3.1 Atomic Mass 80
3.2 Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass of an Ele
ment 81
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Molecular Mass 85
The Mass Spectrometer 88
Percent Composition of Compounds 88
Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas 92
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 94
Amounts of Reactants and Products 99
Limiting Reagents 103
3.10 Reaction Yield 106
CHEMISTRY in Action
Chemical Fertilizers 108
Key Equations 109
Summary of Facts and Concepts 109
Key Words 109
Questions and Problems 110
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 120
4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 122
4.2 Precipitation Reactions 124
CHEMISTRY in Action
An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction 129
4.3 Acid-Base Reactions 129
4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 135
CHEMISTRY in Action
Breathalyzer 146
4.5 Concentration of Solutions 147
4.6 Gravimetric Analysis 151
4.7 Acid-Base Titrations 153
4.8 Redox Titrations 156
CHEMISTRY in Action
Metal from the Sea 158