The Nervous System CNS consists of the ___________________, which occupy the _________ body cavity part of the nervous system _________ the CNS consists mainly of nerves PN The Autonomic Nervous System Anatomical and physiological differences Characteristics Sites of origin Relative lengths of their fibers Location of their ganglia Functional role Key anatomical differences between ANS divisions Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Effects on various organs Target organ or Parasympathetic effect system Eye (iris) Stimulates _________ pupillae muscles; ___________ pupils Eye (ciliary muscle) Stimulates muscle, which makes lens ______________ Glands (nasal, Stimulates secretory activity lacrimal, gastric, pancreas) Salivary glands Stimulates secretion of _________ saliva Sweat glands No effect (no innervation) Adrenal medulla No effect (no innervation) Arrector pili muscles No effect (no innervation) attached to hair follicles Heart (muscle) _________ rate Heart (coronary blood No effect (no innervation) vessels) Urinary _________ smooth muscle of bladder/urethra bladder wall; _________ urethral sphincter; _________ voiding Lungs _________ bronchioles Digestive tract organs Increases motility and amount of secretion by digestive organs; relaxes sphincters to allow foodstuffs to move through tract Liver Increases glucose ____________ Gallbladder Excites (gallbladder _____________bile) Kidney No effect (no innervation) Penis Causes erection Vagina/clitoris Causes erection of clitoris; increases vaginal lubrication Blood vessels Little or no effect Sympathetic effect Stimulates _________ pupillae muscles; _________ pupils Weakly inhibits muscle, which _________ lens for far vision _________ secretory activity; constricts blood vessels supplying the glands Stimulates secretion of _________, _________ saliva Stimulates copious sweating (cholinergic fibers) Stimulates medulla cells to secrete _______________________ Stimulates contraction _________ rate and force of heartbeat Dilates blood vessels (vasodilation)* _________ smooth muscle of bladder wall; _________ urethral sphincter; _________ voiding _________ bronchioles* Decreases activity of glands and muscles of digestive system; constricts sphincters Stimulates release of glucose _________ * Inhibits (gallbladder is _________ ) Promotes _________ ; causes _________ ; _________ urine output Causes ejaculation Causes vagina to contract _________ most vessels and _________ blood pressure; constricts vessels of abdominal viscera and skin to divert blood to muscles, brain, and heart when necessary; epinephrine weakly dilates vessels of skeletal muscles during exercise* Blood coagulation No effect (no innervation) Increases coagulation* Cellular metabolism No effect (no innervation) Increases metabolic rate* Adipose tissue No effect (no innervation) Stimulates lipolysis *Effects are mediated by epinephrine release into the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla. Major Parts of the Brain A. B. C. D. brain stem: cerebellum: diencephalon: cerebrum: A. Brain stem the brain stem regions are _________ , _________ , and _____________ each roughly an inch long, collectively they account for only _____ of total brain mass brain stem centers produce the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival positioned between the __________________ , the brain stem also provides a pathway for fiber tracts running between higher and lower neural centers brain stem _________ are associated with ____ of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, so it is heavily involved with innervating the head Brain stem Midbrain (mesencephalon) Description - located between the _______________ and _________ - contains visual (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior colliculi) reflex centers -contains _________________ centers (substantia nigra and red nuclei) -contains nuclei for cranial nerves ___ and ___ -contains projection fibers Pons (bridge) - bulging brain stem region wedged between the _________ and the _____________ - composed of conduction tracts - contains nuclei of cranial nerves _______ - contains projection fibers Medulla oblongata - most _________ part of the brain stem - blends imperceptibly into the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum of the skull - contains nuclei of cranial nerves ________ and ___ - contains projection fibers - site of ______________ Midbrain’s nerves III nerves IV nerves Pons’ nerves V nerves VI nerves VII nerves VIII nerves Medulla’s nerves VIII nerves IX nerves X nerves XI nerves XII nerves Nuclei associated with the pairs of cranial nerves Description: nuclei provide _________ impulses that control movements of the _________ , while accessory oculomotor nuclei provide _________ control to the ______________ that regulate _________ of the pupil and changes in shape of the lens via the ___________________ . provide _________ impulses that control movements of the eyeball via the _________ nerves. receive _________ impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide _________ impulses that govern chewing via the _________ nerves. provide _________ impulses that control _________ movement via the _________ nerves receive _________ impulses for _________ and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of _________ and _________ and contraction of muscles of facial expression via the _________ nerves. receive _________ impulses from and provide _________ impulses to the vestibular apparatus via the _________ nerves. These nerves convey impulses related to balance and equilibrium receive _________ input from and provide _________ output to the cochlea of the internal ear via the ______________ nerves. These nerves convey impulses related to ________. relay _________ and _________ impulses related to taste, swallowing, and salivation via the _______________ nerves. receive _________ impulses from and provide _________ impulses to the pharynx and larynx and many thoracic and abdominal viscera via the _________ nerves These fibers are actually part of the vagus (X) nerves. Nuclei in the medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control swallowing via the _________ nerves (cranial portion of the accessory nerves) control tongue movements during speech and swallowing via the ____________ nerves B. Cerebellum accounts for about _____ of total brain mass second only to the cerebrum in size, occupies the _________ and _________ aspects of the cranial cavity located dorsal to the _________ and _________ protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, from which it is separated by the ________________ C. Diencephalon: Forming the central core of the forebrain and surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Cerebral Hemispheres Cortical gray matter Basal nuclei (ganglia) Description - consists of __________________ nuclei, which form the _____________ walls of the third ventricle - deep, well hidden brain region that makes up ____ of the diencephalon - merging into the midbrain inferiorly, it extends from the optic chiasma (crossover point of the optic nerves) to the posterior margin of the mammillary bodies - caps the brain stem and forms the ______________ walls of the third ventricle - most _________ portion of the diencephalon - forms the _________ of the third ventricle Function -Localizes and _________ sensory inputs -Controls _________ and skilled skeletal muscle activity -Functions in ___________ and _________ processing -Subcortical motor centers -Help control _______________ movements D. Cerebrum the “___________________ ” consists of an ______________ , an internal region of cerebral white matter, and gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter IV. Functional brain systems Description Limbic system - group of structures located on the: a. medial aspect of each _______________ : a1. amygdaloid body (an _______________ nucleus that sits on the tail of the caudate nucleus) a2. other parts of the rhinencephalon (cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, the C-shaped hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus) Reticular formation b. diencephalon: b1. hypothalamus b2. anterior thalamic nuclei - extends through the ____________ of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain - composed of __________________ in what is otherwise white matter Conditions i. Psychosomatic illnesses: disorders with _________ symptoms that originate from _________ causes extensive connections between the _________ system and lower and higher brain regions allow the system to integrate and respond to a variety of environmental stimuli some people under acute or unrelenting emotional stress fall prey to visceral illnesses, such as ________________ and ____________ ii. Aphasias the loss of _____________ due to damage to specific areas of the brain _____________ can understand language but have difficulty _________ (and sometimes cannot write or type or use sign language) _____________ are able to speak but produce a type of nonsense often referred to as “_______________ .” They also have great difficulty understanding language.
