International Conference on Innovative Advancement in Engineering and Technology (IAET-2020)
Review on Miniaturization Techniques of Microstrip Patch Antenna
Shivani Chourasiaa, Dr Sudhir Kumar Sharmab, Dr Pankaj Goswamic
a
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 116067, India, shivanichourasia1dec90@gmail.com
b
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 116067, India, sudhir.732000@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Microstrip patch antenna(MPA) gained acceptance worldwide in the field of communication. It offers several advantages such as
light weight, low profile, easy to design & fabricate with circuit elements. It consists of a radiating patch imprinted on a substrate
placed over a ground plane. The minimum dimension of patch antenna is of the order half a wavelength. But, their bandwidth is
narrow. Due to the advancement in technology in recent years, the requirement of reducing the size of patch antenna was felt. In this
review paper, the researcher has discussed some of the techniques that are being used to miniaturize the size of the patch antenna.
These include slot-cutting in radiating patch, re-shaping ground plane and antenna, shorting and folding of patch antenna and use
of meta-materials. Also, its major attributes and limitations are highlighted along with their effects on the antenna performance.
Keywords:Microstrip patch antenna, Substrate, Slots, Defective ground structure.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, need for antenna is everywhere due to the innovation in technology in every field, which is related to communication being
wired or cellular. These antennas are low profile, economical and improve the living standards of our life. Over the years, printed antenna
has successfully fulfilled these needs, which was first presented in 50s but did not gain much importance. Examples of such antennas are
printed monopole antenna, dipole, microstrip patch antenna, loop antenna, slot antenna and planar inverted F-shaped antenna(PIFA) [5].
Normally, an antenna resonates at a frequency having its length of the order of half-a-wavelength. Wireless communication today
includes Wi-Fi, fifth generation evolution, worldwide microwave access etc., which fall under the range 700 MHz–6 GHz. This makes
the height of an antenna to be very large when operating at lower band making antenna bulky for many practical devices, such as mobile
phones, the RFID-based cards, tablets etc. Although, the size of other blocks in the communication system is decreased but to reduce the
size of an antenna is still a challenge. Moreover, nowadays the devices are built for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) applications
using multiple antennas. Thus, making it more complex for the manufacturer of the devices to accommodate multiple antennas required
in the same limited space. A strong need to miniaturize the size led the scholars to look for different ways to design a compact antenna.
Although, a number of literature have been published showing the limitations in the performance of designing a compact antenna. The
size should be small but a good radiation pattern was also required. But over the time a conclusion was drawn that if the size of a patch
antenna is reduced its bandwidth as well as gain are compromised [3, 4]. Many research scholars have given theories that include the
miniaturized version of antennas for example printed monopole, patch antenna and PIFA. In this paper, the various techniques are
discussed to miniaturize the size of microstrip patch antenna.
1.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna
Patch antennas are very less priced with medium profile and light weight which could simply be forged on the PCB (i.e. printed circuit
board). These are well suited with microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits (MMIC). Also, these can be easily implemented
with planar and non planar surfaces. It has a thin radiating patch. Patch can be of the form of a rectangle, ring, square, circle, spiral etc. A
substrate layer is sandwiched between the ground plane and metallic patch. These are very versatile in terms of polarization, pattern and
resonant frequency [7]. Nowadays, its linear or planar array forms are widely in use as it can sustain broad frequency range from about 1
GHz to 40 GHz [6].
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Fig. 1 - Microstrip patch antenna [source].
A number of feeding techniques are available based on two schemes – direct and indirect feeding methods. In direct or contacting
scheme, radio frequency power is applied in the patch through a joining element as in microstrip feed-line, which is with direct contact
with the patch as well as ground plane. While in non-contacting or indirect scheme, microstrip feed-line and radiating patch antenna are
connected via electromagnetic coupling. The most widely used feeding techniques are microstrip feed-line, coaxial probe, proximitycoupling and aperture-coupling [1, 2]. In this paper, the major techniques related to MPA miniaturization are reviewed, thus making it
easier for students and professionals in the same field in choosing the appropriate method as required for the application.
2. Miniaturization of MPA
Reducing the size of patch antenna is a challenging issue. This reduces the overall space occupied in the communication system. But, it
was seen that if we reduce the size of patch antenna, we may have to compromise on bandwidth and efficiency [8]. Various techniques
were introduced in order to fulfill the purpose such as reshaping antenna and introducing slots, using high dielectric material, shorting
and folding antenna and using metamaterials. It was analysed for the first time by Wheeler where he explained that if we reduce the size
of an antenna its bandwidth and gain are both reduced [8]. After him many others concluded the same [3, 4]. And, these antennas were
more expensive. Thus, to overcome these limitations, various design techniques were already been proposed [3-5] but they had their own
disadvantages making the design more complex with low performance.
In this section, we will discuss miniaturization based on two formats: firstly by changing its geometry and secondly varying dielectric
material properties of substrate. The following are the MPA miniaturization methods being discussed as follows.
2.1. Slot Cutting
The most common method to achieve miniaturization is by cutting slots in the original patch or by reshaping the antenna. Several works
have been published in which the size of MPA is reduced by simply adding slots in the original design. It was seen that this technique
reduced the overall patch area but the bandwidth was also reduced. In [9], a broadband E-shaped MSA design was further improved by
making tapered slots resulting in a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. This reduced the patch area by half but resulted in lower
bandwidth. Thereafter, bandwidth (BW) of a broadband design of E shaped microstrip antenna (MSA) having different size of slots was
compared with the bandwidth of an original E-shaped MSA as well as a U-slot RMSA and also various other presented designs of Eshaped MSAs having comparatively small patch size. These additional pair of unequal slots resulted into 55% (i.e. 600 MHz) of BW.
Also, in [10] a simple patch having stepped slot on one of its edge and its ground plane consisting of a slot with mirror image of ‘P’
shape with spanner shaped microstrip line was designed and fabricated. It was found that radiation pattern of the antenna included three
range of cut-off frequencies falling under UWB space. It was found that the radiation efficiency was >70% throughout. E-shaped patch
microstrip antenna was a part of every scholar during their research work. Basically, It is obtained by simply cutting two slots parallel in
a RMSA.
Over the past decade, E-shaped patch design was tested under various operations such as for broadband antenna, operating
under dual-frequency and polarization, also under circular polarization as well as for enhancing gain [8]. Nowadays, we usually need
small antennas to meet the requirement of miniaturization in mobile units in mobile communication systems. Also, by introducing
different feeding techniques in certain designs [11] the impedance bandwidth, radiation characteristics and antenna gain were also
improved. Several novel designs [12–22] have been published where MPA size was reduced either by changing the dimensions of the
original design or cutting slots in MPA. Generally, this method results into lower bandwidth, polarization and efficiency. But by
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International Conference on Innovative Advancement in Engineering and Technology (IAET-2020)
arranging these slots asymmetrically over radiating patch or by merging two techniques like defected ground structure and slots,
improved designs have been obtained [12]. Although, this technique has been used widely in designing various patch antennas to obtain
miniaturization, but still a general procedure of designing is still missing in every research work done till now [13].
Fig.2.1 - Top view design of the antenna with modified microstrip feed line [7]
2.2 Substrate Material
A number of substrates can be used to design a patch antenna having different value of dielectric constant ‘ε r’ which is normally kept
between the range 2.2 to 12 [23]. Generally, it is kept low for decreasing the effect of fringing field in patch antenna [7]. This
miniaturization technique is best suited for impedance matching [24].
Fig.2.2 (a) Rectangular patch antenna with microstrip feed line and (b) Size & shape of slots in ground plane for best results [l7]
Also, in some literature this technique was quite helpful in obtaining slightly as compared wider bandwidth with satisfactory efficiency
and improved field pattern. Basically, patch antenna is made using material like copper and gold. In this section, we will discuss a
simplest method to minimize the patch antenna size by using substrate material having relatively higher value of dielectric constant (ε r).
On reducing the length as well as width of patch antenna, the dielectric constant ɛ r increases at the power of ½ [3]. Various research
works have been carried out under this section over three decades to reduce patch antenna size through varying dielectric materials.
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In [11], a broad-band design of RMSA having thickness of air substrate showed better impedance matching throughout the
bandwidth. But augmenting the MSA using air substrate results in bulky antenna and hence inopportune their usage [25-29]. In [28], a
new geometry with high relative permittivity i.e. LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) substrate was assimilated and simulated
using CST for contemporary communication range.
2.3 Defected Ground Structure
Among all defected ground plane technique is widely used as they provide enhanced bandwidth with compact antenna. Under this
technique, ground plane is modified in terms of size and shape. This results in reduced size which may be larger than or even in some
works less as compared to patch size. Recently, the patch antennas with defected ground were analyzed [22, 43 and 44]. A patch antenna
with circular radiating patch and modified ground plane was designed in [32] for C-band resulting in improved bandwidth. It can be
observed that varying the slot shape as well as dimension in the patch and also in the ground plane helps in improving bandwidth. But,
sometimes the resultant antennas had poor input impedance and poor polarization.
Thus, it is important to analyze other parameters such as antenna efficiency, bandwidth, radiation pattern etc that too are affected by
minimizing patch size. Most of the works did not clearly mention and compared. There is no elaborative method on the generic
application of neither this method nor any specific equation to calculate the size of the ground plane. Later on, new modifications were
introduced to miniaturize the size of MPA by inserting different slots in ground plane [28]. In [28], the initial geometry of the RMPA had
no defects in ground plane. In order to increase the bandwidth as well as other radiation characteristics, introducing slots in the ground
plane helps in improving the result.
If it is designed properly, current on the surface of the patch increases [10]. It also reduces resonant frequency, leading to size
miniaturization. Thus, using slots in the ground plane many designs were modified and published in the literature to miniaturize the
MPA. In [10], a UWB antenna was designed using a spanner shaped feed line with ground plane having mirror image of shape ‘P’. These
slots in feed line and in the ground plane were obtained gradually by the scholar to achieve suitable results that can be realized in
contemporary communication mechanism such as 3.45 - 4.0GHz range defined for WiMAX, 5.15 - 5.90GHz for WLAN, 5.7255.875GHz for ISM, 7.250-7.375GHz for satellite communication, 7.250 - 8.200GHz for mobile communication, 12.4 - 12.5GHz for
satellite broadcasting, 14.62-15.23GHz for defense systems, lastly passive sensors satellites 21.2-21.4GHz.
Fig.2.3 - (a) Top view of the proposed geometry (b) Back view of the proposed geometry [9]
Modified ground plane can be of any shape like spiral, alphabetical U, H and dumbbell-shaped, etc. This method was used in
[33] to improve radiation as well as to provide impedance matching and to isolate different antenna parts in array antennas. In [39],
Defected Ground Structure consisting of four connected E-shaped slots was etched out which resulted in 68% reduction in antenna size.
The proposed design was assimilated and compared with other similar designs. It was concluded that these structures provides narrow
bandwidth and less efficiency. It was seen that the resonant frequency shifts due to the alteration in the ground plane caused by the
ground currents and to compensate this shift in the resonant frequency re-tuning of the antenna must be done. In [34–39], CSRR or
complementary split ring resonator based technique was used for miniaturization. This method is relatively simple as the CSRR is added
underneath the patch. Another method was in which ground plane with two different layers of substrate was presented in [40]. In [41],
three UWB antenna with different modifications were presented. It was seen in the first section, that gradually reducing the size of a
ground structure enhances the wideband impedance matching as a result of coupling between the modes. The other two sections included
a UWB range antenna having dual band showing notch behavior and the other one with tunable band-notch characteristics. The first one
could be tuned electronically so as to stop a certain frequency range. This helped in selecting certain frequency range as there is a lot of
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interference in the spectrum due to overlapping of different communicating wireless systems. All these designs were fabricated and
simulated in both domains. And then the summary including the outcome of each antenna was represented subsequently in a graph.
2.4 Shorting and Folding
By using shorting pins and folded patch feeding technique in a MPA, various novel designs have been presented to reduce the size of
MPA. Recently in [42], minimized antennas were discussed which had applications in UWB range. They were designed using shorting
pins and ramp shaped folded feed technique. First patch antenna was having arms with different length and the feed line was folded and
in ramp shape having air substrate over ground plane. The second antenna also had the feed line that was folded and in ramp shape and
shorting pins too. They were fed using probe feeding technique. Feeding technique was same for both but their size was different. But
both attained nearly the same bandwidth. Latter method was used to reduce the size while former provided improved bandwidth. The
above antennas obtained three resonant, operating between 4.13GHz to 11.48GHz and 3.57GHz to 10.46GHz, for UWB range. The
former technique as reported in papers [12] as well as [13] has helped in achieving wider impedance bandwidths. There have been
several of works published in the literature presenting the same technique [19–27]. However, this method decreases the gain and
directivity greatly. It also complicates the geometry at times making it non-planar and thus, complex. But if it is properly applied, it does
affect the efficiency of the antenna.
Fig.2.4 - Antenna geometry (a) Full view; (b) Top view; (c) Side view [44]
A fish-shaped antenna in [43] was introduced to achieve wider impedance bandwidth for UWB applications. It was having a slot made in
the shape of U with feed type being tilted fold feed also with walls shorted and step type arms. By using these, bandwidth was increased
and four resonant frequencies were produced. Also, the shorting wall that was used between patch and ground plane, reduced the original
antenna size. The design was simulated. Results concluded that the performance of the antenna was enhanced with satisfactory gain.
Also, the radiation pattern obtained in different band was stable.
2.5 Metamaterials
The limitations of microstrip antenna such as back radiation and surface wave excitation etc., degraded the performance of the MSA [45].
To suppress these, various techniques such as DGS, partial ground, EBG or electromagnetic band-gap structure, MMT or micromachining technology, artificial soft surfaces and multi-layering of substrate [44] were introduced. But some demanded high fabrication
cost while others resulted in increasing the bandwidth but on the cost of gain and efficiency [44]. A number of techniques are their
improving overall gain of the antenna but most of them were bulky as required large designing space. The above mentioned problems
were resolved by using metamaterial. MTM or metamaterials are defined as artificial composite that inherits its properties from the
structure it forms but not from the stuff it is made up of. These have some unusual properties like zero permittivity, negative permeability
and permittivity, antennas and absorbers [46] etc. They have been widely studied and implemented by many scholars. The surface waves
are considerably reduced when metamaterial is used above the microstrip antenna [44-48]. If it has negative permittivity only then it is
called epsilon negative (ENG). If it has negative permeability only then it is known as μ-negative (MNG) material. If it has both negative
permittivity as well as permeability then it is known as double-negative (DNG) material. In [44], different layers with lower value of
refractive index were introduced to improve gain of patch antenna but the size was compromised. In [46], its most promising application
as microwave absorber is used. As compared to earlier used absorbers, these materials when used as absorbers leads to almost unit
absorption resulting in improved band-width, insensitive polarization with compact size. Also, split ring was used with resonator of
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asterisk shape with substrate FR4. The structure gave wide bandwidth with two absorption peaks that were achieved by proper
optimization.
Fig.2.5 - (a) Patch antenna; (b) top view of the proposed antenna.
Also, its electric field distributions with surface current were analyzed. These materials when used as absorbers for microwave can be
widely utilized for absorbing electromagnetic waves to decrease absorption in various applications such as mobile phones,
electromagnetic compatibility, electromagnetic interference suppression and radar cross section reduction [46]. Further in [44],
microstrip antenna with metamaterial as unit cell was introduced. Two resonating frequencies were obtained as a result of two closed ring
resonators in hexagonal shape being placed in the unity cell. All parameters were enhanced. The whole region represented DNG.
Algorithm used was already explained in paper [49]. Its bandwidth was improved with compact size. MTMs are used in various
microwave, radio frequency as well as photonic gadgets to obtain distinct attributes. Over a period of time, this concept has been widely
implemented in several designs to obtain improved gain and efficiency.
Conclusion
In this paper, overviews of the various techniques which can be used to reduce the size of MPA are presented. These include the use of
substrates; varying antenna shape and size, folding and shorting patch antenna; introducing slots; defected ground structure; and metamaterials. In the past decades, it was seen that the different techniques discussed above can also be clubbed and used in a single design to
obtain better results. Also, while implementing these methods it was seen that each method provides changes in different properties of
patch antenna. Thus, one can select a parameter which they want to improve or enhance and then go for the method to be applied to
obtain miniaturization of patch antenna. Miniaturization was obtained to a greater extent but on the expense of bandwidth and other
important parameters. It was seen in the description of methods that some of them provided improvement in the designs in terms of
bandwidth, gain, efficiency etc., but they could only achieve a moderate level in miniaturization, whereas others reduced the size to quite
an extent. Also, some of the designs were easily fabricated while others were complex in geometry. Moreover, the materials used in some
designs were never cheap. Such compromises are their always and have to be made by the user while choosing his design to be
miniaturized, depending on the application. Among these designs many could not specifically explain the impact of size reduction on
either their bandwidth or even their efficiency. Also, how these methods being implemented could affect its performance was not
elaborated. The problem of miniaturization of MPAs is very challenging and that is why it always drew the curiosity of scholars. In Table
1, the comparison between these techniques and their characteristics is shown below.
Table 1: MPA miniaturization methods and their features
Miniaturization
Characteristic
Advantages
Limitations
Slots in the patch,
Provides wider bandwidth
No standard procedure,
Methods
Slots
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slots added as
comparatively
parasitic elements
complex geometry, poor
polarization & radiation
characteristics.
Substrate Material
High dielectric
Easy designing, greater
substrates
miniaturization
Costly, limited
bandwidth
Defected Ground
Slots in ground
Eight times miniaturization
Low efficiency
Plane
plane
Shorting and
Shorting pins,
Cost-effective
No designing equations
Folding
walls and folding
or procedure, nonplanar, complex
geometry
Meta-materials
Use of MTMs
Higher degree of miniaturization
No standard procedure,
complex geometry, low
bandwidth and
efficiency
Applications
Microstrip antenna is used in various applications like mobile communication, satellite communication and wireless communication as
well as in devices that are portable. Because of their small size they are easily inbuilt with other devices. The various techniques have led
to bandwidth enhancement with compact size antennas leading the researchers in academia and industry to work over the same field with
broad aspects and to be implemented in a variety of technologies. Also, various methods such as using bulky substrate, overlapped
patches, active-passive devices inbuilt with patch antenna, shorting pins, feeding techniques, etc. have been discussed in various
literatures previously.
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Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3550995
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