1 GRADE 9 HISTORY: SECOND TERM The Nuclear Age and Cold War (1945 – 1990) The Nuclear Age and Cold War (1945 – 1990) The tension between the Allies; The start of the Nuclear Age The superpowers and the meaning of ‘Cold War’ Conflict and competition in the Cold War; The end of the Cold War Activity: Explain the following historical concepts • foes: enemies • ideologies: beliefs about how society should be governed politically, economically and socially • occupation: taking control of the land • subordinate: controlled by • surrendered: gave in • fascism: one-person rule or dictatorship • consolidated: strengthened and secured The tension between the Allies Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. 2 Ideological differences between the USA and the USSR USA (capitalism) USSR (communism) Democratic and multi-party Autocratic/ dictatorship and one-party Free elections No or fixed elections Individualism and survival of the fittest Collectivism where everybody helps everybody else Individual wealth encouraged (richest world Shared wealth (poor economic base) power) Personal freedom No personal freedom (secret police controlled society) Media freedom Total censorship Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------End of the Second World War in the Pacific Ocean: The start of the Nuclear Age Potsdam declaration Activity: Explain the following historical concepts • ignoble: not honourable; cowardly • sovereign: the top and only ruler; supreme ruler • obliteration: complete destruction - so nothing is left Essay: Discuss how the Second World War came to an end in the Pacific Ocean. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Why did USA drop the atomic bombs? Activity: Explain the following historical concepts • • • controversial: something that causes disagreement deploying: sending to war blockade: seal oof a place to prevent goods or people from leaving or entering 3 Was dropping the atomic bombs justified? • • • After Germany’s surrender, tension increased between the USA and the Soviet Union regarding the nature of post-war Europe. The USA began worrying about the increased influence the Soviets would have if they joined the war against Japan in mid-August, as planned. The US believed that if the atomic bomb ended the war, the US would establish post-war domination over the Soviets. The US government was worried about how US citizens would react if the knew that a bomb that had cost US$2 billion to develop, and which could have saved the lives of thousands of American soldiers, had not been used. So, from the government’s point of view, the decision to drop the bombs was – on the surface – simple. The first atomic bomb had been used in combat. The surrender of Japan a week later marked the end of a long struggle for freedom, democracy and peace. Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The superpowers and the meaning of ‘Cold War’ Activity: Explain the following historical concepts • stature: Importance and reputation • stockpile: the accumulation of stock or materials • arsenal: a Collection of weapons and military equipment • belligerent: hostile and aggressive Definition of ‘superpower’ • A superpower is a country with a dominant position in the world. • It has the ability to influence world events, further its own interests and project power on the rest of the world to protect those interests. • It is a large country with a sizable population, a strong economy and an ample supply of natural resources. • It is not dependant on other countries and, most importantly, has a well-developed nuclear capacity. Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. 4 Conflict and competition in the Cold War Activity: Explain the following historical concepts • deliver: send somewhere so that it can explode • missile: a weapon forcibly directed to a target • hydrogen bomb (H-bomb): An immensely powerful bomb with destructive power that comes from the rapid release of energy • warheads: the explosive head of a missile, torpedo, or similar weapon • obliterate: Completely destroy The Arms Race ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Space Race Activity: Explain the following historical concepts satellite: an artificial body placed around the earth to collect information. orbit: to move in a circle or around the earth. launchpad: the area on which a rocket stands for launching NASA: national Aeronautics and Space Administration quarantine: A period or place of isolation in which people or animals that have arrived from elsewhere or that have been exposed to infectious diseases are placed simulated: imitation Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. Activity: Explain the following historical concepts denazification: to remove Nazi influence from everything swastika: Nazi symbol Division of Germany in 1946: 5 Building of Berlin Wall in 1961 Essay: Describe how the division of Germany in 1946, and the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, damaged East-West relations. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. The end of the Cold War Activity: Explain the following historical concepts • repressive: stopping the freedom of people • intensified: grew much stronger • disintegration: break into many smaller pieces The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 Informal Assessment: Use activities from different textbooks: source-based questions and writing of paragraphs. INFORMAL ASSESSMENT: Answer all questions. QUESTION 1: HOW WAS THE WORLD TRANSFORMED BY THE NUCLEAR AGE? Study Source 1A, 1B-1, 1B-2, 1C and answer the questions 1.1 Refer to Source 1A 1.1.1 On which Japanese city was the first atomic bomb dropped? (1x1) (1) 6 1.1.2 How many people were killed? (1x1) (1) 1.1.3 Explain why the United States of America chose to drop an atomic bomb instead of using conventional weapons? (1x2) (2) 1.1.4 Explain the effects of the first atomic bomb on the people of Hiroshima? (1x2) (2) 1.2 Refer to Sources 1B-1 (the written source) and 1B-2 (the visual source). 1.2.1 1.2.2 Do you think that the crew of the Enola Gay knew about the destructive power of the first atomic bomb? Support your answer by quoting from the text. (1x2) (2) How does the visual source support the written source about the destructive effect of the first atomic bomb ? (1x2) (2) 1.3 Use Source 1C Why do you think that the place for commemorating the 6th of August in Hiroshima was named the Peace Memorial Park? (1x2) (2) 1.3.2 What does Hiroshima strive the world to get rid of? (1x1) (1) 1.3.3 Why is it important for the survivors (hibakusha) to tell their stories? (1x2) (2) 1.4 Use the relevant sources and your own knowledge and write a paragraph of 50 words (5 lines) in which you explain how the nuclear age transformed the world. (5) [20] 1.3.1 1.5 ESSAY QUESTION Write an essay on the following topic: Your essay must be two pages in length and should consist of an introduction, main points and a conclusion. Essay: Describe how the division of Germany in 1946, and the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, harmed East-West relations. [30] [50] ADDENDUM QUESTION ! SOURCE 1A Hiroshima was the target. At 8:15 a.m., Little Boy exploded, instantly killing 80,000 to 140,000 people and seriously injuring 100,000 more. A T-shaped bridge at the junction of the Honkawa and Motoyasu rivers near downtown Hiroshima was the target. At 8:15 a.m., Little Boy exploded, instantly killing 80,000 to 140,000 people and seriously injuring 100,000 more. The bomb exploded some 1,900 feet above the center of the city, over Shima Surgical Hospital, some 70 yards southeast of the Industrial Promotional Hall (now known as the Atomic Bomb Dome). Crewmembers of the Enola Gay saw a column of smoke rising fast and intense fires springing up. The burst temperature was estimated to reach over a million degrees Celsius, which ignited the surrounding air, forming a fireball some 840 feet in diameter. Eyewitnesses more than 5 miles away said its brightness exceeded the sun tenfold. www.atomic archive.com 7 SOURCE 1B-1 Destructive nature of the atomic bomb www.atomic archive.com SOURCE 1B-2: "My God, what have we done?". It emphasizes the destructive effects of the atomic bomb. In less than one second, the fireball had expanded to 900 feet. The blast wave shattered windows for a distance of ten miles and was felt as far away as 37 miles. Over two-thirds of Hiroshima's buildings were demolished. The hundreds of fires, ignited by the thermal pulse, combined to produce a firestorm that had incinerated everything within about 4.4 miles of ground zero. To the crew of the Enola Gay, Hiroshima had disappeared under a thick, churning foam of flames and smoke. The co-pilot, Captain Robert Lewis, commented, "My God, what have we done?" www.atomic archive.com SOURCE 1C: Hiroshima strives to make the world aware of getting rid of nuclear weapons. The downtown streets of Hiroshima are now lined with high-rise buildings, and the park is green again. Every year on August 6, the day the bomb was dropped, Hiroshima holds a ceremony in Peace Memorial Park, where the mayor reads his annual Peace Declaration. Determined to fulfill its mission as an international peace culture city, Hiroshima strives to rid the world of nuclear weapons. The hibakusha who are still alive are becoming quite elderly, averaging over 70 years old. Sadly, some are confined to hospitals due to after effects, and many live in fear, wondering when the radiation might strike again. Although it is painful for them to tell their stories, many hibakusha are willing to do so in order to help the next generation understand the importance of peace. www.atomic archive.com 8
