande Comore and Moheli.
The news is very rare about concerning politicians who own military factions and the
procedures of conscription performs. The existence of more factions around Anjouan
sated to be well equipped, plus guerilla, independent militant and civil factions. These
2 different factions in Anjouan definitely conscripted children whose age range are
from 13 to 16 years old throughout civil unrest which ceased in the year (Maor, 2002).
A report of conflict in Eretria has raised the global statistics saying that 60,000
individuals including children stayed in Internally Displaced person camp (IDPs) in the
year 2004 due the border dispute between the above country and the neighboring
country of Ethiopian that ceased in 2000. Nevertheless, the December 2000 agreement
which was fully inked, the forced armed deal prolonged, with the aggression capturing
accompanied by the imprisonment and mistreatment. The same scenario of Central
Africa Republic has been repeated on street adolescent and children who fall below the
ages of 18 years old were labour laden in several armies’ barracks. Although the
conscription of adolescent below the ages of 18 years old to become members of
military factions was banned with the effect from 1/1/1991. As the assessment being
conducted on psychological desires on Eritrean from 2001 to 2002, it revealed some of
the protection issues which the young people were exposed to which need proper
11
intervention to mitigate the signs and symptoms of PTSD responses on the adolescents
being assessed.
The histories from 2 past combatants who ran away from Eritrea in the year
2002 evidenced that they were recruited by force when they were 15 years old around
30% of young militants at Sawa Camp reached to the age of 18 years old when they left
because of mistreatment they went through by using the law of jungle to overwork, rule,
imprison and punish severely (Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2004). When
Eritrea got arm power, and the administration of Ethiopia altered toward the finished in
the 1990s, therefore, Eritrea became an independent country by April 1993. The
independent was not the cessation of hostility between the Ethiopian and Eritrea mostly
the border dispute demarcation was another major issue However, tensions with
Ethiopia remained and eventually resulted in an intense border dispute in 1998. The
statistics showed that around 250000 individuals live in the Internally Displaced Camp
who primarily in 2 years erratic war, brutal conflict erupted over around 2000 in May
after the Ethiopian forces entered unfathomable to the land of Eritrean which caused
displacement of one million individuals.
There was never been information concerning the below 18 years old portioned
to the military barrack in Kenya. As the country recognized that there is danger of
conscripting juvenile, nevertheless, due to the nonexistence of the actual arrangement
recordkeeping from the date of birth. The unlawful force ended up of included
adolescents whose lives were in danger because they associated themselves to
devastating political ideology as children who had that unique affiliation. A research
conducted on adolescents and war originated that kids’ involvement in such a wrong
faction was exaggerated living under income level societies. According to news err by
12
the police department has acknowledged that 50 adolescents voluntarily left the Nairobi
to stay in Mungiki camp in 2004 from January to March.
The supreme law of Sudan granted compulsory conscription in the year 1998:
the rule said, “every citizen shall defend the country and respond to the call for national
service.” For an individual to succeed in high school certificate or the Sudan School
certificate, it required that the quality for entry to any University, boys whose ages are
between 17 and 18 years old must join military for a period of 12 to 18 months under
non-negotiable command, the 1997 verdict was actively implemented in all armed force
until the year 2003. The military aggression in Darfur force recruited children around
age 14 years old to serve in both police and army. The conscription which took place
among adolescent and children aged as young as 9 from their villages. After when
Sudan became an independent country on 1/1/1956, the suffering of South Sudanese
never ceased due to the ideology of marginalization and the unequal distribution of the
resources.
The civil unrest continued to spread wider and the locals became hostile. On the
9/7/2011, the potential of becoming a sovereign nation was realized and immediately
war broke out in December 2013 against the prestigious level of the country. This
happened after nine years of peaceful coexistence followed the Comprehensive Peace
agreement with the government of Sudan to end the war lasted for 21 years January
2005 between the SPLA struggle and the Sudanese Islamic state. Despite the nine years
of peaceful co-existence but the inter-ethnic war never stopped in some rural areas due
to the lack of commitment from leaders who were supposed to heal the trauma of
twenty-one years of war. Therefore, adduction of children and disruptor of personal
belonging. In July 2016 fighting, adolescence girls suffered physical assaults and sexual
violence as rape, gang-rape and sexual assaults. UNMISS documented 217 victims of
13
sexual violence which were committed against adolescence girls around a different part
of the city of Juba as the report said to be within the range 8th to 25th July 2016.
Most of the issues in relating to the experience of victims who witnessed
physical abuse and reported that those who did the abuse were either fully armed with
military uniform or police dress coat. Witnesses and victims interviewed and reported
that they were also often robbed, beaten up, harassed and verbally abused by soldiers
and other security officers at these checkpoints and at other locations in the city (Sriram,
Martin-Ortega, Herman, Martin-Ortega, & Herman, 2017).
Looking back to the history of South Sudan, intellectuals share some common
ideas about their own peace and stability before the entry of colonialists. It was
generally considered that each community had its own self-government. War was not
mentioned among people because no ruler who should come from afar or had any claim
to rule others. In the last 70s years ago, British governance decided to combine
heterogeneous groups under one name, hence wars were implanted in people hearts.
The system of governance and democracy brought power struggle among the armies’
groups which leads to refugees and displacement of local citizens. Many death tales
were the order of the day. Recruitment of adolescents into army forces became more.
In the Republic of South Sudan, the report claimed that approximately around 17000
adolescents were said to be found serving in the national army under the command of
the president Salva, meanwhile his supporters who own their separate camps and the
opposition armies said have recruited 2500 to 5000 warlords in the name of SPLA-IO
in the year 2014. Although the government claimed to release above 16000 adolescents
yet there is no evidence to prove because the conscription is still going on in many of
the SPLA IG controlled areas. None of the above claims can be proved when the regime
and those supporters are busy conscripting adolescents in the Northern of Upper Nile
14
and Bentiu town. The places where the mass conscription is happening are Western
Eastern Equatoria, Northern and Western and Upper Nile where all the aggressions
uncountable. Around the oil-producing areas, Khartoum Sudan and some slum
locations where adolescents were purportedly conscripted to reinforce the legitimate
regime against the opposition power, the militias factions got their own group to be
trained in separate for donation to the government as they tried to build a strong
relationship. There is no peaceful coexistence between the local people and the
government because sometimes the soldiers end up attacking them to grasp all they
have for life.
In the Republic of South Sudan coercive internally battle insolvent started in
December 2013 after a period of the tense situation within the major party of SPLA in
the Capital city of Juba, each armed faction expressed their own loyalty to a leader
namely the president and his former deputy who created a gap between the two groups.
This fierce blowout quickly amongst several securities and militaries who resided with
the city of Juba, the devastation the entire regions and the outcome of murdering
thousands of citizens during the limited periods. The fueling factor of this conflict was
the ethnic support from the tribe where person comes, the understanding of tribalism
made each soldier be annexed to a leader. The broadcast of the growth blowout very
fast, and revengeful conflict happened in Bor Jonglei, Unity and the Upper States
triggering the Sudan People Liberation Army (SPLA) to split.
Regardless of the endorsed the termination of conflict in South Sudan where the
well-being of girls and the peace of mind continued to be shaky. This inexperienced
nation had undertaken security to safeguard good and the privileges covering every
person where all the rules will be protecting female gender (Johnson-Freese, 2018).
15
The law of Uganda which was drafted in the year 1995 demands all the natives
(Article 17) stated that all Ugandans must render national service if it was possible.
Nevertheless, Uganda Defense Force presented the mandible to the parliament board at
the beginning of the year 2004 AD which did not clarify the actual years to be
acceptable for army training. This was responding to the conscription of a series of
recruitment of below 18 years old in the month of May 2003, given the proof of this
conscription of adolescent to the levels of systematic military faction. The United
Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) gave evidence that an adolescent boy aged 15 years
old and a girl of 14 years old were found residing in Military camp in Northern Uganda.
The report from UNICEF around November 2003 indicated that the government also
have some weaknesses by allowing the conscription of adolescents to take place
officially. The clearer evident was that 120 conscripts from the sample size of 1200
were found in Lugore center for military training perhaps whose ages were ranging
below 18 years old. The government tried to defend their position by reporting the
release of all those who were found below the age of 18 years old not to maintained to
serve in the armed force. These adolescents were not recruited by the government but
only rescued from the Lord Resistance Army (LRA). The abduction of adolescents
whose ages are 13 years old, made it sometimes harder to understand their role in
military activities. These adolescents may not necessarily be utilized as active
participants in the army but the spies to trace the exact location of LRA and become the
bodyguards well. The President of the Republic of Uganda Yoweri Kaguta Museveni
in March 2004 said it publicly dismissing the accusation made against his government
by the parents of adolescents concerning the ages of their children, yet the parents could
enjoy the salaries earned by these people whom they called minors. Meanwhile the law
put it very clear that adolescents aged 16 years old “were entitled to be protected from
16
economic exploitations or social exploitation and should not be employed in or
requirement of performing duty that was likely to be dangerous or to interfere with their
education or to harmful to their health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social
development” according to the (Article 34). The psychological state of the abovedescribed age group had been affected greatly due to the uncomfortable situation they
experience. This means that the link between a war crime and the psychological effect
of trauma caused by war was ever a huge blow. The (DSM-IV), defines PTSD by its
characteristics: “The development of symptoms due to the exposure to an extreme
traumatic stressor,” and the description of symptoms include the following:
A). “Experiencing a traumatic event in which the life of self or other is
threatened with death or injury and the individual feels fear, helpless or horror.
B). The traumatic event is re-experienced in one or more of these ways:
intrusive recollection of the event, dreams of the events; a sense of reliving the
experience; psychological distress at cues that symbolize some aspect of the
traumatic event; physiological response to the cues representing as of traumatic
events.
C). Avoidance of stimuli associated with a traumatic event or a numbing of
responsiveness as indicated by three or more of the following: avoidance
thoughts, feelings or conservation associated with the event; avoidance of
activities, places, people that are associated with the traumatic events; inability
to recall important aspects of trauma; diminished interest in significant
activities; restricted range of affect; sense of foreshortened future.
D). Symptoms of increased arousal indicated by two of the following: difficulty
sleeping; outbursts of anger; difficulty concentrating; hypervigilance;
exaggerated startled response.
E). Duration of the disturbance for more than one month.
F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational or other functioning” (Holton, 2011, pp. 88–89).
17
In this research, I, therefore, investigated the psychological impact of trauma
caused by the war on Refugee adolescents at the Whitaker Peace and Development
Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Military aggression coupled with civilian wars has been a common thing in
some African countries such as Sudan. For instance, from 1955 up to date, Sudan, in
general, has been known as a leading country for all the conscriptions of adolescents
into becoming soldiers in those tender ages. As the adolescents continue being engaged
in war, little was acknowledged on trauma these young people were subjected to
pointing to the fact was clear that the adolescence alone is normally a period of stress
and storm. These adolescents find serious challenges in coping with the traumatic
events and this may lead to developing of posttraumatic stress disorder among other
comorbid disorders which impact negatively on the mental health of these adolescents.
Many refugee adolescents at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre
in Bweyale Camp-Uganda who originated from various parts of South Sudan, and
somehow became victims of war. Nevertheless, the male adolescents were used in the
military to fight during the fragile periods in South Sudan and Sudan. The social
workers in this camp have complained that majority of these adolescents complain of
difficulty concentrating, difficulty making a decision, dissociation, hypervigilance,
intrusive images, lessened awareness, memory problems or poor attention, nightmares
and among other symptoms. An urgent intervention, therefore, needs to be put in place
to avoid a looming crisis among these adolescents.
Like many adolescents, the researcher’s direct and indirect service in the
military made him vulnerable to trauma caused by the war which has been affecting
him negatively from the onset of age 14 years old as a child soldier. It is shocking that
18
these adolescents become rebellious against authorities, look confused, and involve
themselves in the use of dangerous drugs which lead to defiant behavior in the refugees’
community. Therefore, there is a great need to help this population group since they
form the next generation. War crimes that have been committed against adolescents,
such as killings of people in their presents, sexual abuses, neglect, and exploitations are
among the reasons for the adolescents to become traumatized and yet there is neither
plan nor intervention which has taken place.
Although several researches had been carried out on the psychological impact
of trauma among adults, there were limited studies carried out among adolescents who
had served as child soldiers and we were living in refugee camps. The psychological
impact of trauma caused by the war on adolescents is, therefore, a critical gap that
warrants an investigation.
This study, therefore, will investigate the impact of trauma caused by the war
on Refugees adolescents at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in
Bweyale Camp-Uganda and make the necessary recommendations.
1.4 Main Objective of the Study
The main objective of this research was to investigate the psychological effect
of trauma caused by the war on Refugee adolescents at the Whitaker Peace and
Development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
1.4.1 The Specific Objectives of this Research
The specific objectives of this study were to:
1) Determine the prevalence of adolescents affected by the impact of trauma
caused by the war on Refugee adolescents at the Whitaker Peace and
Development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
19
2) Establish the input of Humanitarian agencies in dealing with trauma among
refugee adolescents subjected to war at Whitaker Peace and Development
Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
3) Assess the effect of psychological trauma caused by the war on refugee
adolescents Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in Bweyale
Camp-Uganda.
1.5 Research Questions (RQs)
This study was directed by the subsequent questions:
1. What is the prevalence of adolescents affected by the effect of psychological
trauma caused by war at the Whitaker Peace and Development Training
Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda?
2. What role do Humanitarian play in dealing with psychological trauma caused
by the war on adolescents at the Whitaker Peace and Development Training
Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda?
3. What are the psychological effects of trauma caused by the war on refugee
adolescents at the Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in
Bweyale Camp-Uganda?
1.6 Significance of the Study
To legalize this declaration that all development is innate of investigation. Uncertainty
is ever so often healthier than extreme boldness, for it leads to the examination and
analysis that leads to the invention is a well-known Hudson Maxim in context of which
the implication of survey may sound and be perceived. The study usually teaches
logical and providing evidence to discern and it encourages the growth of a reasonable
and thoughtful way of association. The role of this study could be applied in several
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fields as psychology, whether related to counseling, and be consumed seriously to
amplified it in the contemporary era.
This study was originally conducted for the close enquiry to gain support to the
psychosocially affected individual and the role of humanitarians’ agency being
national, international non-governmental organizations. This research has its special
worth to solve different functioning and preparation to solving difficulties brought by
the psychological effect of trauma caused by the war on refugee adolescents in order to
receive psychological healing. This study will be likewise vital to the social scientist in
reviewing common affairs for the solutions to many community glitches. This study
offered the academic gratification of eloquent to uncommon effects of unbiased for the
sake of fact and apply usefulness for the social expert to identify for the sake of ability
to demonstrate to some degree.
The beneficiaries of this research were main the humanitarian agencies, the
Refugees leaders as well the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) in collaboration with
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The individuals
refugee adolescents would understand themselves as the general population. It was also
a helpful road map to the other researchers who would be moved by the situation of
refugees in the camp.
The adolescents were able to acknowledge some losses they incurred during
their exposure to trauma caused by war and the other kinds of inhumane treatment
related to their status while in the Camp. The specific need of adolescents for services
like psycho-education and mental health program to help improve their psychosocial
life. The adolescents were able to address traumas and the losses to each other without
fear of what had taken place in the individual’s life. Apart from this refugees Camp at
Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda, the same
21
research’s results will be used to address the challenges the refugees are going through
in several refugees’ camps in Eastern region of Africa and the other parts of the globe.
This research results would mainly address the psychological effect of trauma caused
by the war on refugees’ adolescents by understanding how they are going through
trauma psychologically that requires a proper transition from being a militant to be
reunited with a community of less affected trauma caused by war. Besides the refugees’
adolescents who never wanted to go for cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), who will
also realize how cognitive therapy work in the life of people who had experienced such
losses.
1.7 Purpose of the Study
This research examines the impacts of trauma caused by the war on adolescents at the
Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda among
the select individuals. This learning was necessitated by taking data from adolescents
who witnessed war and conflict.
1.8 Assumptions for The Study
1) There were adolescents whose ages 13-19 years old at Whitaker Peace and
Development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
2) The psychological effect trauma caused by war on adolescents aged 13-19 years
old at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp.
3) The adolescents involved in war activities voluntarily gave true data.
4) The Humanitarians and governmental organization allowed the researcher to
collect data without opposition.
1.9 The Scope of the Study
This research was carried out at the Whitaker Peace and Development Training
Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda among 77 individuals who were refugee adolescents.
22
The research respondents were adolescents aged 13-19 years old who were directly or
indirectly involved in war. The study was completed in two months. This study was
mainly on the impact of trauma caused by war on adolescents aged 13-19 years old at
Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre.
1.10 Limitations and Delimitations of the Research
There were more refugees camp located in Northern Uganda, however; due to
the limited resources available to conduct the research, the researcher could not conduct
super research. The amount of time for the research was also not enough. There was a
high level of anxiety displayed by the females as they did not want a mixed group. This
indicates that the level of trustworthiness during the data collection was somehow
affected due to the cultural perspective; which was incompatible with the study so that
results cannot be generalized. Therefore, not every camp in the world can use the results
of this study to assess their trauma with the reference to Bweyale. There were financial
constraints during the research process was a major challenge to the researcher. The
residence permit became an obstacle though handled amicably with the local authority.
The language which was used to formulate the research tools was somehow
difficult for the primary school pupils and secondary students who were not aware of
the technical terms apply to the field of Psychology.
1.11 Definitions of Terms
Adolescent: according to the context of this research adolescent is defined as a
period that begins at puberty at about 13 years to 21 years old of age. The adolescent is
defined as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood. This period is full of
stress and storm. Hall described it as a new birth, for the higher and fully human
qualities are now born.
23
Cause: is defined as a person or thing that makes something to happen. It is also a
reason for having a feeling or behaving in a particular way.
Impact: is defined as a measure of the touchable and immaterial results of one
things or entity’s action influence upon another.
Refugee: the term “refugee” raises up a blend of miserable descriptions of
influential theoretically who is or who is not. A refugee is a person who runs due to
life-threatening condition/situation in the homeland. “The predominant, generation-old
conception advanced by international instruments, municipal statutes, and scholarly
treaties identifies the refugee as a person who has crossed an international border
because of a well-founded fear of persecution” (Shacknove, 1985)
Trauma: the word ‘trauma’ comes from the Greek term for ‘wound’. It is a scary
or worrying action that might in biopsychosocial damage or wound. Therefore, trauma
always refers to an experience that is emotionally painful, stressful or shocking, which
often results in lasting mental and physical effects from 3 days to 30 days. It is defined
by experts in different ways as follow; is an undergoing through a serious injury to self
or witnessing serious injury or death of someone else. Exposure to threats of serious
injury or death to self or others. It is a mental condition caused by severe shock,
especially when the harmful effects last for a long time. It is an unpleasant experience
that makes you feel upset and anxious.
War: It is a situation in which two or more countries or group of people fight
against each other over a period.
1.12 Summary
This chapter of the research comprised of the introduction, background of the
study, statement of the problem of study, General and the specific objectives, the
research questions (RQs), the significance or justification of the study, the assumption
24
of the study, the scope of the study, limitation and delimitation of the study, definition
of key terms and the summary of the chapter. The following Chapter two focus on
theoretical approach, literature review, and conceptual framework.
25
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the theoretical approaches, the literature review, and the
conceptual framework.
2.2 Theoretical Approach
This study was guided by the Eclectic approach developed by Grab Bag; this is the type
of eclecticism comprised of varieties of theories and techniques together with the
simple rationale “let’s use everything and everyone”(Kazantzis, Reinecke, & Freeman,
2009). An eclectic approach is the most popular form of therapy and It is basically a
combination where the therapist brings all the techniques from different schools of
psychology.
The constructivist self-development theory gives an approach for the orderly
assessment and real treatment of three parts of the self that are affected by trauma such
as self-capacities, the ability and regulate self-esteem. This theory has been developed
within the context of our professional commitment to studying and treating survivors
of a variety of traumatic events. For example, rape, childhood sexual and physical
abuse, war, domestic violence, other crimes, chronic illness, accidents, and other
serious stressors” (McCann & Pearlman, 2015). This theory was developed by
Pearlman in 1992. It was mainly meant for clinical assessment of the traumatized
population.
The researcher also incorporates the cognitive behavioral approaches and
rational-emotive therapy which was developed by Albert Ellis. He became traumatized
26
because he was hospitalized nine times in his childhood. This is how we perceives,
evaluates, learn, think, decide, and offer solution.
Humanistic psychoanalysis theory Erich Fromm. This psychologist Fromm was
exposed to war activities at the age of 14 years old. Although he was too young to
participate in war but also too little sense to be overwhelmed by the foolishness of the
German patriotism he watched on the first war I. His awareness of the terrible situation
brought him to the similar perception that the British and French whose illogical
thinking once prone him to troublesome questions: He asked that what can cause a
normal minded person and peace-loving society converted to have idea of murdering,
and being courageous enough to face death? when the war ended in 1918, I was a deeply
troubled young man who was obsessed by the question of how possible it is, the wished
to understand the irrationality of human mass behavior, by a passionate desire for peace
and intentional understanding.
When Fromm was an adolescent, the writing of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud
motivated him deeply while the differences between the two individuals who acted as
a stimulated bar. Fromm started to relate some enquiry to the issue of their strengths of
the two structures when he conducted his own studies. “my main interest was clearly
mapped out. I wanted to understand the laws that govern the life of individual man, and
the laws of society” (B, Ewen, & Ewen, 2014).
Erik Erickson theory of psychosocial explained that any person reached the
adolescent's stage would love to investigate the world. The one who succeeds
negotiated the healthy social life with identify to progress a logic of reliability while
the one never successfully passed healthy this milestone may not fit and remained in
confusion when he/she is supposed to take role and responsibility in life. In a sense,
adolescence is the toddler stage of adulthood. The adolescent would love to move away
27
from their mum and dad. This is because when the adolescence experience rapid
changes in physical development and in verbal dexterity. Their physical changes
deceive them to voluntary services in the military while they are still young mentally.
Learning to be independent and this is dangerous for their lives simply because they
feel like to join any group to explore the world. The adolescents are looking toward a
sense of belonging and the definition has so common as an individual is unique. Erikson
has identity achievement versus role confusion which involves adolescents, balancing
between selecting a single self-versus trying out many possible selves. The religious
identity, gender identity to recognize the role of man in the society where the young
men would love to participate in every activity the adult males are involved. The
adolescence will ask himself how I can be a man without show my manhood by serving
the military. Political/ethnic identity remember, during the adolescence period the
young people are aware of which political party they support and the ethnic group they
belonged. Vocational identity as the only career adolescence is to fight. The adolescent
pushes the limits until parents say “no” to protect them.
Hall had been considered as an inventor of the early psychology researched on
an adolescent who used the scientific approaches. Although Hall identified that puberty
normally starts at the onset of the 12 to 22 or 13 to 25 years old. Despite this fact brought
by Hall but the majority of cultures agreed on the period of the adolescent as from 13
to 21 years old. Hence, he described this period of adolescence as “Sturm und Drang,”
meaning “storm and stress.” He, therefore, confirmed that all life issues come because
of conflict during the adolescence stage of life.
This psychologist named Rank jagged on crucial of the past if it interferes with
human’s daily performances Rank criticized Freud’s duel more on the past event which
28
he considers to be kept in the unconscious brain. He went on an investigation
concerning the position of adolescent growth contained in the conscious and “will.”
The theory cognitive-behavior theory (CBT). This theory is based on the cognitive
model of emotional response. It is based concept that our thinking, feeling, and
behaviors are internal. The achievement of this truth is that we can change the way we
think, feel and act in a better manner a midst of a horrible situation.
2.3.The Prevalence of Adolescents Affect Psychological Effect of Trauma
The previous study done in Uganda acknowledged the highest leveled prevalence
frequency of PTSD was described among populace attributed to three communities who
inhabited the West Nile region in the Republic of Uganda as discussed below; the
nationals of Sudan had (44.6%), the immigrants from South Sudan (50.5%), and the
people of the Republic of Uganda (22.2%). This was an indicator of a higher percentage
of the trauma impact was normally manifest through PTSD in comparison to other
symptoms on people who experienced. The number was prophesied to raise up among
sufferers of the trauma as more researches being planned to notice the consistency of
PTSD.
The populace who were affected by PTSD showed the strongest manifestation
of avoidance similarly with re-experiencing the proceeding interrelated signs, however;
the number was feebler and still, there is a substantial hyperarousal group. The finding
concurred with the increased traumatic and the signs about the relationship between
avoidance and re-experience. Mollica was not able to answer the linkage of the signs
of avoidance as it is conflicting. This could probably be the misinterpretation of the
tools used for PTSD test which created the gap among the avoidance, depression
process.
29
Those who experience PTSD in one occurrent can be greater than a half of people
experienced a series of trauma. The potential traumatic situation is unavoidable which
results in PTSD. The midst life affected the psychological situation, yet research reveals
the individual level of ability to come back to the normal after the PTSD may be
unpredictable. The charted conducted among the 3 populaces above revealed that
individual who was interviewed displayed at least twenty-eight to more dissimilar
trauma signs of PTSD. More so in populace divided by conflict the adding up of
traumatic edge greatly impact the life of smaller number as the researchers
acknowledged. Nonetheless, the outcome revealed anyone can have chronic PTSD as
long there is high exposure to traumatic experiences. The psychological health of the
target has repeated as the deterioration of the additive trauma occurs. There are ways
of mitigation of traumatic exposures as far as the symptoms before its occurrence are
obviously seen. It is far better to identify who can escape the traumatic situation the
psychological motivations are a concern. The research carried out scrutinized if the
populace affected by the conflict can only be traumatized rest on uncontrolled exterior
influences instead to seek safety (Neuner et al., 2004).
2.4 The Psychological Effect of Trauma Caused by War on Refugee Adolescents.
It is generally, known to some extent that war cause trauma adolescents. This was a
simple reality. The vulnerability of adolescents as a result of rape, death, mutilation,
lack of food and high leveled of exposure to military activities which lead to aggression
(Holton, 2011, p. 63). There also several levels where people who were exposed to
discrimination of different kinds in the place they immigrated seek asylum. The gender
inequality, the family combining and lack of emergency intervention to mitigate the
continuous PTSD, depression, mental challenge and the health-related disability. Life
for some months or years in the refugees’ camp has a greater connection with the more
30
severe psychological commotion of the effect that may continue for an average number
of years before leaving the settlement (Steel et al., 2006).
For example; the country like South Sudan in Africa has the major problem of
different ethnic competing over the power by mean of armed struggle and aggression.
There is some presses release who stressed back the historical and geographical of the
countries in need of true justice. This was during the Ottoman and medieval period; the
Europeans did not usher the black skills of solving the dispute without a gun. Politics
and powers were made the priority and goal to strive for as it appears our talk in daily
language.
It’s evident that any childhood or adolescent trauma lead to future psychological
instability as reported by the United States. Experiencing sexual activities, the killing
of loved ones, conflict in communities and living with a physical disability. It's
acknowledged that “children who suffer from child traumatic stress are those children
who have been exposed to one or more traumas over the course of their lives and
develop reactions that persist and affect their daily lives after the traumatic events have
ended” (Helton, Smith, & Smith, 2014).
Therefore, the reactions of an adolescent who has been made traumatize are
seeming to be different depending on age. In most case among the adolescence, they
express feelings of fear, guilt and isolation. The adolescents who have been exposed to
war trauma are prospective to drop out of school frequently and manifest deviant
character in the house, or else become addicted to drugs like cigarettes, a substance like
drinking and danger to self and others. The search revealed that adolescents with a
mental health challenge might probably be affected by Posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Most Africa child soldiers must be possessed the higher prevalence of
posttraumatic stress disorder because of wars. Among other results, brutality is
31
depression and aggression in social relation. The adolescents who serve in the armed
force find it hard to be reunited into families, communities to be resettled rather
continue to live the camp.
There is a huge challenge in bringing back the combatants’ adolescents because
would demand the holistic right to the following necessities like economic status, longterm social interaction, educational access and political right.
While the core of disarmament for UNICEF is to ensure that, the mental and academic
needs are met in the life of combatant (UNICEF, 2005a). There are two major services
which are usually affected more by the war which is the education and health sector of
the country. Therefore, when the vulnerable adolescents are being exposed to infection
during the conflict with STDs and HIV/AIDS in the military and the Internally
Displaced Persons camp (IDPs) yet medical intervention to maintain their lives. The
sexual abuse and assaults beyond tolerant among females’ adolescents in war-affected
areas and unable to access medical intervention (UNICEF, 2005b, p. 19). Many people
either being murdered of being sick are account for conflict because they would have
sought medication during peaceful movement. As it is well known all over the world
that key facility is health which is sometimes the first get damage in military aggression.
The survey of households and demographic conducted in 2001 by the United Nations
Population Fund reveal that at least 50% of the Burundians population experienced
displacement between 1994 and 2000 because of war (UNFPA 2002).
The displacement can cause people even to shift the season because they could
not access the fields in the bush when the inhabitants run for safety (UNFPA, 2002)
and (Bundervoet, Verwimp, & Akresh, 2009b). The destruction of all business centers
has deteriorated the life of adolescents. The poor living condition in every camp which
is overcrowd and with no clean drinking water and no proper toilets (HRW, 2000). In
32
line with Carruth’s explorations, it can be assumed that part of traumatic memory will
be denied upon its effects. Still, recurrence of trauma persists against this denial.
Integrated into the survivor’s mind and thought, the bitter memories appear in the form
of symptoms like nightmares, hallucinations, depression, and anxiety (Sadjadi &
Esmkhani, 2016).
2.5 The Input of Humanitarian Agencies to Deal with Trauma on Adolescents
It was in the year 1994, the United Nations reported that about 85,078 refugees live in
the camp of Nepal. There were many immigrants in this world seek places in the
developed countries from the developing nations. The world immigrants’ supporter is
not satisfied with the protection, food, human right and dignity for the future. In
contrast, “refugees living in the West are more likely to face problems related to asylum
status and acculturation”(Shrestha et al., 1998). War offers a tragic but interesting
dilemma for young people; it offers a painful predicament: - the problem of responding
to the paternalism of war if we accept that wars are primarily in the control of men;the problem of coping with the stresses of war for those who are being nurtured and
those need nurturance (McNamee, 1994).
From the onset of 1990, a substantial part of the Southern Bhutanese populace
pursued refuge in India and Nepal. According to the mainstream collection in Southern
Bhutan, these were called Lhotsampas. They reported the fear of harassment when they
were leaving the countries legitimate regime officers and intelligence armed treated the
Lhotsampas badly (Shrestha et al., 1998).
The commander of the war in Bosnia had gathered data claiming that more than
3100 war crime committed members were listed, and about 220000 individuals were
identified as war victims, the number of people murdered and the one who were counted
to be 75000 names, within these statistics it was reported that 329 mass burial was
33
conducted. The news revealed that more than eight hundred townships were completely
exterminated, and about 20000 females were sexual abuse during this conflict (Nelson,
2003).
This was one of the fierce painful impacts of conflict on humanity. It was also
reported that a number of adolescents have been kidnapped and conscripted into the
armed faction. Their ages did not qualify them to serve as combatants both boys and
girls who were made to be messengers, spies, doorkeepers, coalfield cleaners, and sex
slaves when they are supposed to be school (McMullen et al., 2013a).
2.7 Conceptual Framework
This figure below illustrates the connection between these three variables namely;
dependent, extraneous and independent, variables. This relationship as seen in the
structure in relation to your topic of research mainly variables.
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
•
•
Adolescents who
experienced War
Psychological
effect on
adolescents
Confounders Variables
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gender
Age
Education
Duration in
Camp
Living
Condition
Marital Issues
As some research confirmed that, it is true that there is a correlation between the impact
of war and trauma on adolescent. This is as well the intervening variables. Therefore, I
am not saying all traumas are the impacts of war. Hence, some of those who are affected
34
by their gender, access to education, age, duration in camp, living condition while in
refugees camp, and marital issue in the family. The diagram above shows the
relationship among variables, or trauma caused by refugee adolescents in the internal
displace Person and Refugees camp. There were several environmental factors where
the refugee adolescents and internally Displaced persons (IDPs) living condition was
not conducive for them stay. There were refugee adolescents’ girls’ victims of all
violence because traumatized warlord who was men can result in rape with gunpoint
when they were not ready for intercourse. Being females made almost every girl's
victim because of gender. There was also an element of struggle to feed children and
family while in refugee.
2.8 Summary
This chapter reviewed related work around the impact of trauma caused by war on
refugee adolescents. This chapter as well reviewed theoretical and conceptual
framework. The literature was arranged in line with my three specific objectives of the
research.
35
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN
3.0 Introduction
This subdivision discussed the research methodology and design plus entry
procedure, population sampling size, data collection, data analysis, entry procedure,
research instruments, instrument validation and verification and ethical considerations
that were used to conduct this research and be able to establish a rigour searching during
the study. Research design is required for the smooth running of the variety of the study
process, hence make the study effective to produce reliable data with the less expensive
struggle which most of it shortens the period and resources (Kothari & Garg, 2014, p.
32).
Therefore, it is a crucial requirement to have a design in place before data
collection and analysis to be successful to carry out the study. This is to be called in
another term as a preparation stage of the research where the researcher tested the skills
and tools to be used during the collection of data. The research also noticed the
resources needed to carry out the whole process. Hence to be realistic enough in the
field of research consider flexibility, suitability, and resourcefulness. In general, the
study that reduces partiality and capitalized on the consistency of the facts collected
and examined in carefulness is proved to possession perfect quality. It is being noticed
that a single plan does not capture in every problem one is intending to study.
36
3.1 Research Design and Methodology
Methodology has been considered as the flow of the research or flow chart. The word
exploration method is a scientifically way of solving the study problematic (Kothari &
Garg, 2014, p. 6). The term design is “preparation of circumstances for gathering and
analysis of data in a way that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with
economy method” (Kothari & Garg, 2014, p. 29). Thus, the logical thought behind the
methodology is never been equated to the method only to know the background in
which it is being used.
Mixed methods research is formally defined as “the class of research where the
researcher mixes or combines quantitative and qualitative research techniques,
methods, approaches, concepts or language into a single study” (Johnson &
Onwuegbuzie, 2004, p. 17). A mixed research methods includes the use of more than
one approach of data collection or data analysis within a single program of study, with
incorporation of dissimilar approaches or methods happening during one research, and
from the beginning not just at it ending theme (Hennink, Hutter, & Bailey, 2010, pp.
55–56).
A mixed method study is one that plans fully juxtapose or combined methods
of different types provide a more elaborated understanding of the phenomenon of
interest and as well to gain greater confidence in the conclusions generated by the
evaluation study. Mixed methods research is a systematic integration of quantitative
and qualitative methods in a single study for purposes of obtaining a fuller picture and
deeper understanding of a phenomenon. Mixed methods research is the utilization of
two or more different methods to meet the aims of the research project as the best one
can do. Mixed methods research refers to the use of data collection methods that collect
both quantitative and qualitative data.
37
Further, it is a type of research design in which qualitative and quantitative
approach is used in the type of questions, research methods, data collection and analysis
procedures or inferences (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie, & Turner, 2007, pp. 119–121). These
decisions address the different ways the qualitative and quantitative strands of study
relate to each other (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2011, p. 63). Strand is some components
of a study that encompasses the basic process of conducting quantitative or qualitative
research: posing question, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting results based
on data. The complexity of my research problem calls for answers beyond simple
numbers in quantitative or words in a qualitative sense. This research employed a
descriptive method. I had, therefore, used a phenomenological approach because the
research never depended only in measurements of numbers or anything related to the
factual mean was possible. The word phenomenology refers to the “concerned about
what people can share from their past experience” this is a meaning of
‘phenomenology’ itself (Denscombe, 2014, p. 95).
3.3 Entry Procedure
Entry procedure means following the right channels to get permission from the
authority to collect data among the chosen population in the area that the researcher is
interested to study (Robert 2003, 20). The letter from the institutional Ethical Research
board (IERB) at Africa International University instructed the researcher to approach
the Graduate School to give another letter for data collection. The letter from the Dean
of the Graduate School was presented to the office of Prime Minister (OPM) under the
authority of Deputy camp commandant for settlement in Bweyale refuges settlement
who officially introduced the researcher to the program coordinator at Whitaker Peace
and development training center. The Deputy camp commandant for Settlement
commandant argued the research to be registered as a refugee for sake of identity in
38
case there would be some legal issues concerning the research. The Office of the Prime
Minister in collaboration with security officer wrote an introduction letter to grant
protection of the researcher. The security officer communicated to the camp
management from the side of the community and humanitarian agency to meet with the
researcher face to face which of course took place. The leaders worked for hand in hand
with the researcher to clarify some questions raise by the refugee adolescents. The two
documents were presented to the program coordinator who also consulted with their
head office in Kampala for final approval. After I went through all the official
clearances, I was able to collect the data need from people. This opportunity paved the
way for my research to be successful in accessing the communities and became
familiar.
3.4 Location of the Research
The research was carried out at the Whitaker Peace and Development Training Center
in Bweyale Camp-Uganda. Bweyale Camp is situated in Karamojong citizenry,
Kiryandongo District. The Kiryandongo District bordered with Masindi District to the
South, Karuma District to the North, Lake Kyoga to the East and Hoima District to the
West. Bweyale camp covers a range of probably 450 square Kilometers. Bweyale
refugees camp host about 57,181 populaces of individuals. The Kiryandongo District
has two refugee camps which were very close to each other. The income-generating
activities in this refugee camp were comprised of both peasant farming and small-scale
business of boiling tea in the local market and selling of green leave for strewing.
3.5 Research Population
The term population is “a totality of all the objects, subjects or that conform to
a set of specifications “(Polit and Hungler 1999, 37). This term population is defined
as “complete universe or set of individuals with at least one common, observable
39
characteristic” (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2005, p. 103). The word population is “the total
number of units from which data can be collected” (Parahoo 1997:218). Population as
all the elements that meet the criteria for inclusion in a study Burns and Grove
(2003:213). Populace is “a group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from
a study. Hence,” normally when one wants to conduct a research it is advisable to have
a specific population. All items found are subject to investigation become they formed
“universe” or “population. My total populace is 368 individuals’ adolescents.
This study population presented on the table below were refugee adolescents
comprised of both males and females. Their ages brackets range between 13 and 19
years old. They practice peasant farming while living in a refugee camp. Although my
research deals with those were taking training courses at the Whitaker Peace and
Development Training Centre in both business and computer. The recent one whom the
researcher interviewed were from South Sudan due to war. The program referred to
what the adolescents were doing, year mean the time they were recruited for training
and population implied both males and females at the Centre.
Table 3.1 Total population for Whitaker TOTs Participants recruited by 20172018
s/no
Program
Year
Population
Males
Females
01
Training of trainees 2017
23
23
02
Training of trainees 2018
161
161
Subtotal
Total males and 184
184
females
#
Total population
368
3.6 Sample Size and Sampling Procedure
The sampling method involves a careful representation of the population by
using their data to fulfill research information needed. A sample is “subgroup of a
population. “Sample size is a definite number intended to obtain data from a given
40
population. This could be an application of skills an investigator would love to utilize
for sampling. Sample design may as well lay down the number of items to be included
in the sample, that is the size of the sample. Sample size is “a minor set of elements or
subjects drawn through a definite procedure from the specified population” (Uzoagulu,
1998, p. 65).
Items selected from the total number is called the sample size. The term sample
techniques refer to a decision a researcher must make about the type of sample he would
use. The extraction of the smallest number from the whole population is what we
normally called sampling. The sample is “a group of individuals chosen from the
population to represent it in a research study” (McBride, 2010, p. 114). The term sample
is “a proportion of populace” (Polit et al 2001:234). Sample of the inhabitants is “a
percentage of the creation or populace considered to be representing the whole
population” (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2005, p. 103). From this population, the researcher
dealt with adolescents whose ages ranged from 13 to 19 years old.
The type of sampling employed was basics mixed methods sampling strategies.
Non-probability sampling was employed by the researcher. One well-known basic
mixed method strategy is convivence sampling as “a sample chosen such that the
individual cannot be determined” now but during the data collection, the researcher
selected respondents depending on their presence at the training center. The
convenience nature of this sampling procedure is characteristic of non-probability
sampling, Hence, within this given populace the researcher selected a sample of 90
refugee adolescents comprising both genders; male and females who were undergoing
the training at Whitaker.
Convenience sampling is “an approach having a prior purpose in mind”
(Nassiuma, 2000). Remember if the case in question was a nonstandard or extreme case,
41
a serious case, an expediency case, a politically noteworthy case” (Creswell John W,
1998).
This is called probability techniques by using three steps below;
Identify the frame of sampling; a frame of sampling is a complete list of all case in the
populace from which my sample was extracted. This refers to the full list of the
participants at the training center.
Small n= sample size’s number; N= the finite population.
Total population size is N=368 individuals and the margin of error=0.09; the level of
confidence is =95%. Therefore, my sample size=90 individuals.
The total population was 368 refugee adolescents with equal present both genders. The
sample was calculated with the help of a tool called the research advisor 2006. This tool
does not require any formula.
3.7 Research Instruments
A study gadget is “a device used for collecting data. An instrument is a tool intended to
portion knowledge, attitude and skills” (Parahoo 1997:52, 325).
Instruments of
research are “facts finding strategies” (Annum 2015). The researcher employed some
tools for data collection such as direct participation, observation, mini camera and
questionnaire administration. The researcher took time to observe people in churches,
market places and during the monthly food distribution. Those who were interested to
have the questionnaire on email because of social demographic in the camp were sent
emails. I personally carried out the interview on the scheduled basis using open-ended
tools. I also organized a focus group discussion to have people to be interviewed as an
effective mean of gaining experience. These small young adolescents also interviewed
in several meetings. PTSD-PCL-5 or checklist of Traumatic Experiences (CTE) was
used by the researcher, which were tested to ensure their validity and reliability. This
42
instrument was developed by Lang and Stein (2005) and it was intended to validate the
possible screening in Primary care. The psychometric property was to test the high
sensitivity for screening survivors of natural disasters. The PLC is used generally to a
traumatic event. The scoring procedure of these tools was to add all items for a total
severity score. The researcher, as the main instrument, who was guided by an interview
guide (Appendices I, II, and III) with close and open-ended questions including
demographic questionnaire and focus discussion for my participants to share their
issues related to trauma. RQ. 1. What is the prevalence of adolescents, affected by
trauma caused by the war in Bweyale refugees’ camp? Items 1-8 responded to research
question number one RQ.2. How effective is the input of Humanitarian agencies in
dealing with trauma on adolescents in the refugees Camp of Bweyale, Whitaker peace
and development training center? Items 1-11 responded to research question two. RQ.3.
What are the impacts of trauma caused by the war on adolescents? Item 1-20 responded
to research question number three. This was accurate and orderly data collection where
a critical method of conducting nonscientific research (“04chapter3.pdf,” n.d.). The
data collection was collected by me to ensure the right data information which has
intended to collect data according to my study objectives as enumerated in the first
chapter of this thesis. Relying on this method has effects on my data collection (Abawi,
n.d.). The basic instruments carried to the field were a questionnaire, pens, notebooks,
and one clerk assistant within the office of Whitaker peace and development training
center to help organize the papers.
3.8 Instruments Validation and Verification
The term validity is the most serious indicator of “the degree to which
instruments measures what is it is supposed to measure” (Kothari & Garg, 2014, p. 70).
The validity has several usages as it is” an extent to which method examines what it is
43
meant to study” (Kvale 1989). Validation is usually construction of the process of the
continual check of research. The word validity is “an endorsement of inspection and
the providing the objective of the evidence that the necessities for an exact proposed
usage are being fulfilled” (ISO/IEC 17025:2005 cl. 5.4.5.1).
Validity refers to the typical preposition, logical dispute, “it is founded on truth
or it is consistent with law or fact” (A team of experts, 2000, p. 216). Validity means
the step to which an item to draws a conclusion of measurements matches exactly to
the tangible world to gives the best and a thinkable estimate of its truth. The validity of
a tool is an ability to quantify the true basics. It is an ‘appropriateness’ of the practice,
tools and procedures when a measurement is truly valid, it is to some extent artificial
by coincidental of regular error.
The term verification is “the process of examining the result of a given activity
to determine conformity with the stated requirements for activity” (Barbier, 2003). It
refers to the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of the research
instrument. This research instrument validity was established through the presentation
of the interview; hence the supervisor made the possible corrections to make the
research work look neat whereas the validity of the research instrument was established
through pilot testing.
Besides the questionnaires, interview schedule and focus group discussion was
also employed. In this research, questionnaires were managed with the help of research
explain some terms and the respondents ensure that whether to complete the form with
the help of the research. The used tool analyze data collected were Statistical Package
for the Social Science (SPSS) and NVIVO.
44
3.9 Pilot Test
A pilot test or study is “a small-scale experiment or set of observations
undertaken to determine whether the research is clear to the research participants or
not” (Collins English Dictionary 1991,1994,1998, 2000 and 2003). Pilot test is further
defined as “a small measure of initial research conducted in evaluating the feasibility,
hostile events cost and to foresee a suitable sample size to improve upon the research
design prior to performance of a full-scale research project” (Stephen 2007). The
strength was added to determine the piloting test. Eighteen (18) refugee adolescents
aged between 13-19 years old were interviewed who happened to be wounded
psychologically as twenty percent (20%) of the sample size at Whitaker Peace and
Development Training Center. This was comprised of nine males and nine females.
Social demographic questionnaires were administered to everyone. The level of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a way of finding out the positive or negative feedback
of the research. The results produced were relatively from refuges adolescents mean
score of 51.8 positive or negative 29.1 Standard Deviation on Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder correspondingly when the whole study was conducted. The participants
described that there went through a traumatic experience and were unable to receive
complete healing for individual and family as a whole while living in the refugee camp.
This finding signalled that the tools indicated the research has high marks of soundness
hence there was a possibility to carry out the research at Whitaker Peace and
Development Training Center in Bweyale Camp-Uganda with the expectation that
comparable results might be found. The pilot testing research assisted initially to start
with which appropriate data was collected with the usage of tool established.
In this case no part of the questionnaire that did not follow well, thus there was
no need to make any adjustment on the questionnaire as it fit the situation of refugee
45
adolescents. Therefore, the responses of the twenty percent (20%) gave a clear
indication that the tool was clearly understood and would serve the desired purpose.
The pilot testing research assisted to predict future obstacle which might happen when
running the tool.
3.10 Data Collection
Nassiuma defined data collection as “reports obtaining information from agents
or respondents who are in the area under consideration” (Nassiuma, 2017). The term
data Collection is obtaining useful information. The researcher conducted his research
based on the techniques of data collection which were mainly from primary sources of
information specifically the adolescent. These primary data were those which were
collected afresh and for the first time and happened to be original in character (Kothari
& Garg, 2014, p. 81). During the period of the study facts were gathered using the
varieties of tools; questionnaires, interview schedule focus group discussion however
and PTSD, PCL-5; the researcher was the main instrument and at time there was open
discussion when the situation allows and picture of limited permission, a pen and a
notebook were the most tools to collect data.
The data were collected through the distribution of the questionnaires, focus
group discussion and demographic forms. The qualitative data were jointly collected
through a feasibility study. The researcher has spent time with the respondent so that
major themes and the real-life story would make sense to the researcher. Most of the
data obtained were based on individual experience shared.
3.11 Data Analysis
Data analysis was in “mixed research methods relates to the type of research
strategy chosen for procedures” (Creswell John W, 2003, p. 220). Data analysis began
with organization of the data collected in systematic form, presentation, analysis and
46
interpretation to give the right construction to have full meaning (Polit et al 2001,383).
The data collected were analyzed with the used ofa model known as Statistical Package
for the Social Science (SPSS). The analysis involved the use of ANOVA for the
regression analysis table in chapter four. There were more quantitative data collected
during this research. The qualitative data were analyzed used the NVIVO the best
model. In this research contents of interviews were carefully studied, coded,
categorized, and the underlying meanings of raw data and the major themes were
developed to interpret the data collected as the subject of discussion to deal in chapter
four.
3.12 Ethics in Research
The term ethics is “a moral values and principles which guide and underpin the
research process” (Litosseliti, 2003, p. 51). The researcher used the following ethical
procedures as previously used by the American Psychological Association 2013, do no
harm, uphold professional standards of conduct, integrity and fairness and justice.
There was mutual respect from the researcher to the participants. The purpose of this
was read clearly to the respondents of which they agreed with the purpose. Although
there was an attendance sheet moving for registration, the participants were given a
code to protect them from other parties. My respondents were consulted to express their
interest to partake in my study or not. This is called informed consent as “a primary
right of all the subjects is the right to be asked in advance whether they would wish to
be researched on as participants and were to decline if they feel like not to continue to
the end because there was no coerciveness (Brennen, 2017, p. 18). Subjects also were
told in advance, all the facts about the research they needed to make an informed
decision about participation” (Liebert, Liebert, & Neale, 1995, pp. 24–25). The
informed consent was made mandatory for every participant but those who younger
47
than 18 years old participants whose guidance were not needed or parents to sign on
their behalf participated immediately. Verbal consent was not the only form of
agreement between the researcher and the participants. As a Psychologist, I am
personally responsible for their own behaviors as well as the behavior of subordinates
involved in the research effort. Those who came to the center and yet did not take part
in this research were entitled to benefit from transport refund because they
demonstrated their willingness. The researcher allowed legal representative or parents
to sign the consent form on behalf of a child whose age was 17 years old, or younger.
This according to the universal definition of who is a child in the context of United
Nation Convention 1945 and IERB (Daniel, 1998, p. 16). This study was conducted
with the approval from the AIU’s Institutional Ethical Research Board (IERB).
Since the research was conducted at Whitaker Peace and Development Training
Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda, the school of a graduate studies at Africa
International University gave the researcher a letter to show the approval of my research
from the (IERB) to the Refugee Camp in Bweyale to Refugee adolescents and the
Internally Displaced Persons. Therefore, the researcher waited for the final decision
from the Office of Prime Minister (OPM) and Camp management committee (CMC).
There were 6 to 8 members of each focus group discussion. Girls did not want to be
combined with boys in focus group discussion. Therefore, every focus group discussion
comprised of one gender.
3.13 Summary
My chapter three delineated the study methodology and design. The entry
procedure, location of the research, the total population of the research, sample size and
sampling procedure of research, the instruments of the research, instruments validation
and verifications, piloting test, the data collection, data analysis and ethical issues in
48
the research were discussed in-depth. This chapter three serve as a roadmap about the
whole research. The preceding chapter would discuss the data presentation,
interpretation, and general analysis of the results.
49
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
This section presents the analysis and interpretation of data from the sample
target population. Seventy-seven (77) adolescents aged 13-19 years and who had been
affected by the psychological effect of PTSD and the conflict in the countries of origin
namely: South Sudan and other locations, with the focus of Bweyale Refugee CampUganda. Data and information were collected with a structured questionnaire, focus
group discussions and interviews. The chapter was sub-divided according to the study
objectives and the findings, analysis and interpretations were then subsequently
presented using tables and figures.
4.1.1 Questionnaire Return Rate
A total of 90 socio-demographic questionnaires for the adolescents were
administered. Seventy-Seven (77) questionnaires were returned thus a questionnaire
return which counts to the rate of 85.6% which is adequate to analyze all the
questionnaires given out to the respondents.
4.2 Demographic Characteristics
This section includes the gender of the respondents, the age bracket of the respondents,
the education level, duration spent in Bweyale Camp-Uganda as a refugee, occupation
and status of living condition. In regard to the respondent’s gender, the researcher
categorized the respondents into male and female and the results obtained were
presented in a table.
50
Table 4.3: Gender of the Respondents
Frequency
Valid Male
46
Female
31
Total
77
Source: Field Data, 2018
Percent
59.7
40.3
100.0
Table 4.1 represents the gender of the respondents. The results from that majority (46)
of the respondents were males 46(59.7%), the female respondents were also sampled,
and they included 31(40.3%) respondents. This, therefore, indicates that regarding the
gender of the respondents, both required categories were sampled. The number of
males was greater than females due to the cultural perspective and the domestic
activities the females can do at home. Hence, some of the females were not available at
certain hour during the day.
Table 4.4: Age bracket of the Respondents
Frequency
Valid 13-15 years
26
16-17 years
25
18-19 years
26
Total
77
Source: Field Data, 2018
Percent
33.8
32.5
33.8
100.0
Table 4.2 represents the age brackets or categorization of the respondents; this clearly
indicates that most of the respondents sampled were in the age bracket of 13-15 and 1819 totaling to 26 respondents each (33.8%). The other age bracket was those of 16-17
years old and there were 25(32.5%) respondents. The research, therefore, concluded
that adolescents were sampled, and the results helped analyze the specific objectives of
the research. This research majorly focused on adolescents and how trauma affects their
day to day wellbeing, the conflict in South Sudan really traumatized a lot of adolescents
and their reactions were witnessed by how they behave and contemplate their
surroundings. In determining their age bracket, the researcher was, therefore, able to
tell which age bracket was most traumatized and how counseling has managed to help
ease the problem or further escalate it.
51
Table 4.5: Education of the Respondents
Frequency
Valid None
4
Primary
51
Secondary
21
College
1
Total
77
Source: Field Data, 2018
Percent
5.2
66.2
27.3
1.3
100.0
The education level of the respondents indicates that most of the adolescents are
educated, only 4(5.2%) respondents had no education, although majority 51(66.2%) of
the respondents had only attained a primary level of education. Those that had reached
in secondary or finished the level were 21(27.3%) respondents and finally only 1(1.3%)
respondent had reached college education. This shows that the respondents had a clear
understanding of what the research was about.
Duration
Less than 5 yrs
More than 5 yrs
43%
57%
Figure 4.1: How long you have been in this Camp as a Refugee?
Source: Field Data, 2018
The figure above shows the respondents views on the question of how long they
had spent at the Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in Bweyale CampUganda as Refugees.
52
When asked, majority of the respondents said they had spent more than 5 years,
these were represented by 44(57%) and those that had spent less than 5 years were
33(43%)] respondents. This showed that all respondents were refugees ever since the
outbreak of the conflict.
Table 4.6: Nature of the Respondents
Valid None
Pupil
Student
Total
Source: Field Data, 2018
Frequency
8
46
23
77
Percent
10.4
59.7
29.9
100.0
The research further went ahead and examined the nature of the respondents, the
findings indicate that majority 46(59.7%) of the respondents are pupils, which means
they were still living with their relatives and have not yet engaged in any financial
activity. 23(29.9%) of the respondents were students, whereas the rest were none of the
above 8(10.4%). This, therefore, shows that the respondents were still adolescents and
have not yet become adults to begin engaging in economic activities despite the
traumatic occurrences that they experienced.
53
Status of Respondents
Child Soldier
6%
Orphan
12%
Separated
82%
Figure 4.2: Status of living condition
Source: Field Data, 2018
Figure 4.2 above specify the position of the living condition of the participants;
these findings indicate that the greatest number (82%) of the respondents were
separated from their parents and relatives. This means that they were either leaving with
other community members or still looking for their families. The findings further
revealed that 12% of the respondents were just orphans and the rest of the 6% were just
child soldiers.
54
Response
Yes
No
14%
86%
Figure 4.3: Whether Camp have a counseling program?
Source: Field Data, 2018
The findings in figure 4.3 indicate the response of the sampled respondents in
regard to receiving counseling in Bweyale Camp-Uganda. A popular agreement was
made by the respondents as the number of ticks indicated yes ranged up to (86%), these
told me that counseling services were provided whereas some of the adolescents utilize
them and others ignore them. Those that said nowhere 10 respondents (14%) and these
showed interest in needing counseling services. It was further found out during the
interviews that some of the respondents had been able to get counseling services from
religious bodies within the refugee Camp hence this contributed to their understanding
of trauma and how to deal with it. The psychological effects of war trauma are common
and present in many ways at an individual level and affect communities. The
unaddressed consequences on survivors can be disabling and beyond what existing
local services can cope with. It becomes highly important here to focus on what the
affected people can do to help themselves cope with their predicaments. Various
principles are highlighted in this article supporting the importance of this role and how
55
it can be fulfilled. Human resilience and ability to recover after traumatic events should
not be underestimated.
4.3 The Prevalence of Adolescents affected by the Psychological Effect of
Trauma caused by War
This section sought to establish the prevalence of refugee adolescents affected
by the psychological effect of trauma caused by the war in the Refugee Camp of
Bweyale, the findings according to the respondents are presented in the table below;
Table 4.7: Prevalence of adolescents affected by the psychological effect of
trauma caused by war in at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Center
Prevalence
Most of the adolescents around in the community camps are
traumatized by recurring tensions in the country
An experience of chronic or trauma and enduring danger has
depressingly affected psychological health of some adolescents
Protective factors ensuring adolescents’ wellbeing have been
minimized or taken away in the war affected areas leaving
young people without their usually coping mechanisms
Some young people experienced ongoing or severe stress
reactions which included depression, anxiety, PTSD and
behavior disorders
Those who suffered multiple losses are more likely to take
longer to recover or to develop a mental health problem
Those who received additional psychosocial support are more
likely to be resilient
Females were more vulnerable than males in some societies
because they suffered severe repercussions due to the conflict
Adolescents were defenseless to boredom in a disaster situation
with a lack of stimulation previously supplied by education and
employment.
Average
Source: Field Data, 2018
Mean
Std. Deviation
3.0260
1.56419
2.8442
1.28826
2.8442
1.36753
3.2857
1.53775
3.4545
1.39119
2.8052
1.57312
3.2597
1.56779
2.9740
1.55575
24.4935
11.84558
The mean and the standard deviation were generated automatically by the
Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS) as part of data analysis. The research was
to find the Prevalence of trauma caused by war on refugee adolescents aged 13-19 years
old at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Center in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
The program coordinator was asked to give evidence on the total populace of
56
adolescents at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Center and the result
described how many were affected by war trauma.
The findings in table 4.5 was about the prevalence of trauma-related cases
among refugee adolescents in Bweyale Camp-Uganda, the prevalence was measured
within the reactions and comprehension of the various surroundings and occurrences in
the area, the total average mean in this regard was 24.4935, which means that majority
of the adolescents in the refugee camps were greatly affected by the traumatic
occurrences of the conflict.
Displaced, almost all the repatriated asylum seekers and refugees revealed the
high rate of mental disorders compared to the local populace in countless camps in some
nations they run to seek refuge. There a was huge majority of research investigating the
high rate of mental disturbance of adolescents has engrossed on PTSD and depression,
which vary widely among researches. A widely-range meta-analysis of the prevalence
of PTSD and depression on refugee adolescents and war-affected population described
an idea high rate of 30.6% for PTSD (oscillating from 0-99%) whereas 30.8% for in
most case diagnose with depression as individual research rates fluctuating from 386%; (Steel et al., 2009). A re-analysis of this fact collected using a representation of
samples with complete analytic valuation produced a prevalence of 15.4% for PTSD
(World Health Organization, 2013)
There were about 90 sample size refugee adolescents aged 13-19 years in total
at Whitaker. Therefore, 77 refugee adolescents had been traumatized by war.
Prevalence = # of adolescents aged 13-19 years impact by trauma caused by war
X 100%
# of adolescents aged 13-19 years at Whitaker
77/90x100%=85.5%
57
It was signaled that this high prevalence of mental disorders continues for many
years as the dislocation end, equally in nations of settlement and the background of the
camp where refugee resides. For instance, an evaluation of psychological disorders on
refugee adolescents in more than five later toward the end of displacement describe the
high occurrence rate of 4.4% to 86% for PTSD beside depression of prevalence of 2.3%
to 80%, with two out of three and three over four of researches correspondingly describe
the high occurrence rate of more than 20%. It was likewise outstanding that comorbid
PTSD and hopelessness was highly prevalent mid refugee adolescents (Bogic, Njoku,
& Priebe, 2015), and qualify the measurement for mutually of these disorders
concurrently was connected with superior purposefully diminished than moreover
illness unaccompanied (Momartin S, Silove D, Manicavasagar V, & Steel Z, 2004).
Despite the fact that some less related studies have been carried out to explore the high
occurrence of the other psychological disorders in asylum-seekers and refugees, the
evidence shown the increase of anxiety disorder which includes obsessive-compulsive
disorders with lifted high in this age brackets (Bogic et al., 2015). Some popular
conclusion was uncertain that people who experienced traumatic situations or were
indeterminate a chance of experiencing complex grief or lengthy grief reactions
(Nickerson, Bryant, Brooks, Steel, & Silove, 2009; Tay, Rees, Chen, Kareth, & Silove,
2016).
In addition, many research has acknowledged the high occurrence of body
symptom disorders in refugee adolescents, predominantly those who went through
stress experience carry the impact of trauma (Hondius, van Willigen, Kleijn, & van der
Ploeg, 2000; Olsen, Montgomery, Bøjholm, & Foldspang, 2007; Moisander & Edston,
2003). In contrast, conclusions concerning the use of substance disorders were
miscellaneous, with research signify that there were suggesting that there were a higher
58
rate of drinking and substance use among some refugee adolescents and dislocated
populace meanwhile not everyone was involved in such behavior (Kazour, Richa,
Zoghbi, El-Hage, & Haddad, 2017; Ezard, 2012). There was likewise developing mark
that psychotic symptoms were high in compulsorily dislocated populaces (Dapunt et
al., 2017; Hollander et al., 2016).
The longstanding impact of experience to trauma events was intermediated by
constant jeopardy and defensive issues at the separate, domestic and communal side by
side (Miller & Rasmussen, 2017; Montgomery, 2019). Adolescence and childhood are
developmental stages which often reserved for the development of life-skills, fostering
associations and admittance to schooling. For those who were compulsorily forced to
travel at a tender age, these changes were regularly missing (UNICEF, 2014).
Disturbances to education and schooling may multiply with the harmful impacts of
dislodgment and adolescents were usually very well informed of the price of this
disruption to upcoming source of revenue and chances (Sirin et al., 2015; Betancourt &
Khan, 2008; UNICEF, 2016). When refugees resettled in a secure environment, they
become part of acculturation as they lives (Betancourt & Khan, 2008; Ellis, Miller,
Baldwin, & Abdi, 2011).The loss of one’s legal parents or guidance, brothers and
sisters, people with blood relations can have a negative impact for child and adolescents
in the family (Fazel, Reed, Panter-Brick, & Stein, 2012). Shocking bereavement has
impact effects for adolescents and children psychological health change, the instability
economy which is brought by the loss of a parent that usually create more hardship and
relationship deterioration of interpersonal security as the major threat to human peace.
Some families who experienced traumatic life situations and agony could be
commanding analyst of the psychosocial health of adolescents (Almqvist & Broberg,
1999; (Daud, af Klinteberg, & Rydelius, 2008), the relationship between trauma caused
59
by war on child and adolescents were much similar to mental health change which is
well-known that parental psychological suffering was mediated. Though the parental
responsibility of experience to trauma and adolescents adjustment were multipart and
self-motivated, the impact on adolescents psychological health could oscillate over a
period (Rousseau, Drapeau, & Rahimi, 2003).Immigration procedure plays a dangerous
character and registration method of refugee in camp contribute to the psychological
health of adolescents and children. Somehow the right of a child violated when local
police build holding facilities to detent refugee adolescents who are traumatized by the
force-displacement as this is not marching with global perception of United nation
convention for the right of children (International Detention Coalition, 2012). This
situation has shown to meet the investigative standard for at least a single psychiatric
illness as the majority of the adolescents qualify (Steel et al., 2009). Causative issues to
an awful psychological health grade of prevalent stress related to extended and
unlimited confinement, parting from fathers, mothers and family affiliates, nasty and
all kinds of abuses were involved (Killedar & Harris, 2017).
60
4.4 Input of Humanitarian agencies in dealing with trauma on adolescents
subjected to war at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Center in
Bweyale Camp-Uganda
This second objective explored the input of humanitarian agencies such as the UN,
TPO, UNHCR, Law Project, Whitaker, Red Cross, among other organizations towards
helping adolescents cope with trauma at Whitaker.
Table 4.8: Input of Humanitarian Agencies in dealing with trauma
Humanitarian agencies in dealing with trauma on adolescents
The humanitarian agencies have managed to provide education plans
as the main platform for mental support
Humanitarian agencies have also provided informal adolescent
specific educative activities in safe spaces in early phase of response
which foster social connectedness and develop/ strengthen social
skills such as empathy and conflict resolution.
They have reinstated schools to provide a structure, routine and safe
space for adolescents
Provide relevant livelihoods skills and vocational training, plus ageappropriate literacy and numeracy work.
Avoid therapy as first response to trauma.
Avoid therapy by non-trained.
Do not force young people to re-examine the disaster story.
Provide opportunity for self-directed self-expression through play
and talk, giving adolescents a voice and an outlet.
Use school as site for screening and delivery of additional support
interventions for those most affected by trauma.
Allow adolescents to contribute to mental or community plans
through leadership/ assistance roles (for instance, cheering mentoring
plans).
Strongly consider mental plans for previously child soldiers as these
have been found to be more useful than Western trauma treatments.
Consider adolescents’ specific mental needs in tragedy alertness and
recovery plans.
Average
Source: Field Data, 2018
Mean
Std.
Deviation
2.5844
1.62506
1.9740
1.31763
3.3247
1.35182
2.7922
1.43580
2.3636
2.6364
2.1558
1.61334
1.56364
1.45154
2.6494
1.51975
1.9221
1.42132
1.5195
.95436
3.2597
1.35144
27.1818
15.6057
This section examined the input of the humanitarian agencies in regard to
helping adolescents in the refugee and IDPs manage and overcome trauma, the average
mean got from the field results is 27.1818 and the standard deviation is 15.6057. In
61
modern years, sizable suggestion concerning the treatment of trauma on refugee
adolescents has accrued, which can be utilized to the clinical director to decide. The
self-knowledge of trauma-attentive framework help in diminishing PTSD signs and
symptoms, the more asylum-seekers and refugees carried research to evaluate on
therapy with randomized control trial (RCTs) being carried out an associate to the
usefulness of these involvements to lazy then vigorous regulator. Now a day, patterns
are more or less dependable as appeared from the results of these test and the modern
assessments of the nonfiction were reliable with earlier synopses in relation to the
results Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) and improved forms of Cognitive behavioral
Therapy (CBT) were very encouraging treatments of PTSD in traumatized refugees
adolescent (Slobodin & de Jong, 2015; Tribe, Sendt, & Tracy, 2017; Crumlish &
O’Rourke, 2010; (Nickerson et al., 2009). Some refugees coming from different nations
to live in Germany have been verified with a wide coverage of African refugees residing
in low-income countries like Uganda have used the NET (Hensel-Dittmann et al., 2011;
Neuner, Catani, et al., 2008; Neuner, Onyut, et al., 2008).
Amongst the different Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), in Cambodia
refugees who joined the therapeutic approach a context whose present signs and
symptoms have successfully been verified in a random provision for the reworking of
CBT. Amongst all variations of Cognitive behavioral Therapy (CBT), a composite of a
very practical types looks to be actual if they embrace trauma-focused involvements
like an imaginal revelation to the upset recollection or the adjustment of trauma-related
theories. The sign for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing was mixed
(Acarturk et al., 2015); (Ter Heide, Mooren, van de Schoot, de Jongh, & Kleber, 2016).
It was significant to know that conceptualizations of refugee adolescents and IDPs
happiness and psychological health have customarily mixed obviously between
62
western-based investigators and relief interventions functioning in the benevolent
surrounding, through these conceptualizations considerably persuading the therapeutic
frameworks to applied in detailed situations (Ventevogel, in press). Investigators based
in high-income nations have been disapproved for concentrating on PTSD to the barring
of other mental disorders knowledgeable by refugee adolescents and asylum-seekers,
as well non-pathological pain (Drožđek, Kamperman, Bolwerk, Tol, & Kleber, 2012).
While insufficient multimodal therapies have besieged nonclinical results, as
well as operative explanations of such conclusions, have diverse broadly (Morina &
Nickerson, 2018). In totaling, repeatedly these interferences were applied in
surrounding where the brutality of mental diseases was high and there was extensive
comorbidity, thus it was blurred whether the miscellaneous outcomes can be credited
to a lack of effectiveness in the involvement, or to other uncontrolled issues (Saltzman
et al., 2017). Generally, an inadequate of demanding assessment of the effect of these
interpositions on reliable-explained results have excluded stable assumptions
concerning the efficiency of this framework until now (Nickerson et al., 2009).
Kept organized, the results of random meticulous trials with refugees who were
reliable with the commendation that trauma-focused therapy was the number one
therapeutic selected for healing PTSD in other trauma victims (Foa, Keane, Friedman,
& Cohen, 2008).
Amongst several variations of trauma-focused treatments, Narrative Exposure
Therapy (NET) has the widest suggestion based with researches in numerous populace
and sceneries fluctuating from little income provinces to progressive healthcare
structures in industrialized states. There was a demand, though, for difficult assessment
of multimodal and mental frameworks to govern whether these involvements may be
63
actual in decreasing mental symptoms and raise comfort for asylum-seekers and refugee
with complicated performances and in diverse situations.
It was significant to know that therapeutic framework, on refugee adolescents,
have it is important to note that, across treatment approaches, the appearance of the
exact healthiness maintenance of structure of prompting for instance, beliefs about the
cause and therapy of psychological disorders, inadequate information concerning the
healthiest structure, language knowledge, and social structure which institute the
barricades to have a contact with well-being of asylum-seekers and refugees. It was
probable that solitary a minor and nominated marginal of immigrants pursue and
discovery of therapy choices for psychological health weakening even in developed
nations. A significant result in this background was that trauma-focused treatments like
Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) NET also sounds to transdiagnostic common
elements in therapeutic approach (CETA) have been positively applied by the qualified
therapists in supply to the deprived background (Neuner, Onyut, et al., 2008). In
accumulation, the problem management (PMP), a transitory, behaviorally-based
interposition was planned to be walkable has been fruitfully executed, and been found
to decrease mental sorrow, in a war-affected location in Pakistan and also women with
a history of gender-based ferocity in Kenya (Khan, Pathan, & Alrajeh, 2016).
The results demonstrated that task-shifting could be a significant portion to rise
dimensions for therapy as well as in industrialized fitness to maintenance structures that
were overworked by a huge number of disturbed immigrants in need of therapy.
Concurrently, test and therapeutic framework that recognizes the individual trauma
directly in the society could be a competent instrument to overwhelmed the blockages
to therapy for refugee adolescents (Neuner, Catani, et al., 2008). Additional possibly
capable device to rise contact to therapy was a stepped-care framework, with low-level
64
involvements such as assembly treatment if a number one phase, and specific therapy
alone as a number two-phase in cases of non-response. New material and knowledge
may also be used to the backing and provide mental therapy - oscillating from
elementary app-based instruction to highly settled internet-based psychotherapeutic
therapy.
In zones of continuing war and decrease of some of the apparent barricades to
influence the numerically reinforced interpositions to hold the probable of considerably
climbing up the mental involvements (Bockting, Williams, Carswell, & Grech, 2016).
Due to some cultural perspective trauma counseling is a bit tricky although
policies agree for its implementations. Modern research in Arabic-language people with
PTSD relating internet-delivered CBT to waitlist found an important decrease in signs
and symptoms of PTSD (Knaevelsrud, C. et al., 2015).
Though, the effectiveness of low-intensity and online involvements for the
therapy of traumatized refugee adolescents as well as the probability of stepped care
framework persist to be confirmed in additional severe therapy researches.
65
4.7 Traumatic Impact of the conflict on the Refugee adolescents at Whitaker
Statement
Repeated, disturbing and unwanted memories of the stressful
experience
Repeated, disturbing dreams of the stressful experience
Suddenly feeling or acting as if the stressful experience were
happening again (as if you were actually back there reliving it)
Feeling very upset when something reminded you of the
stressful experience
Having strong physical reactions when something reminded
you of the stressful experience (for example, heart pounding,
trouble breathing, sweating)
Avoiding memories, thoughts or feelings related to the stressful
experience
Avoiding external reminders of the stressful experience (for
example people, places, conversations, activities, objectives or
situations
Trouble remembering important parts of the stressful
experience
Having strong negative beliefs about yourself, other people of
the world (for example, having thoughts such as; I am bad,
there is something seriously wrong with me, no one can be
trusted, the world is completely dangerous)
Blaming yourself or someone else for the stressful experience
or what happened after it
Having strong negative feelings such as fear, horror, anger,
guilt or shame?
Loss of interest in activities that you used to enjoy?
Feeling distant or cut off from other people?
Trouble experiencing positive feelings (for example, being
unable to feel happiness or have loving feelings for people
close to you)?
Irritable behavior, angry outbursts, or acting aggressively?
Taking too many risks or doing things that could cause you
harm?
Being super alert or watchful or on guard?
Feeling jumpy or easily startled?
Having difficulty in concentration?
Trouble falling or staying asleep?
Average
Source: Field Data, 2018
Mean
Std. Deviation
2.7532
1.50574
2.5974
1.35005
2.6364
1.41337
3.2727
1.44765
3.1429
1.41155
2.5844
1.49869
3.1818
1.56211
2.7143
1.55476
2.3766
1.54782
1.9221
1.30552
3.1558
1.45154
2.6234
2.2468
1.44221
1.52312
2.5974
1.54119
2.2338
1.41325
1.6364
1.13450
2.7273
2.5584
2.4026
2.4286
51.7923
1.52726
1.38120
1.54119
1.52547
29.07819
The findings in table 4.5 indicate the various traumatic occurrences or events
that affected adolescents at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in
66
Bweyale Camp-Uganda, the findings indicate that majority of the respondents were
traumatically affected (51.7923). This means that all sampled respondents were in one
way or another affected, some could not have slept since then (2.4), others developed
posttraumatic effects (3.2). Obviously, this is not modern information to any individual
who has encountered the psychological effect of trauma caused by war. A great many
people who have encountered war have either seen or specifically encountered probably
the most horrendous accidents. This incorporate occasions, for example, absence of
sustenance and safe house; sick wellbeing without access to restorative consideration;
battle circumstance; constrained clearing under risky conditions; seeing or
encountering assault or different kinds of sexual maltreatment or sexual mortification;
torment; murder, or passing because of brutality of a nearby relative or companion;
genuine physical damage from battle circumstance or landmines; kidnapping;
constrained work; constrained division from relatives; vanishing or abducting of a
relative or companion; genuine physical damage of a relative or companion because of
battle circumstance; seeing or encountering beating to body or head; seeing
slaughtering or murder; seeing dead bodies; and numerous other awful mishaps.
The verifiable truth was that a great number of people who have encountered
such abnormal state of injury, as the South Sudanese have, get influenced and the
impacts can wait for quite a while, even a lifetime. For instance, one investigation of
Cambodia exiles found the pervasiveness of 61% for dejection, twenty years after
resettlement in the US. Different investigations have discovered likewise high
pervasiveness of injury-related clutters among the Holocaust survivors over 50 years
after they encountered their injury. Considerably even more terrifying, contemplates
have discovered that the impacts of injury can be passed starting with one age then onto
the next.
67
South Sudanese are no special case. There are relatively few investigations
taking a gander at the impacts of war injury of South Sudanese out there. Being that it
may be very, many that have been directed among South Sudanese displaced people
have discovered abnormal amounts of injury and injury-related mental clutters. The
commonness of PTSD, dejection, and uneasiness have been observed to be as high.
The qualitative data analysis was done by selected corresponding all major themes for
this purpose.
The individual whose code appears above explained her personals experiences
“I consider myself as a real part of the hoards that have been influenced. For my
situation, around two years after the demise of my dad in a plane accident in
South Sudan amid the war, I began to have bad dreams. The bad dreams
dependably began a similar way: I would see a plane loaded with individuals
dropping out of the sky, more often than not into a stream, and I would
frantically swim toward the destruction to protect the survivors. More often than
not I would really arrive and help individuals. Every so often, the story would
begin with me in the plane as it smashed, and even there, I would attempt to
help any survivors”.
In the focus group discussion conducted among males and females refugee
adolescents; female shared how the war affected them psychologically. Although there
was not clear evidence given to the researcher by the participants. The research
participation mentioned a scenario where some of the war survivors who become
mentally challenged in the community were forced to eat human flesh. Bearing in mind
the impact of trauma caused by the senseless war on women and girls have created
some universal characteristics of trauma were alarming.
The communal and cultural instruction inserts noncombatants, and the trauma
they went through was like the disturbances of the kindreds. The researcher was able to
identify the common behavior among both sexes. There were some facts that trauma on
refugee adolescent caused aggression and tantrums behavior among the adolescents
were prevalence as it happened during the focus group discussion where two boys had
68
wanted to fight each other. This same thing happened among adolescent girls as well in
different focus group discussion. Hence, the impact of trauma caused by war results in
uncontrol unreasonable fight. Although the above impact occurred on refugee
adolescents and an abrupt effect was population dislodgment, household fragmentation,
hamlet devastation, lack of confidence and anthropological rights violations.
The kinds of triggers each group went through were unique to a group. Male
report about the killing of their relatives, friends and family members. A majority agree
that they would revenge when they go back to their own country. They focus so much
on a revenge killing the only option to heal. Some of the adolescents I interviewed
mentioned that they feel a lot of pain in remembering how they reached to the refugee
camp in Bweyale because they would want to remain like adult males who participated
in the war back in their country of origin.
A young adolescent who happened to be one of my respondents wrote the
followings statements on his plastic wall in Bweyale refugee camp as a kind of selfhealing procedures;
“Today is the end of 2018
Today is the end of sorrow-new second
Today is the end of failure-new minute
Today is the end of sickness- new hour
Today is the end of lack-new day
Today is the end of downfall-new month
Today is the end of backwardness- new year
Happy new year 2019”.
This indicates that despite the psychological effect of trauma that the refugee
adolescents were going yet some few individuals seek their own self-healing by
expressing in writing.
69
Females refugee adolescents reported sexual abuses committed on them while
still in their home country. They also report the severe level of insomnia as long their
living condition was deteriorating. A good number of female adolescents described
inadequate counseling services offered by the non-qualified from the humanitarian
agencies whose knowledge seem to irrelevance to the support needed by Sexual Gender
Based Violence (SGBV).
Table 4.8: Regression Analysis
Model
Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
1
Regression
11.743
1
11.743
Residual
140.075
75
1.868
Total
151.818
76
a. Predictors: (Constant), Civil War in South Sudan
b. Dependent Variable: Effect of Trauma on Adolescents
F
6.288
Sig.
.014a
This model shown above was built from the Statistical Package for the Social
Science (SPSS) used the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The value in the last column
(sig) indicates the goodness of fit of the model. A lower value indicates a better model.
Therefore, when "sig" value equals or less than one, then it can be concluded that the
model best fits the data. As observed in the table above, an F significant was established
with a value of P =6.288 showing a probability of .014%. This shows that the model
was very significant. The value of F calculated was 11.743 while the F critical is 1.
Since the value of F was less than or equals to that of F critical, the model considered
to be significant in predicting the extent at which Prevalence of trauma on adolescence,
Level of PTSD, Levels of anxiety and Socioeconomic status contributes to psychosocial
effects on adolescents.
70
Table 4.9: Co-efficient analysis
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model
B
Std. Error
1
(Constant)
1.782
.375
War in South Sudan
.271
.108
a. Dependent Variable: Effect of Trauma on Adolescents
Beta
.278
T
4.755
2.507
Sig.
.000
.014
This model was built from the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS)
used the inferential statistics. It’s obtained that the prevalence of trauma caused by War
effects (P =0.000), Level of trauma (P =.014). From this observation, it was concluded
that the Prevalence of traumatic effects and war effects significantly affects refugee
adolescents at Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in Bweyale CampUganda.
4.6 Keys findings
The chief objective of this research was to investigate the impact of trauma
caused by the war on refugee adolescents age 13-19 years old at Whitaker Peace and
Development Training Center in Bweyale Camps Uganda. The prevalence of trauma,
the gender of the respondents, the level of education, living condition, and the level of
PTSD of the respondents were investigated. Grounded on the scrutiny of data collection
done in the research, the followings keys discoveries were found.
1. The prevalence of Trauma was very common on the refugee adolescents at the
Whitaker Peace and Development Training center in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
This was the manifestation from the high occurrence of 85.5%.
2.
The average mean got from the results of data collected in the field was 27.1818
and the standard deviation was 15.6057. In recent years, considerable evidence
regarding the treatment of traumatized refugees has accumulated, which can be
used to guide clinical decisions.
71
3. The refugee adolescents who were survivors of the war suffer from a higher
level of PTSD (51.7923 positive or negative 29.07819SD).
4. The adolescents who were a victim of trauma caused by the war on refugee
adolescents at Whitaker suffered from terrible living conditions while in the
refugee camp.
5. All the seventy-seven (77) refugee adolescents who participated in this research
were found that the majority were males’ participants.
6. Eighty-six percent of the participants acknowledged the presence of counseling
service in the refugee camp of Bweyale.
7. None of the refugee camp Uganda has an income generating activity for refugee
adolescents who were traumatized.
8. Majority of adolescents became traumatized between the age of 13-19 years old
in the refugee camp.
9. Despite the truth that adolescents suffered from several challenges, they did not
think of committed suicide or homicide.
4.7 Summary
This chapter fixated on presentation, interpretation and analysis of the data
collected. The answers were analyzed in line with the research objectives after which
the interpretation and analysis were done. The key conclusions were also reasoned and
testified.
72
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
The earlier chapter focused on the findings of the research, the interpretation of
outcome and consequence to the results. This present chapter is committed to the
summarizing of the results, concluding remark, commendations, and proposed areas
for additional study.
5.1 Summary of Findings
The findings of this study are summarized below:
There were more South Sudanese refugee adolescents living in Bweyale CampUganda who have experienced one or more of the psychological effects of trauma
caused by the conflict from their country of origin.
Charitable help from the national organization, international organizations and
UN agencies, church mission society, and business run by people made a huge input to
service delivery to the needy populace who were pretentiously by trauma due to the
armed fights. The administration of the host country played a negligible part in
providing therapy due more for counseling service by the adolescents had lost their
relatives during the war by the fighters which lead to extra sorrow and hardships. The
general assessments of services like counseling and physical infrastructure, water and
sanitation, health and education were either not existing or very poor in characteristics
the reason mentioned above.
73
While most of the participants mentioned that, neither themselves nor the
parents got work to do by the private or public sectors in the host country a large
percentage were only involved in other income generating activities like retails
businesses by the roadsides or under trees to find mean of living while in the camp and
extend helping hand to relatives.
The present war in South Sudan has demolished equally physical infrastructure
and monetary. There were some studies which disclose that 46.7% of the research
participants mentioned to be wealthier in the last ten-fifteen years down the line. War
was very concentrated in some areas which covered oil and minerals as it is the chief
basis of income for a nation like the Republic of South Sudan, and slightly interfered
with the manufacture of these valuable goods would result to harmful consequence to
both local and national government. As a result, some innocent civilians were killed by
their country forces in the name of the tribal line. For instance, the war led the closing
down of the two field locations of oil in Unity and tharjath around Bentiu whose
manufactured dimensions was estimated to be about 93, 000 barrels in one day which
adversely impacted the business of the national government and contributed more
displacement and refugee. This led to the psychological effect of trauma on refugee
adolescent as the conflict affect an individual’s income. Around the oil field of Palougi,
the manufactured level seemed to have reduced from the normal production from
240,00 barrels within a day to 168,000 per day due to the continuing war in the nation
as the operation worker were bothered by fear to work at night or earlier in the morning.
All this led to poverty, famine, hunger and death thereby contributing to posttraumatic
stress disorder on refugee adolescents in Bweyale Camp-Uganda and the country of
origin at large.
74
The financial destitution forced the populace either to join armed force or in the
country or become asylum-seeker or else become refugee instead of enduring the
endless vulnerability and destitute in the developing countries, for example, South
Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Even though the massive number of
participants mentioned that previously they possessed houses, still majority of the
respondents used valueless construction materials such as wood or local poles and
unburned brick for temporary shelters simply because none of the refugees could afford
to buy such materials for permanent housing or denied by the host government the
access to the modern building items like cement as it was not allowed according to the
law of the land.
The popular number of the participants established that education
infrastructures like health facilities, secondary schools, nursery schools and primary
schools were none existed in the refugee camp, as minimal number mentioned that they
had gone the higher learning institutions such as university education which were only
found in megacities where the refugees live a distant. The larger portion of the research
participants discovered that health care units as well were available in the refugee camp,
however; with little or no medicines being supplied including other functional facilities
which may be necessary for the health aspects.
War and conflict affect many families in several aspects like the economy,
health, and education. For example, a decrease of the families daily living, decrease of
families to the access education and health, decrease families to have a high rate of
production from the land of agriculture, and this can as well bring down the family to
access good waters and sanitation. These mentioned above have all negative impact on
the populace. For example, a decrease of family access to farming land could lead to
75
low food yielding which brings about the shortage of food, disease, poverty, and
malnourishment to mentioned but many others.
5.2 Conclusions
The findings indicate that war negatively affected the growth of a country like
South Sudan in various ways. All the warring parties have faced the consequence,
however, when the young nation got independent as new African country many people
celebrated because it seemed like war ended and no more pain as this country was born.
After a short while, the children, adolescents, men and women of this young country
seek a peaceful environment where they could experience the absence of war. The
adolescents and children had to drop out of school because life was more precious than
continuing with meaningless education or else being conscripted in the military or run
asylum-seekers/refugee. The trend in this young nation may not allow South Sudan to
celebrate their sovereignty only experienced the continuing war furthermore
adolescents would be mentally challenged which may at time requirements healers to
handle trauma.
Adolescents in the country and those leaving in Refugee Camps have not yet
managed to become productive citizens due to the experience of the conflict. Most of
the respondents sampled witnessed their relatives being killed in their presence whereas
others are still looking for their families and friends in vain. All this has contributed to
more and more trauma for the adolescents in the refugee camp and the IDPs majorly
and several results have been exhibited such as loss of sleep, PTSD effects, and trouble
in coping with the society. All the devastations of equally economy and physical
infrastructure as the resulting war, the main fear and this was not the only the impact
of the country’s economy however; other considerate outcomes on the civilian’s
populace who run away because of security challenge consequence on the civil
76
populace with their means of survival either destroyed or abandoned because of
insecurity in the country.
Many adolescents were originated from cultural contexts in which mental
symptoms might be conceptualized apart from the main philosophy in their host state.
Conflicting conceptualizations of feeling anguish and an inadequate considerate of
western ideas of psychological health (as well as therapy was probably to contribute
mutually the therapy to break the interruption in treatment in countries of settlement
(Guerin, Guerin, Diiriye, & Yates, 2004; Piwowarczyk, Bishop, Yusuf, Mudymba, &
Raj, 2014; Slewa-Younan et al., 2014). In some communities, beliefs in non-medical
explanations of psychological symptoms prevail and therefore help may be sought from
spiritual and traditional healers, rather than within the mainstream health system of the
host country (Ibukun Adeosun, Adekeji Adegbohun, Oyewunmi Jeje, & Adejoke
Adewumi, 2014; Khalifa, Hardie, Latif, Jamil, & Walker, 2011).
The level of healthcare structure in the refugee camp usually vary significantly
from those in the nation of origin, and inadequate information concerning
psychological health in the country of refugee they become unaware of the background
(Burnett & Peel, 2001; Wong & Wong, 2006).The shame associated to psychological
illness signifies a significant barricade to getting therapy by refugees (Bettmann,
Penney, Freeman, & Lecy, 2015; Drummond, Mizan, Brocx, & Wright, 2011;
(Shannon, Wieling, McCleary, & Becher, 2015). The anxiety of being understood in
the wrong way or even hated by one’s communal may decrease the possibility that
differs from a refugee context would seek assistance for mental symptoms (Bogic et
al., 2015). This compound may be due to further suspicion of that consultant, ascending
from oppression, demotion and trauma exposure in their country of origin (Ellis et al.,
2011).
77
5.3 Recommendations
The below recommendations help to reduce the psychological effect of trauma in
troublesome of war among African countries in general but more specifically the nation
like South Sudan and Northern Uganda in specific through the respect to the research
presented was commenced.
i.
Counseling services should be provided to all adolescents in Bweyale
Camp-Uganda and the country’s institutional bodies at large such as
schools, hospitals, camps, among others.
ii.
All refugee adolescents are required to go through the rehabilitation
program for some time to relieve them from Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder brought by the result of the war.
iii. Humanitarians who are working for child protection and adolescent
protection should encourage armed groups not to use developing children
in the army instead of enjoying the facilities such as schools and health
has their human right rather than living in barracks or depots.
iv.
South Sudan and other governments should discourage the use of
adolescents in the war with some bombs which can explode at any time,
carry poisonous missiles for example landmines and none explosive
ordinances (UXOs) cause impact in individual’s life. This would weaken
family accountability to offer food, security and safety to the returned
refugee adolescents and the societies.
v.
Capable institutes like trustworthy international help interventions and
the government-line subdivisions/departments should care for families to
differentiate the incomes plus equally social, material resources and
activities which are vital for the revenue of living in order to be able to
78
cope with trauma and pressures as the outcome of man-made and natural
disasters.
vi.
Impoverished and susceptible part of the populace were children,
adolescents, women, men, elderly, and the ethnic minorities group who
were supposed to gain abrupt courtesy from the charitable help of
government and organizations in the duration of civilian wars.
vii. In this hardship and problematic periods of army fight, vulnerable and
needy populace would search for safety and housing in place where seem
to not part of in destruction like internally displaced (IDPs) and the
refugee camps for them be able to get the need assistance from
organizations helping in protection, advocacy, education, health and
sanitation, food, security and safety. The development partners and the
government should help war-affected with more they need in the refugee
camp with their basic need to help in living.
viii. Modification of family daily source of income should be encouraged and
support by the development partner and the authority due to it greater
contributions in raising the level of suffering of humanity and hence, put
away the circle of suffering in unexpected circumstances.
5.4 Suggested Areas for Further Research
i. Firstly, the researcher commended further study that would be conducted
with the purpose of conducting of the reflection to PTSD amongst
peoples of the Republic of South Sudan precisely in those locations
affected by hardship in this presents war between the government troops
and opposition army.
79
ii. Secondly, the research would be carried out once the refugee who return
home so that the interventions modality may improve in future when the
peace to the country of origin through focus group discussion to provoke
what worry people before returned home.
80
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89
APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRRE
My name is Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong. I am undertaking a Master of Arts in
Counseling Psychology at Africa international University. I am researching on the
Impact of Trauma Caused by War on Refugee Adolescents: A Case of Whitaker Peace
and Development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda whose aged brackets are
from 13-19 years old. The information obtained from you will be treated with
confidentiality and will be used by myself and my own supervisor.
SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
✓ ) Tick appropriately
1. what is your gender? Male
Female
2. How old are you?
13-15Years old
16-17 years old
18-19 years old
3. Education: none
Primary
Secondary
4. How long you been in this Camp as a Refugee?
Less than 5 years
More than 5 years
5. Please indicate your occupation
None
Pupil
Student
trader
6. Status your living condition: Child soldier
College
Orphan
University
Separated
7. Does your Camp have a counseling program?
Yes
No
8. If yes, what are the qualifications of the one conducting trained in counseling?
Certificate
Diploma
Degree
9. Have you ever been exposed to acts of war or terrorism in your life time?
Yes
No
10. In your own opinion, explain briefly how the war has affected you.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
90
APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR FOCUS GROUP
DISCUSSION
I. Opening
A). My name is Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong. I am a master’s student in Counseling
Psychology studying at Africa international University. I am undertaking a research on
the impact of trauma caused by war on refugee adolescents aged 13-19 years old in
Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
B). I would like to ask you some questions concerning the impact of trauma caused by
war on adolescents.
C). I hope to use this information to help pastors, counselors/psychologists, camp
management committee, policy makers and humanitarian workers in general, to better
understand the impact of trauma caused by war on adolescent. This interview shall take
about 45 minutes. I hope you are available to respond to this focus group discussion.
Let me begin by asking you some questions about yourself and your Camp.
II. Body
A). General Demographic information
1. How long have you stayed as a Refugee in this Camp?
2. Approximately how many Refugees are you in your Camp?
3. Are there members of your Camp who have been affected by war in their countries
of origin?
B. PTSD, Depression, and grief symptoms
1. PTSD involves experiences or situations that are emotionally painful and
distressing, and that overwhelm people's ability to cope, leaving them powerless. Are
there people in your camp who behave in such a manner that may indicate that they
are suffering from PTSD? If there are, kindly describe their
behavior………………………………………………………………………………. ..
2. If there are people in your Camp suffering from PTSD as a result of war, what is
your opinion on their mood, interest in activities, energies they put to different
activities, pleasure, concentration levels, and
workproductivity……………………………………………………..…
3. In most times, war brings about death. The bereaved therefore suffer from grief.
Are some of camp members having problems with accepting the death of their loved
ones? What about avoiding talking about death, nightmares,
etc?…………………………………………………………………………………..
91
4. How do you assess the impact of trauma caused by war in your
Camp?...........................................................................................................................
III Closing
A) I appreciate the time you have taken for this interview. Is there any
information that you would consider beneficial to this research?
B) I should have all the information I need. Would it be alright to call you while
am at home if I have any more questions? Thanks again
92
APPENDIX III: PCL-5
Prevalence of trauma
1. Most of the teenagers around the
community camps are traumatized by
recurring tensions in the country;
2. An experience of trauma or chronic
and enduring threat has negatively
affected mental health of some
teenagers
3. Protective factors ensuring
adolescents’ wellbeing have been
minimized or taken away in the war
affected areas leaving young people
without their usually coping
mechanisms;
4. Some young people experienced
ongoing or severe stress reactions
which included depression, anxiety,
PTSD and behaviour disorders
5. Those who suffered multiple losses
are more likely to take longer to
recover or to develop a mental health
problem
6. Those who received additional
psychosocial support are more likely
to be resilient;
7. Girls are more vulnerable than boys
in some societies because they
suffered severe repercussions due to
the conflict;
8. Young people are vulnerable to
boredom in a disaster situation with a
lack of stimulation previously
supplied by education and
employment.
Extremely
1
Moderately Quietabit
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
Notatall
Alittlebit
0
93
4
Input of humanitarian agencies in
dealing with trauma
1. The humanitarian agencies have
managed providing education
programs as the main platform
for psychosocial support.
2. Humanitarian agencies have
also provided informal
adolescent specific educative
activities in safe spaces in early
phase of response (including
life skills; sports, arts and
leisure activities) which foster
social connectedness and
develop/ strengthen social skills
such as empathy and conflict
resolution.
3. They have reinstated schools to
provide a structure, routine and
safe space for adolescents.
4. Provide relevant livelihoods
skills and vocational training,
plus age-appropriate literacy
and numeracy work).
5. Avoid therapy as first response
to trauma.
6. Avoid therapy by non-trained.
7. Do not force young people to
re-examine the disaster story.
8. Provide opportunity for selfdirected self-expression through
play and talk, giving
adolescents a voice and an
outlet.
9. Use school as site for screening
and delivery of additional
support interventions for those
most affected by trauma.
10. Allow adolescents to contribute
to psychosocial or community
programs through leadership/
assistance roles (for example,
encouraging mentoring
programs).
11. Strongly consider psychosocial
programs for former child
soldiers as these have been
found to be more useful than
Western trauma therapies.
Consider adolescents’ specific
psychosocial needs in disaster
preparedness and recovery
plans.
Alittlebit
Modera
tely
Extremely
2
uiet
abit
3
0
1
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
Notatall
94
4
APPENDIX III: PCL-5
Please read each of the below problem carefully and tick one number to the right indicate how much
you have been bothered by that problem in the past month PCL-5 (August 2013) National center
for PTSD.
In the past month, how much were you
bothered by:
1.Repeated, disturbing, and
unwanted memories of the
stressful
experience?
2.
Repeated,
disturbing dreams of the
stressful
experience?
3.Suddenly feeling or acting as if the
stressful experience were actually
happening again (as if you were
actually
there reliving
4.Feelingbackvery
upset it)?
when
something reminded you of the
stressful
5.Havingexperience?
strong physical reactions
when something reminded you of
the stressful experience (for
example,
pounding,
trouble
6.Avoidingheart
memories,
thoughts,
breathing,
or feelings sweating)?
related to the stressful
experience?
7.Avoiding external reminders of the
stressful experience (for example,
people, places, conversations,
activities,
situations)?
8.Trouble objects, or
remembering
important parts of the stressful
experience?
9.Having strong negative beliefs
about yourself, other people, or the
world (for example, having
thoughts such as: I am bad, there is
something seriously wrong with
me, no one can be trusted, the world
10.Blaming yourself or
is completely dangerous)?
someone else for the
stressful experience or what
11.Having
strong
happened after
it? negative feelings
such as fear, horror, anger, guilt, or
shame? of interest in activities that you
12.Loss
used
to enjoy?
13.Feeling
distant or cut off from other
Notatall Alittleb Mode Quiet Extremely
rately abit
it
0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
1
3
3
4
4
1
2
2
2
2
2
0
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
people?
14.Trouble experiencing positive
feelings (for example, being
unable to feel happiness or have
loving feelings for people close to
15.Irritable behavior, angry outbursts, or 0
you)?
acting aggressively?
0
16.Taking too many risks or doing
things that could cause you harm?
1
1
95
22
17.Being “super alert” or watchful or on
guard?
18.Feeling jumpy or easily startled?
19.Having difficulty in concentration ?
20.Trouble falling or staying asleep?
0
1
2
3
4
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
96
APPENDIX A: IERB PROPOSAL SUBMISSION FORM
Part B: Principle Investigator Research Proposal Submission Checklist
Please ensure that the following items are attached when submitting the proposal
to the IERB Office:
Research Proposal must include:
Chapter 1: Introduction. This should cover the background to the problem,
statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, purpose of
the study, justification for the study, limitation of the study, definition of terms and
the chapter summary.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Research Methodology. At minimum shall include the research
design, site selection, participant selection with inclusion/exclusion
criteria, pre-screening of participants, participant consent, description of
risk assessment and methods to reduce risk, participant debrief, data
collection, instrumentation, method of data analysis/validity/reliability,
ethical
considerations
including
methods
to
ensure
participant
confidentiality, i.e. stored data, non-disclosure of participant identification,
disposal of data at conclusion of research.
References in compliance with APA or other relevant style of writing and referencing
Appendices
Principal Investigator(s) Curriculum Vitae
Participant Informed Consent, Parent Consent/Child Assent Forms (As
Applicable)
Debrief Form
PI and Other Researchers’ Signed Confidentiality Agreements
3 Hard Copies of all submission documents
1 Soft Copy of all submission documents
Receipt of payment
97
Proposal has been defended? Indicate date of defense 28/11/2018
Part C: Principal Investigator Declaration
As the Principal Investigator of this study I hereby declare that I take full
responsibility for this proposed study and will conduct it according to the
documented proposal and in line with AIU IERB ethical guidelines.
By signing this document, I agree that:
a) All documents submitted with this application are a true representation of the
proposed study and have not been falsified in any way.
b) This study will not commence in any way, and no participants will be recruited,
until a final official approval is received from AIU’s IERB.
c) Ethical standards of practice will be maintained during this research. The study
will be conducted as stated in the submitted protocol. All participants will be
recruited and consented as stated in the submitted protocol.
d) Any planned or any unforeseen protocol deviations or protocol violations -to
the submitted study- must be reported to AIU’s IERB in writing by email to
joash.mutua@africainternational.edu immediately. The Deviation/Violation
Report Form must be submitted to the IERB office within five (5) business
days of the email to the IERB Office.
e) Any unexpected or serious adverse event during the research must be reported
to the IERB
Office by telephone (+254743513617) immediately, and by email to
joash.mutua@africainternational.edu within twenty-four (24) hours after the
PI is aware of the event.
Principal Investigator Signature
Date
98
APPENDIX B: IERB PROPOSAL RE-SUBMISSION FORM-(AIU-A/IERB
Form 2017 2)
Instructions:
1. This re-submission form should be filled in by the Principal Investigator
2. The proposal re-submission should be submitted within 14 days of the request
for resubmission
3. All changes to the original proposal submission should be highlighted in the
documents
4. The resubmitted proposal shall show highlighted changes made.
5. All the relevant documents listed in this IERB Proposal Re-Submission Form
must be submitted
6. Incomplete proposal re-submissions will not be processed
Part A: Proposal Details
Resubmission Proposal Number: R-_______________________ (Original
number preceded by ‘R’)
Date of Re-Submission: (02/01/2019):______This is the first X_ second ____ third
____ resubmission.
Principal Investigators Name
E-mail Address
Telephone Number
jkunyuat@gmail.com
+254791891311
Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong
Other Researchers
E-mail Address
Telephone Number
n/a
n/a
n/a
Title of Study: The Psychological Impact of Trauma Caused by War on Refugee
Adolescents: A Case of Whitaker Peace and Development Training Centre in
Bweyale camp-Uganda.
Study Start Date: _05/01/2019____Proposed End Date: _01/03/2019
Part B: Description of Changes
Description of Corrections
Cries changed to cry
Key words within the title were inserted
Introduction moved to margin and pushed down a little bit
Transversely changed to across
Word broods changed to young adolescents
This section has been reframed and modified
Paragraph two has been revised
Paragraph three checked and corrected
Follow of ideas was checked (about Vietnam)
“Was” which did not appear has been included
99
Page Reference
Page II forth line
Page IV first line
Page 1 line four
Page 1 line three
Page 1
Page 2 paragraph 2
Page 2
Page 2
Page 4
Page 11
Instead impact of caused by war ”impact of trauma caused by war”
Page 14
Significance of the study come before purpose of the study
Page 14
Paragraph one has been made clear
Page 15 line one
Paragraph one “Stud” but study
Page 15 line five
Paragraph 3 Sentence losses the incurred has been corrected
Page 15
Paragraph 3 “and” has been omitted
Page 15 last line
2.3.0 bold
Page 18
2.4 has been restated and bold
Page 19
Sentence was revised, and “t” has been added instead of “ce”
Page 20
2.5 has been bolded
Page 22
Quotation omitted
Page 23
Entry procedure Sentence revised
Page 26
Research population 13-25-year-old but 13-19 years old
Page 27
Make sure has been revised
Page 29
Describe the changes made to the proposal submission with page references
APPENDIX B: IERB PROPOSAL RE-SUBMISSION FORM
Part C: Submission Checklist
Please ensure that the following items are attached together with this proposal
resubmission form for IERB Review. Where changes have been made to previously
submitted proposal, they should be clearly highlighted.
Research Proposal showing the:
o Chapter 1: Introduction. This should cover the background to the problem, statement
of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, purpose of the study,
justification for the study, limitation of the study, definition of terms and the chapter
summary.
o Chapter 2: Literature Review of Chapter 3: Research Methodology. This should
include the research design, participant selection with inclusion/exclusion criteria,
prescreening of participants, participant consent, description of risk assessment,
participant debrief, data collection, instrumentation, method of data analysis,
validity and reliability, ethical considerations.
o References in compliance with APA or other relevant style of writing and reference
Principal Investigator(s) Curriculum Vitae
Informed Consent/Assent Form
Risk Assessment Form
Debrief Form
4 Hard Copies of all submission documents
1 Soft Copy of all submission documents
Part D: Principal Investigator Declaration
As the Principal Investigator of this study I hereby declare that I take full
responsibility for this proposed study and will conduct it according to the
100
documented proposal and in line with AIU IERB ethical guidelines. By signing this
document, I agree that:
All documents submitted with this application are a true representation of the proposed study
and have not been falsified in any way
a) This study will not commence in any way and no participants will be recruited until a final
official approval is received from AIU’s IERB.
b) The study will be conducted as stated in the submitted protocol. All participants will be
recruited and consented as stated in the submitted protocol.
c) Any protocol deviations or protocol violations to the submitted study must be reported to
AIU’s
IERB in writing by email to joash.mutua@africainternational.edu within five (5) business
days of the deviation or violation using the Sample Protocol Deviation or Protocol
Violation Reporting Form
d) Any study-related unexpected or serious adverse event must be reported to the IERB
Office by telephone immediately (0703394399), followed by an email to
joash.mutua@africainternational.eduwithin twenty-four (24) hours after the PI becomes
aware of the event.
Principal Investigator Signature
Date
02/01/2019
101
APPENDIX D: IERB INFORMED CONSENT FORM SAMPLE-(AIU-A/IERB
Form 2017-4)
PARTICIPANT CONSENT FORM
SAMPLE
My name is Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong, a student at Africa International University,
where I am pursuing Maters of Arts in Psychology degree. As part of my degree
requirements, I am completing a research study and I would like to include you in the
study. My research chair at AIU Dr. Joash Mutua may be contacted by email at
joash.mutua@africainternational.edu or phone ((+254743513617) if you have any
questions at any time.
Your written consent is required to participate so that I can confirm that you have been
informed of the study and that you agree to participate. You are free to decline or
discontinue your participation at any time during the study if you wish to do so. All
information obtained in this study will be kept confidential; a number will be assigned
to any research forms to ensure your privacy is protected. Your name or identify will
not be given in any report or publication.
The purpose of the research is to gain further understanding of the current traumatic
experiences of the refugee adolescents in Bweyale Camp-Uganda. You will be asked
to complete three forms answering questions about your current emotional experiences.
This is not an exam or a test, there is no deception in these questions, and there are no
right or wrong answers, simply answer the questions as honestly as you can. The three
questionnaire forms should take between 30 minutes but no longer than about 45
minutes to complete in one sitting. A demographic form including your age and other
basic information will also be requested.
The outcome of the information obtained during this research will be summarized and
utilized in my dissertation study. Participant names will not be utilized, as shown below
a number will now be assigned to ensure your identity is kept confidential during and
after this study is completed.
My Consent to Participate:
By signing below, I consent to participate in this study.
___________________________
_________
Signature of Participant
Today’s Date
Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong
___________
Principal Researcher
Today’s Date
Participant Number to be used on all documents: ______________
102
APPENDIX E-iii: PARENTAL INFORMED CONSENT FORM SAMPLE
You are invited to participate in a research study conducted by Jacob Kunyuat Jany
Golong. The purpose of this research is (explain using language which can be easily
understood by the subject). Your child’s participation will involve (describe the
procedures to be followed). The amount of time required for your child’s participation
will be between 30 minutes but not than 45 minutes.
There are no known risks associated with this research. OR There are certain risks or
discomforts associated with this research. They include (describe any reasonably
foreseeable risks or discomforts to the child. You may also describe the measures you
will take to minimize these risks and discomforts.)
There are no known benefits to the child that would result from the child’s
participation in this research. OR (Describe any benefits to the child and to others that
may reasonably be expected from the research). This research may help us to
understand the impact of trauma caused by war on refugee adolescents.
(Describe the extent to which confidentiality of records identifying the child will be
maintained. If appropriate, precede the description with: We will do everything we can
to protect your child’s privacy. If appropriate, follow the description with: Your child’s
identity will not be revealed in any publication resulting from this study.)
Participation in this research study is voluntary. You may refuse to allow your child to
participate or withdraw your child from the study at any time. Your child will not be
penalized in any way should you decide not to allow your child to participate or to
withdraw your child from this study.
If you have any questions or concerns about this study or if any problems arise, please
contact (+256772872074 Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong). If you have any questions or
concerns about your child’s rights as a research participant, please contact AIU’s
Institutional Review Board.
Consent
I have read this parental permission form and have been given the opportunity to
ask questions. I give my permission for my child to participate in this study.
103
________________________
_________________ Parent/Guardian Signature
Date
_______________________________
_________________
Child’s Name
Age
_______________________________
_________________
Principal Researcher
Date
Participant Number to be used on all documents: ______________
104
APPENDIX E- iv: IERB INFORMED ASSENT FORM
SAMPLE FOR PARTICIPANTS AGED 17 YEARS OLD, OR YOUNGER
My name is Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong, a student at Africa International University,
where I am pursuing a Maters of Arts in Psychology. As part of my degree
requirements I am completing a research study and I would like to include you in the
study.
My research chair at AIU Dr. Joash Mutua may be contacted by email at
joash.mutua@africainternational.edu or phone ((+254743513617) if you have any
questions at any time.
Your assent or agreement is required to participate so that I can confirm that you have
been informed of the study and that you agree to participate. You are free to decline or
discontinue your participation at any time during the study if you wish to do so. All
information obtained in this study will be kept confidential; a number will be assigned
to any research forms to ensure your privacy is protected. Your name or identify will
not be given in any report or publication.
The purpose of the research is to gain further understanding of the current traumatic
experiences of the refugee adolescents at Whitaker peace and Development Training
Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda. You will be asked to complete three forms
answering questions about your current emotional experiences. This is not an exam or
a test, there is no deception in these questions, and there are no right or wrong answers,
simply answer the questions as honestly as you can. The three questionnaire forms
should take between 30 minutes but no longer than about 45 minutes to complete in one
sitting. A demographic form including your age and other basic information will also
be requested.
The outcome of the information obtained during this research will be summarized and
utilized in my dissertation study. Participant names will not be utilized, as shown below
a number will now be assigned to ensure your identity is kept confidential during and
after this study is completed.
My Assent to Participate:
By signing below, I agree to participate in this study.
______________________________
___________ __________
Signature of Child
My Age
Date
___________________________________
___________
Parent or Guardian Signature
Date
Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong
___________
Principal Investigator
Date
Participant Number now to be used on all research documents: ____________
105
APPENDIX F: IERB PARTICIPANT DEBRIEF FORM SAMPLE - (AIUA/IERB Form 2017-6)
The debrief is verbally said to each participant promptly at the conclusion of their
part in the study. The following sample debrief language shall be modified
according to the type of study and include pertinent referrals or other specific
information.
Sample:
Thank you for participating in this research study. The purpose of this study is to gain
an understanding of the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder. Your participation
will help researchers gain more insight into the current traumatic experiences of the
refugees affected by war in their countries of origin.
In the event you have any distressful reactions to the questions presented to you in this
study, you may want to seek counseling for support, and a list of counseling referrals if
being provided to you, for your reference.
Once again thank you for your participation.
Sincerely,
PI Signature
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APPENDIX G-i: IERB CONFIDENTIALITY FORM – Principal Investigator
This confidentiality form is a legal agreement between AIU’s IERB and the
undersigned principal investigator who will have access to individually-identifiable
original records (electronic or paper), or any other matters regarding the research
process.
IERB Research Number:
____________________________________________________
PI Name: Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong Date:-------------------------------------------Title of Research: The Impact of Trauma Caused by War on refugee Adolescents: A
Case of Whitaker Peace and development Training Centre in Bweyale Camp-Uganda.
In conducting this research project, I agree to the following:
1. Keep all the research information shared with me confidential by not discussing
or sharing the research information in any form or format.
2. Keep all research information in any form or format securely maintained on a
daily basis, during the process of conducting and writing the research.
3. At the conclusion of the research, dispose of any documents that contain
identification information, such as participant names or other information that
could reveal identity of the human subject.
4. Monitor all other researchers who work with me, i.e. research assistants,
administrative persons, etc., to ensure their compliance to confidentiality.
Any violation of this agreement would constitute a serious breach of ethical standards,
and I pledge not to do so.
Principal Investigator
Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong _____________________________________________
Print Name
Signature
Date
________________________________ _________________________ ________
Witness Name
Signature
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Date
February 14 , 2019
JACOB KUNYUAT GOLONG
Africa International University,
RE: APPROVAL OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL:THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF TRAUMA
CAUSED BYPEACE
WAR AND DEVELOPMENT
ON REFUGEE ADOLESCENTS: A CASE OF WHITAKER
TRAININGCENTER IN BWEYALE CAMP
UGANDA
:
AIU/IERB/018/2018
Thank you for submitting your research proposal to the Institutional Ethical Review
( Board IERB) at
AIU.
This is to inform you the IERB has approved your proposal. The approval period is from 14 February
2019 to February,1 4t 2020 and is subject to compliance with the following requirements:,,
1 th
i. Only approved documents(informed consents, study instruments, adver
tis ing materials etc) will
be used.
ii. All changes(amendments, deviations, etc) will be submitted for review and approval by the
IERB before implementation.
iii. Death and life threatening problems and severe adverse events or unexpected adverse events
whether related or unrelated to the study must be reported to the IERB Committee immediately
by telephone, followed by email within twenty four (24) hours after the PI becomes aware of
the event.
iv. Any changes anticipated or otherwise that may increase the risk or affect the safety or welfare
of study participants and others or affect the integrity of the research must be reported to the
IERB committee immediately.
v. Request for renewal must be submitted to the IERB at least 60 days prior to the expiry of the
approval period. A comprehensive progress report must be submitted with renewal request.
vi. An executive summary report must be submitted to IERB within 90 days upon completion of
the study. This information will form part of the database that will be consulted in fut ure when
processing related research studies so
as to minimize chances of study duplication and/ or
plagarism.
vii. The IERB shall have the authority to suspend or terminate ethical approval for Student, Faculty
or Staff research where it is the IERB’s findings that the research is not being, or can no longer
be conducted in accord ance with provisions of the approved pro otocol.
Please do not hesitate
e e to contact the undersignedfor any queries or clarification.
Yours faithfully
Dr. Joash Mutua
Chair, AIU
IERB Committee
108
Appendix IV
15th February, 2019
To Whom It May Concern
Dear Sir/Madam,
RE: JACOB KUNYUAT GOLONG
The above named person is a Masters candidate in the Master of Counseling
Psychology in the Counseling Department of Africa International University (AIU).
He seeks to collect data and information for his research work.
His research topic is: THE PSCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF TRAUMA CAUSED
BY WAR ON REFUGEE ADOLESCENTS: A CASE OF WHITAKER PEACE
AND DEVELOPMENT TRAININGCENTER IN BWEYALE CAMP-UGANDA
Kindly accord him any help he may need to do his research.
Thank you for your kind assistance. Please, feel free to contact the university (see the
details below) if you have any questions.
Yours Sincerely,
Samuel Ngewa, Prof.
Dean of Graduate School
E-mail: Samuel.Ngewa@africainternational.edu
Phone: 0724442070
109
Appendix IV: CURRICULUM VIRTAE (CV)
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name:
Jacob Kunyuat Jany Golong
Date of birth:
1/1/1983
Sex:
Male
Marital Status:
married
Religion:
Christianity
Address:
Juba, South Sudan
Tel:
+254791891311/+256772872074/+211917261885
Email:
jkunyuat@gmail.com
Nationality:
South Sudanese
Educational Background
Year
Institution
qualification
2018
Africa international University
BA Counselling psychology
2016
Reconcile Peace Institute (RPI)
Certificate-Community base trauma counselling
2009
Renk Theology
certificate
2005
Lake Victoria centre
Certificate
2006
Alere SSS-Uganda
Certificate
2002
Kali west P/S- Uganda
Result slip
Courses Attended
2018 Public lecture and Peace Walk on encountering and preventing radicalization and violent
extremism
2017 training workshop on understanding Islam, Folk Islam and power encounter
2016 church drama and evangelism
2015 Mental Health and Psychosocial Support workshop
2014 Training strategic Trauma Counselling
2014 church leaders’ strategic Trauma counselling
2001 peace Education Workshop Certificate
2004 portable Bible School certificate
2003 Bronze Certificate
2004 Silver level two certificate
2005 Gold Level three certificate
By (HAP) Health of Adolescence Programme
2008 Training workshop certificate by Reach Every County (REC)
2008 Training workshop of (TOT) training of Trainers
2010 Training by Presbyterian Church of the Sudan
General work history
Feb 24/2014-June30/2015 emergency protection officer IRC Juba UN house
Responsibilities
➢ Identification of vulnerable group in the Internally Displaced persons.
➢ Conducting training workshops among the community watch group members.
➢ Represent the protection department in the meeting along with protection manager.
➢ Help the vulnerable people and organized their queue during food distribution.
➢ Built relationship between IRC and other organizations in the POCs Un House.
➢ Help to conduct focus group discussion.
January 2018 University counsellor at Africa international University
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Responsibilities
✓ Offer counselling to the student and community around the university.
✓ Help to book appointment for client who need to see a counsellor.
✓ Handled discipline cases referred by the University.
July 01,2015-2016 worked as counsellor for ALARM in UN House
Responsibilities
Initiated group and individual counselling.
Helped individuals to search for healing.
Organized psychosocial support activities in the camp. For example, dance.
January 01,2010-June 30,2011 worked as education community’s mobilizer
Responsibilities
• Mobilized community leaders to encourage girl child education.
• Distribution of scholastic material to the learning.
• Conducted some trainings to the school teachers, administrators.
• Help to carry out assessment along with the State Ministry of Education-Bentiu.
2010-2012 Regional Coordinator for Timothy Training institute for unity state
Responsibilities
❖ Coordinate the regional Centre with main office in Yei.
❖ Trainings to church leaders who did not have level of education to acquire basic skills of
preaching.
❖ Assessment of the qualifications of students who were recommended by their pastors.
2008 worked as field editor for 2nd round Sudan Household Health Survey
Responsibilities
❖ Reviewed the data entered by the field enumerators.
❖ Checked the report of field supervisor before it is sending to the state level.
❖ Worked hand in hand with field supervisor.
2008 two months contract worked as census field Supervisor
Responsibilities
• Managed enumerators in the field office.
• Organize transport of every enumerator under my area of jurisdiction.
2007-2009 child protection officer Bentiu Christ mission continuous Ministries (CMCM)
Responsibilities
❖ Disarmed child soldiers of division four and three both Unity and Aweil State.
❖ Reunification of child Soldiers of their families of origin.
❖ Support education of child soldiers and monitor their progress.
❖ Represent organization during the State coordination meetings.
2005 2months worked for UNHCR in Uganda as Refugees census enumerator
Responsibilities
❖ Data entry to the computer
❖ Helped to translate the refugees during the registration.
2007-2008 served as an assistant parish priest ECSS &S St. Timothy
❖ Worked hand in hand with parish priest in parish activities
❖ Planned programs with other groups in the church
❖ Supervised group leaders namely; youth, mother union, children and lay-readers
2006-2007 worked as Primary School teacher in Bentiu
❖ Deputized the headmistress of the school
❖ Introduced English to Arabic school
❖ Responsibility for English section in the school
❖ Evaluated performance of each teacher who taught in English
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Other Skills
Computer’s knowledge in different packages and various
Leadership skills
Interpersonal skills
Intrapersonal skill
Emotional intelligence skills
languages spoken and written
English, Arabic, Nuer and Dinka
Other Responsibilities
2018 International Student representative in the Student’s council at AIU.
✓ Coordinated the international students with University
✓ Worked on legal status of all the international students
✓ Conducted orientation workshops to new international students
2015 an overseer of eight denominations in UN House POC1.
✓ Conducted assessment with Un, International as church representative
✓ Responsible for all faith-based organizations in POC1
✓ Represented the churches in the Camp management committee
✓ Responsible for all the reconciliation issues in the POC
2014-2016 General Secretary of Area Diocese of Bentiu.
• Keep church record
• Documented all the minutes of every meeting
• Assisted the bishop when there is need to represent the church
• Worked hand in hand with pastors
2005-2006 School head boy awarded certificate.
✓ Responsible for activities related to student’s affair
✓ Represented students during the school function
✓ Part of decision making and policies to run the school
✓ Part of the school disciplinary committee of school
✓ Advocated for the right of students
2003-2006 General Secretary of Nuer Students Association (NSA) in Moyo Uganda.
❖ Read the minutes of previous meetings
❖ Communicated matters related to the office of NSA
❖ Keep record and documentations of NSA
❖ Worked with share person to draft agenda of meetings
❖ Collaborated with treasurer to ensure there was something for refreshment
during the meeting or not
Referees
(1) Mr. Dominic Wani
Human Resource manager-IRC Juba South Sudan
Domminic.Wani@rescue.org
Tel: +211915172560
(2) Dr. Niceta Ireri Wanja
Head of Department of Counselling Psychology-Africa International University
Email: Niceta.Ireri@africainternational.edu
Tel: +254722454252
(3) Rev Peter Garang Adit; Country Director-ALARM South Sudan,
email.petergarang@alarmsouthsudan.org
Tel: +254720918913/+211928272777
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