INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS) IN
RESIDENTIAL PROJECT: READINESS AMONG
CONTRACTORS IN TERENGGANU
(INTERIM REPORT)
Faculty
:
FACULTY OF ACHITECTURE,
PLANNING AND SURVEYING
Program
:
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
Program Code
:
AP224
Course Code
:
BQS 664
Semester
:
5
Name
:
MUHAMMAD HARIZ BIN HASAN
Student ID
:
2018298006
Submitted to: PUAN SUHAILA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i
1.1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1
1.2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1
1.3
PROBLEM STATEMENT
3
1.4
OBJECTIVES
5
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
5
1.6
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
6
1.7
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
6
1
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INTRODUCTION
7
2.2
HISTORY OF IBS
2.3
DEFINITION OF IBS
7
9
2.4
TYPES OF IBS
10
2.2.1 Cast In Situ Construction Method
10
2.2.2 Composite Construction Method
11
2.2.3 Fully Prefabricated Construction Method
11
CLASSIFICATION OF IBS
12
2.3.1 Pre-Cast System
12
2.3.2 Formwork System
13
2.3.3 Steel Framing System
14
2.3.4 Prefabricated Timber Framing System
14
2.3.5 Block Work System
15
2.3.6 Innovative On-Site System
16
ADVANTAGES OF IBS
16
2.4.1 Reduce built time
16
2.4.2 Reduce the number of labours
16
2.4.3 Improvements in construction quality
17
2.4.4 Clean site conditions and reduced health and safety risk
17
2.4.5 Waste reduction
18
2.4.6 Potential cost financial advantage
18
2.5
2.6
i
2.7
READINESS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF IBS
19
2.8
CHALLENGES IN IBS IMPLEMENTATION
2.5.1 People
20
20
2.5.2 Process
21
2.5.3 Technology
22
2.9
BARRIERS TO IBS IMPLEMENTATION
2.10
WAYS TO INFLUENCE CONTRACTOR TO
22
24
IMPLEMENT IBS
3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
INTRODUCTION
25
3.2
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
25
3.2.1 Questionnaire
25
REFERENCES
26
ii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) is a method of construction that involved
techniques and production of components or structures of construction requiring prefabricated
components assemble on-site. The IBS has been recognised as a possible technique for
improving the overall performance of building in terms of efficiency, cost effectiveness, health
and safety, reduction of waste and duration of construction. This study was conducted to
identify the readiness among contractors about IBS in residential project in Terengganu. In
this chapter, it consists of background of study, problem statement, objectives, research
questions, scope of the study and limitation of the study.
1.2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Industrialised Building System is a concept used by Malaysia's industry and
government to reflect the industrialization and prefabrication of construction components. IBS
can be described as a construction technique consisting of components that are manufactured,
shipped, placed, and installed in a controlled condition to become a structure with little
additional site work (CIDB, 2003). It is necessary to be cast on-site for parts of the building
that are complex, repetitive, labour intensive, and time-consuming. The comprehensive design
was carried out at the factory as standardized parts and then shipped to the site to be
assembled. IBS offers clean mould technology for waste reduction during on-site assembly.
IBS has begun to be adopted by the construction industry as a tool for achieving higher
building efficiency and quality, lower health and safety risks, problems related to the availability
of qualified labour, the illegal number of foreign workers, and the reduction of overall
construction costs. Besides, it also produced less waste, low site material development, clean
1
surroundings, maintained quality, and lower overall cost of construction (Pan et al., 2007). IBS
has been in use since the 1960s and looks forward to drawing stakeholders from the sector
for the good of the building industry. In particular, the government offers incentives and
encourages the construction industry to switch from traditional methods to IBS construction.
According to CIBD in 2016, there were 21 manufacturers and suppliers for IBS in
Malaysia. In many mega projects, IBS has been introduced such as Kuala Lumpur
International Airport (KLIA), Light Rail Transit (LRT), and KL Sentral. For residential project,
IBS system has been widely implemented by private residential projects in Malaysia such as
Shah Alam, Wangsa Maju, and Pandan (Sarja, 1998), Dua Residency in Kuala Lumpur,
Taman Mount Austin and Tongkang Pecah in Johor (CIDB, 2006). In other countries, IBS for
housing industry in Japan has been adopted in the 1960’s. About 20% of all houses in Japan
using prefabricated during April 1999 to March 2000. From that, there were 73% using steel
framing system, meanwhile wood framing 18% and the nine percent using concrete framing.
In Australia, at Bradley’s Head in 1904, the first lighthouse using precast concrete has been
built. The use of IBS clearly seen after the Cyclone Tracy, which hit Darwin in the small hours
of Christmas Day 1974, killed 71 people and devastated 80 per cent of the city. After the
tragedy, there were about 425 precast concrete of cyclone-proof had been constructed with
one house can be built per day (CIDB, 2016).
Five common types of IBS are commonly used in construction are Block Work System,
Pre-Cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems, Steel Formwork System, Steel Framing
System, and Prefabricated Timber Framing System (Hamid et. al. 2011). The steel formwork
scheme, for instance, does not use heavy machinery or high technology to manage it. It is the
best choice since steel formwork can be used for a longer time rather than timber which can
be used only several times and required a lot of timber usage and labour intensive. It also can
improve the accuracy of the quality, design, and faster completion time.
2
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
For the ongoing building pattern in Malaysia, traditional construction techniques are
still being used even with the government's demand for more affordable housing and other
forms of construction project (Zuraidah A., 2012). Based on Kamar et al. in 2009, in terms of
cost, time and quality, IBS delivers advantages, ensuring higher building efficiency and
competitiveness, minimizing risks related to occupational health and safety, relieving the
dilemma of skilled workers and reliance on foreign labour and accomplishment of the key aim
of reducing total building costs. Even though IBS has been used in the past 40 years with
technology advancement to introduce IBS, the application still not widely use (Zuraidah A.,
2012).
The surveys also reveal that IBS's small take-up is largely due to price and budget
limitations, along with the abundance of cheaper foreign labour. This is commonly between the
small contractors. Since heading in the direction of large capital spending in heavy machinery
includes mechanisation and industrialised processes, small contractors in building facilities
are difficult to bring to an unfamiliar method in order to protect their projects, which are often
small-scale evolution (Hung et al., 2015). The number of contractors engaged in IBS
implementation is still poor, according to CIDB statistics, despite action measures in Roadmap
2011-2015 (CIDB, 2010). In building project, there were 6.14% of contractors in Malaysia that
apply IBS (CIDB, 2007).
According to Susanto in 2008, readiness can be reflected in the mindset of members
of the organization as their intention to improve and to change. Especially where the transition
is due to the adoption of emerging innovations, the organizational change process is often
difficult for the organization (Nawi et al., 2011). The contractors, especially small contractors
are familiar with the traditional method and claim that the older one is enough even IBS
method is also suitable for small-scale projects and they are not prepared to move to
the mechanised and industrialised method. It is because they have smaller amounts of
3
financial funding. They are reluctant to set up their own manufacturing factory since it requires
capital-intensive investment. (Badir et al., 2002). Readiness is one of the parameters used in
the process of change management, which is whether when the organization is prepared for
the phase of change, it would ease the process to introduce changes (Susanto, 2008). The
readiness among contractors to implement IBS method in residential are important to make
sure they can adapt with the method.
There are some challenges faced by the contractors to implement IBS in residential
project. For instance, high in capital cost. According to Qays et al in 2010, at the starting of
project, great investment is required to set up the factory, machine and mould production, and
also engineering consideration to implement IBS method. Maintenance cost need to be
considered as well. It will be difficult especially for small contractors since they did not have
enough finance and capital to implement IBS method in their projects (Sadafi et al., 2011).
Based on Razak & Awang in 2014, one of the most commonly challenges faced by the
contractor is lack of IBS knowledge in term of design, fabrication and installation of work. Some
of other challenges are having inadequate IBS awareness, unwillingness to change,
inadequate employees in the industry, lack of IBS suppliers in the sector and inability to shift
technologies (Razak & Awang, 2014). It is important to the contractors to identify the
challenges as a preparation for them when adopting IBS method in residential projects.
There are some recommendations about the best ways to implement IBS among
residential contractors. Based on Lu & Liska in 2008, good collaboration in the workplace can
address the issue of complicated interfaces between systems and ensure that successful
series of processes in the production factory and on site. Blismas in 2007 described during
the design processes, the team members such as contractor should be interested in
collaborating with the designers to ensure that the development is not brought to a point where
the advantages that can be accomplished by the use of this process are restricted. It is to
avoid design conflict between contractor and designers. The contractors also need to enhance
4
the knowledge about the IBS method. Enhancement and learning will help to improve
understanding of the systems and the philosophy underlying them as awareness to practice
IBS increases (Neala et al., 1993). The recommendations of the best ways are to influence
the contractors in residential projects to implement IBS method since it will encourage them
to choose IBS method instead of traditional method.
IBS method is important in residential project such as in large scale project. IBS will
give benefits in term of cost, time and quality of the construction. Lack of previous studies
about the implementation of IBS method by contractors in residential project influenced the
researcher to conduct the study.
1.3
OBJECTIVES
i. To determine the readiness of IBS implementation among residential contractors
players.
ii. To identify the challenges of contractors in adopting IBS construction.
iii. To recommend the best ways in implementation of IBS among residential contractors.
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What is the readiness of IBS implementation among residential contractors players?
ii. What are the challenges of contractors in adopting IBS construction?
iii. What are the best ways in implementation of IBS among residential contractors?
5
1.5
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will be carried out to identify the readiness among contractors about IBS in
the residential project. The location of the study is at Terengganu. The study is conducted at
Terengganu because less adoption of IBS method at there. According to Orange Book in 2009,
the number of IBS manufacturers in Terengganu was five comprises of one for precast
concrete, two for timber framing and also two for blockwork systems. Compared to the other
states by Orange Book, Terengganu is placed at the middle for IBS manufacturers in Malaysia
meanwhile Selangor recorded the highest number of IBS manufacturers which is 49. Lack of
adoption of IBS among contractors is one of the reasons why IBS manufacturers is less in
Terengganu. Based on Department of Statistics Malaysia, at Terengganu, in 2018, there were
1.23 million of population meanwhile in 2019, there were about 1.25 million. From that
comparison, it can be said that the population of the people in Terengganu increase about
20000. Since the population increase by year, the demand for the residential projects will be
increase. To fulfil the demand for the residential projects, IBS method is the best way to make
sure the project will be finished on time without affecting its quality with affordable cost. This
statement was supported by CIDB in 2006 stated that IBS engage at first place in construction
of high rise with low cost for residential building to succeed in dealing with increasing demand
for housing needs. It not only provides benefits to the contractors, but also for the buyer as
well.
1.6
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
There are some limitations to conduct the study. Firstly, during the COVID-19 pandemic,
there are some restrictions such as the need to stay at home and could not stay out for too
long. To conduct an interview session, it is difficult to conduct face-to-face and need to call to
reach them. After that, the questionnaires distribute through online. It may be easy to do but
some contractors did not answer the questionnaires given.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, it focusses about literature review from previous studies. The content
of literature review is based on the objectives of the study. It consists of history of IBS,
definition of IBS, types of IBS, classification of IBS, advantages of IBS, readiness of IBS,
challenges of IBS, barriers of IBS and ways to influence construction players to implement
IBS.
2.2
HISTORY OF IBS
Based on Thanoon et al. in 2003, IBS began in Malaysia in the early 1960s when
Malaysia's Minister of Housing and Local Government visited several European nations to
analyse their housing development policy. The first project using IBS was initiated by the
government after their visit in 1964. The targets were to create quality and affordable houses
and accelerate the delivery time. Kuala Lumpur was committed to the project of around 22.7
acres of land along the Jalan Pekeliling, containing 7 blocks of 17 stories flat, 3000 units of
low-cost flat and 40 shops lot. This project was awarded using wide panel precast concrete
wall and plank slabs to JV Gammon & Larsen and Neilsen. According to Din in 1984; CIDB in
2003; CIDB in 2006, the project was completed in 27 months, including the time taken to build
Jalan Damansara's RM2.5 million casting yard. The second government-initiated housing
project is at Jalan Fifle Range, Penang. It consists of 6 blocks of 17-story flats and 3 blocks of
18-story flats. Hochtief and Chee Seng were given the project using the French Estoit Method
System (Din, 1984; CIDB, 2003; CIDB, 2006).
7
Precast wall panel system was the common types of IBS method used on that time.
The industrialisation of building at the earlier level, however, was never maintained. The
collapse of the early manufactured closed structure made industry players fearful of modifying
the method of construction. Any of the international structures adopted in the late 60s and 70s
were also found to be inadequate for social and environment activities in Malaysia (CIDB,
2005). The industry has been continually developing new and improved innovations. Wet joint
structures have been described as more fitting for use in our tropical climate. Bathroom styles,
which were comparatively wetter than those in Europe, were also best used (CIDB, 2005).
In 1978, another 1200 housing units using prefabrication technologies were introduced
by the Penang State Government. After two years, the Ministry of Defense introduced a large
prefabricated panel building scheme at Lumut Naval Base 9 for the construction of 2800 units
of living quarters (Trikha and Ali, 2004). The use of structural steel components took place in
high-rise buildings in Kuala Lumpur during the period from the early 80s to the 90s. The use
of steel structures drew a great deal of interest with the construction of the 36-storey Dayabumi
complex by Takenaka Company of Japan in 1984. (CIDB, 2003 and CIDB, 2006).
The demand for the new township saw an increase in the use of precast concrete
structures in high-rise residential buildings in the 1990s. Based on CIDB, 2003 and Hassim et
al. 2009, between 1981 and 1993, as a state government development department,
Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS) acquired precast concrete technology from
Praton Haus International. Germany was focused on the design of a low-cost house and highcost bungalow for the new townships in Selangor. Around 52,000 housing units were
registered using the Praton Haus system (Trikha and Ali, 2004).
According to CIDB in 2006, in 1994 to 1997, in several national iconic landmarks, such
as Kuala Lumpur Convention Center, Bukit Jalil Sport Complex, hybrid IBS application is used,
built using steel beam and roof trusses and precast concrete. Other than that, using steel roof
framework and precast hollow core, the Lightweight Railway Train (LRT) and KL Sentral were
built. While the KL Tower was designed using steel beams and the tower head column. The
8
steel roof framework was designed at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and the
Petronas Twin Towers had 9 steel beams and steel decks for the floor system.
In terms of time, cost, quality and architectural aspects, the modern generation of
construction used by IBS is better compared to traditional method. Steel frame, precast panel
and other IBS structures were used to build government buildings using hybrid design
techniques (CIDB, 2006).
2.3
DEFINITION OF IBS
IBS is a revolutionary development in the production of construction material that is
installed on-site. It is a very significant indication that can change the current situation and
difficulties in the local construction industry. The prefabricated parts were manufactured at the
factory and then transported to the site. The manufacture of the component requires
preparation, management, and quality maintenance at the beginning of the process to
minimize waste in terms of material and cost and to ensure that the component has no defects
and can be delivered on time.
IBS can minimize unskilled and foreign workers, provide a secure on-site environment,
shorten construction phase times, ensure the quality of structural works, and save costs. In
many aspects, IBS can be defined based on the conceptual understanding of IBS. According
to Rahman & Omar (2006), IBS is a building that involves the construction of prefabricated
materials produced and pre-assembled in the factory and then transported to the site to be
fully constructed and assembled. By using the machine or formwork in the factory, the
produced parts are manufactured mechanically.
9
Chung & Kadir (2007) described IBS as the mass manufacturing of construction parts
that are manufactured on the principle of the standard form, size, and dimension of the
components in the factory or on-site. The part would then be brought to the construction site
to be re-arranged to build the building according to the standard requirement. The CIDB has
described IBS as construction systems where the components are assembled in a factory, on
or off-site, or may be referred to as prefabricated components. The components would then
be delivered, placed, and assembled on-site with fewer additional site activities.
2.4
TYPES OF IBS
There are some types of IBS in the construction industry. According to Badir & Razali
(1998), The IBS construction system can be divided into four groups such as the conventional
method, cast-in-situ, composite method, and fully prefabricated. From the stated method of
construction, the last three methods of construction can be described as non-conventional and
labelled as the IBS method.
2.4.1 Cast in-situ Construction Method
Prefabricated formwork elements are lighter and easier to erect and assemble.
Formwork is a structure that is usually used for temporary but sometimes it can be partially or
wholly permanent. Based on Dulaimi in 1995, Formwork is intended to hold fluid concrete,
then it can be moulded into the appropriate dimensions and shape and stabilized until it
recovers completely to become self-supporting. The most typically prefabricated formwork
materials in construction are metal products such as aluminum and steel, plastic products,
fiber products, and polythene formwork. Those prefabricated formworks can be used many
times since it is using reuse material compared to timber formwork which can be economically
used only several times.
10
Dulaimi (1995) described there are several forms of formwork mentioned, such as
tunnel shape, column and beam shape, modular metal moulding shape, and permanent form.
The tunnel formwork system used half and finished tunnels. Two horizontal and vertical frames,
installed at the right angle and backed by strutting and props, comprise a half tunnel. In a
single operation, the walls and slabs are built. This technique has no joints, and there will be
no leaks (Friedman & Cammalleri in 1993). The modular moulding metal is also a tunnel
forming method, but by the traditional methods erected on the finished walls, complete walls
are cast-in-situ and precast slabs or cast-in-situ slabs (Dulaimi 1995).
2.4.2 Composite Construction Method
The aim of the composite construction process, referred to as partially industrialized, is
to increase efficiency, minimize costs, and shorten construction time. Badir & Razali (1998)
the definition of "partially industrialized" mentioned comes from the combination of the fully
industrialized and traditional construction process. Some elements that can be standardized
from this construction process are prefabricated in the factory while the remainder is cast onsite. The installation of precast components such as slabs, infilled partitions, toilets, staircases,
and floors for integration into the main unit would require this procedure. But it is different for
columns and beams. Partadinate in (1998) stated that as it is comparatively cheaper and
requires less time for part of the process, columns and beams are usually cast in situ.
2.4.3 Fully Prefabricated Construction Method
Based on Badir & Razali in 1998, it is possible to divide entirely prefabricated building
methods into two major groups, such as prefabricated on-site and prefabricated off-site. Onsite is from the construction site meanwhile off-site is at the factory. On-site precast involves
casting the roof and floor slabs on top of each other so that while the columns and jacking
machinery are in place, the components can be raised into place. Cast precast components
11
at or near the construction site will give the factory some advantages to the project, and in
some cases, the most satisfactory approach is economically and organizationally. Part or all
of the building's materials are produced or prepared away from their final location in off-site
prefabrication. Great quality of the products can be accomplished by converting the design
and construction into the factory, so the components and suppliers are optimized and produce
in massive loads economically.
2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF IBS
According to Hamid et. al. 2011, the IBS system can be divided into the precast system,
the formwork system, the steel framing system, the prefabricated wood framing system, the
blockwork system, and the innovative on-site system.
2.5.1 Pre-Cast System
Based on Hamid et. al. 2011, pre-casting a panel and construction method offers simple
standardization, speed, cost-effectiveness, high-quality finish, and improved design of the
façade. For high-rise buildings like condo towers, the precast system is more economical. Due
to the repetitive nature of the architecture, IBS may give them advantages. Precast materials
include a range of shapes, such as architectural and structural, for various styles of use. In
the meanwhile, conventional precast beams, slabs, walls, columns, staircases, parapets, and
drains were used as the latest precast elements for toilets, façades, pile caps, lift shafts, and
refuse chambers. Proper management of installation between panels and facilities is
compulsory in the precast method. The adopters of IBS need standardized tagging and coding
of the components to resolve the issue. To avoid double handling, systematic numbering and
uniform details are needed. If the decision to use it is made at the early stage of the building,
this IBS method offers benefit. This practice would enable IBS consultants, suppliers,
engineers, or other experts to participate by exchanging their skills during the design process.
The cooperation of the design team can be developed by strengthening contract and
12
recruitment, making a consistent declaration of customer expectations, or incorporating them
starting from the project briefing of the initiative of all customers.
The benefits of using the precast concrete framed system are that the system uses a
highly mechanized building process to facilitate faster track construction and less on-site
operation. In terms of wide spans and open spaces, the system provides stability without
disrupting internal walls. The skeleton frame also allows architects more flexibility to build
claddings for façades. After that without the use of the pole, the precast wall framework creates
open spaces between bearing walls. With the use of light partition walls, the system will also
provide versatility in the internal interface design. It is possible to standardise and manufacture
precast panels on broad scales. It will have the benefits of speed and cost savings in the
building. As a consequence, it allows the owner with better cash flow. Prefabricated walls may
be used to produce the consistency of the building's interior and exterior finishes.
2.5.2 Formwork System
Hamid et. al. 2011 stated that for low-rise and high-rise buildings, the steel formwork
method is appropriate. In several locations in Malaysia, the method has quickly gained
popularity because it offers faster erection speed, lower cost, and basic equipment used. For
the cast in situ elements, the steel formwork method offers reasonable accuracy and a
smoother internal finish that removes the need for plastering. Besides, the system offers more
advantages, such as fire resistance and sound insulation. Due to its advantages, the method
has become more famous for big and small contractors. Instead of the traditional approach,
the formwork technique is safer, cleaner, and needs less labour intensive because it is
modular enough to carry out instant requirement adjustments and can be used again in many
programs. For high-rise building construction, some formwork systems are economical and
effective. The initial investment cost for formworks and moulds is minimal, taking into account
the aspects needed to complete the shell structure of the building structure.
13
For example, the tunnel form system is a formwork system that can be used by
contractors to easily cast slabs and walls in one process. By offering a smooth and quick
operation that results in efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and high finish consistency, a tunneltype system simplifies the entire construction process. Projects in tunnel form have proved to
yield remarkable outcomes that can be obtained in terms of performance, production, quality,
and economy. It can be reused roughly 500 to 1000 times and can be an economical way to
construct buildings with redundant layouts and components. The systems are the most
favoured by contractors in Malaysia for cellular construction, while the customer appreciates
the potential of Tunnel Type to offer budget and one-time projects.
2.5.3 Steel Framing System
The use of steel structures was mainly for commercial and industrial buildings. The
housing application is restricted to roof trusses only. According to Hamid et. al. 2011, in the
construction industry, the implementation of steel roof trusses has proved its potential by
making the cost-efficient relative to timber roof trusses. Simplification and workability of design
and even the greater speed of construction are the advantages of using a steel frame method.
With a large number of replicated components in the structural framework, the economy and
speed of construction can be increased. In addition to high-rise structures, the use of steel
components is also common with colleges, universities, schools, hospitals, and commercial
complexes being built. The structural steel provides the builders with greater stability and
efficiency, quicker returns on the owner's investment, and easy construction for the contractors.
2.5.4 Prefabricated Timber Framing System
The Malay and Orang Asli of peninsular Malaysia and their associated Bumiputera in
Sabah and Sarawak have already built traditional housing by using timber structures before
the approach of modern and international presence. Hamid et. al (2011) described the design
and construction of structures and buildings using prefabricated wood-based components for
structural or load-bearing elements were included in the timber structure method. The
14
prefabricated timber consists of ready-cut plus workshop manufacture of column and beam
joints and structural panels that only without column and beam walls and floors. While timber
components are also seen as limitations to the use of timber in building since their availability
and expensive. Timber construction frame systems have their demand, from basic housing
units to buildings requiring high aesthetic values such as resorts and chalets, provide
fascinating architecture.
2.5.5 Block Work System
Malaysia's IBS method would not inhibit the idea of mass manufacturing and
technologically advanced technology. A modular, simple, and most versatile method that can
be used for many industries is the blockwork system. With the low capital spending that many
contractors took part in the blockwork produced low-cost IBS. The best way of implementing
IBS is IBS blockwork, and blockwork systems can effectively apply to the building industry.
But to design blockwork, there is a need for professional designers. At the design phase, the
blockwork method can be compared according to the modular dimension and also to the
LEGO system that incorporates multiple parts to become a structure. The load-bearing wall
applies for some engineered block work by combining the columns and beams as an
integrated part of the wall for all forms of houses up to 5 storeys high. In the meanwhile, the
partition and fence are ideal for a non-load-bearing wall for the blockwork method.
The system includes uniform scaling that keeps the site coordinated, tidy, and safe for
construction. The block structure is modular and sufficient and utilises other IBS technology.
It is also manufactured and assembled quickly. In terms of calculation, the block structures
must be recognized as modular in some form of standardization and also integrate
industrialization and factory automation.
15
2.5.6 Innovative On-Site System
A temporary manufacturing facility was also built on-site by some businesses. The
temporary manufacturing plant was extremely efficient in delivering components to very high
quality, at a pace that met demand, and at lower costs than anticipated, such as no transport
costs to bring the prefabricated components from the factory to the construction site as they
were already prefabricated on site. It should be seen that the IBS options were not limited to
fixed long-term services but were all about recognizing the principles of production and
manufacturing.
2.6
ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM
IBS consists of such benefits that influence the market to accept and recognize them to
apply to their project. IBS offers them advantages, eventually leading to a cost-benefit. The
application of the IBS approach has several benefits.
2.6.1 Reduce built time
Firstly, the construction time was shortened. Since the use of modular materials and a
simple construction process, IBS designs are easier to complete than traditional approaches
(Trikha & Ali, 2004; Blismas 2007; Pan et al. 2007). Since on-site and assembly processes
are typically carried out at the same time, it has been seen to be easier to develop (Trikha &
Ali, 2004). That would decrease the length of work and shorten operations by reducing on-site
tasks and the volume of work (Mann, 2006; Blismas, 2007; Blismas & Wakefield, 2008).
2.6.2 Reduce the number of labours
After that, the quantity of workers would be minimized. IBS delivers a reduction of labor
and resources economic benefits as the amount of labour-consuming criteria of IBS is smaller
than conventional approaches. (Badir et al. 2002; Marsono et. al., 2006; Na & Liska, 2008). In
certain cases, the use of IBS indicates that the number of unqualified and skilled workers
16
participating on-site would dramatically decrease. In Singapore, relative to the traditional
process, the use of a prefabricated method eliminates labor by up to 46.5 percent (Chung,
2006). For younger generations who are unable to be active in the building industry, the use
of IBS can offer more opportunities. Any uncommon workers do need the qualifications and
IBS training (Trikha & Ali, 2004). Compared to unskilled workers doing manual jobs in
traditional construction, it can be calculated that qualified professional workers at IBS will have
more productivity and benefits (Trikha & Ali, 2004)
2.6.3 Improvements in construction quality
In terms of productivity, consistency, performance, IBS offers advancement as it uses
technological development by factory-made components. The chances of bad workmanship
and low-quality control would be minimized. Because of the development of the components
under the strictly regulated environment, the quality of the final products of IBS is usually much
better than traditional work (BRE, 2002; Haas & Fangerlund, 2002; Gibb & Isack, 2003; Trikha
& Ali 2004; BURA, 2005). Detailed and complicated structures will be inspected, and before
they are assembled into the system, any damaged components will be discarded. According
to CIDB in 2010, IBS also offers high-quality finished surfaces where the section of joints is
the only section to be grouted and surface plastering is excluded.
2.6.4 Clean site conditions and reduced health and safety risk
Compared to traditional approaches, which are wet and unorganized building conditions,
IBS construction sites have been shown to look planned and tidy. When using IBS, temporary
work waste, such as props and timber designs, which are widely found in traditional
construction, can be avoided. It also eliminates safety and health risks because IBS delivers
better working conditions (Pasquire & Connolly, 2002; BURA, 2005; Chun, 2006).
17
2.6.5 Waste reduction
As the elements of the buildings are often prefabricated, IBS may reduce the amount of
waste. Then the pieces will be assembled into the building's frame. The strategy has allowed
reducing the environmental effect of building operations in productive ways. In the factory
world, prefabricated products consist of waste minimisation through the alignment phase,
uniform procedures, and coordinated production. IBS often offers environmental and
economic protection as the mould materials can also be recycled by another project,
minimizing costs and economies of scale (Thanoon, 2003; Kamar et al. 2009; CIDB, 2010).
2.6.6 Potential cost financial advantage
Compared to the traditional method, IBS may be a cheaper method of construction. IBS
will be less costly for the whole life of the construction. There are similar expense savings for
the material and building overheads. (Kamar et al. 2009). There are similar expense savings
for the material and building overheads. In the meantime, it provides easier distribution to
finish the building construction at the indirect expense (Trikha & Ali, 2004). The incentives are
useful for the development of small offices and shops because as implemented for the
construction of McDonald's outlet in the UK, it will speed up the timely completion (Ogden,
2007). In comparison, the prefabricated materials for manufacturing and installing the
components in the IBS structure eliminate the use of shuttering, scaffolding, and other
temporary support compared to the traditional approach used for on-site installation. (Trikha
& Ali, 2004).
18
2.7
READINESS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF IBS
According to Weiner in 2009, readiness, which represents a condition able to take on
both mentally and behaviourally that is ready and competent. Readiness can be stated at any
level of study and can arise at any level for the individual, team, group, department or level of
organization. In organizational change, the initial aspect is readiness for transformation and
this is the most important thing that need to be consider (Walinga, 2008). According on the
significance of readiness to adapt and the lack of readiness of the Malaysian IBS construction
teams, more analysis on the requirements or factors that lead to transform the readiness from
the traditional approach to IBS should be applied. Several studies have shown that, in IBS
application, the barriers in Malaysia are bad perception, preparation problems, costs and
supplies, poor planning and regulations, poor in term of readiness to implement IBS, and lack
of knowledge (Nawi et al., 2011; Kassim & Walid, 2013). It shown that readiness is one of the
barriers in IBS application. It is important for the contractors for their readiness to implement
IBS method to make sure they can prepare if any consequences happened.
Since 1960, IBS has been adopted, and since then, there are many benefits that can
be found from the IBS application in Malaysia. Even though the advantages of IBS are already
understood by construction players, but IBS implementation in Malaysia is still at a low level.
The studies in IBS administration or soft problems in IBS, such as suppliers, depending on the
experience of academic study compared to technological challenges such as concept
framework, material testing, and product implementation, development projects, readiness of
implementation, benchmarking, collaborative and interconnected design and supply chain
processes are less oriented (Nawi et al., 2015). Based on Mohammad et al. in 2009, the
acceptance and perception stage, issue and implementation strategies for IBS in Malaysia
had been studied. Their study indicates that to incorporate IBS in terms of general readiness
is practically, financially competent and even the client needed.
19
In CIDB report, is has been subjected about the main objective of the research to
measure the level of the IBS adoption and readiness in Malaysia (Hamid et al., 2013).
Nevertheless, there is lack of research carried out on the key factors that affect readiness.
This is useful as a guideline for the successful implementation of the IBS project, particularly
for new or small players in the Malaysian building industry at IBS (Kamar, 2011; Yahya et al.,
2012). The readiness is important especially from new and small contractors since lack of
guidance among them to implement IBS method.
2.8
CHALLENGES IN IBS IMPLEMENTATION
One of the key contributors to economic activities in the country is the building industry.
For example, because it is considered an important part of the sustainable construction
programme, the Malaysian government has allowed the industry to use IBS partially or
completely. But the introduction of IBS raises several difficulties. According to Othuman et. al.
(2016), the people, process, and technology are the challenges of IBS implementation.
2.8.1 People
Othuman et. al. (2016) described that there is still a shortage of trained workers in the
industry in Malaysia. In order to lead the IBS implementation on-site, most of the contractors
and local professionals lack an accomplished technical engineer. The absence of a
construction engineer to perform molding, assembling, and manufacturing and the absence of
land surveyors for the guidance panel represent obstacles to the adoption of the IBS. To build
IBS for advanced skills, such as assembly and system integration, additional rigorous training
programs are required. These projects however require more investment and time.
Universities and colleges can deliver, at the undergraduate level, an IBS program. In order to
facilitate IBS, prospective practitioners should be introduced to IBS in the early part of their
education. Instead of the IBS scheme, architects use traditional building approaches more
20
often and have not yet changed their strategy. They just assume that IBS is committed to highrise buildings.
2.8.2 Process
According to Othuman et. al. 2016, under the IBS method, the utilization of on-site
workers such as carpenters, bar benders, and concreter is low. Machine-oriented skills were
used in the method, both on-site and the factories. For the IBS system's direction, the industry
needed a team. Compared to qualified skill workers from IBS, housing developers choose onsite workers to install the structure and to reduce construction and design coordination
problems. In the current procedure, the client compensated the contractor before work began,
who awarded between 10% and 25% of the overall amount of the contract value as the initial
cost. (Nawi et. al.,2007). Meanwhile, in an IBS project, before any improvement in the payment,
the contractor is required to invest in the initial expenditure to be billed to the suppliers.
However, in order to finance the initial process of IBS programs, local contractors do not have
enough funds. Nawi et. Al. in 2007 described that before supplying these components to the
building site, IBS suppliers are typically expected to advance approximately 75 percent of the
capital to produce the IBS components. For housing developers, the situation is the same. For
example, in traditional and IBS methods, the payment advance for on-site materials is different.
Instead of being a traditional system, the cost of resources, equipment, and labour is not a
good business expenditure. Housing developers must have enough funding to use the method.
The developer remains in a struggle concerning the demand continuity aspect in applying the
IBS method in housing projects. For instance, if the developers wanted to build a new
production facility for IBS panels, the return on investment would not in particular, especially
for small buyers and the uncertainty of obtaining the project.
21
2.8.3 Technology
Based on Othuman et. al. 2016, the problems of flexibility exist in types of buildings are
from housing developers that need a different design. Between the architecture of high-rise
buildings and terrace houses, the approach is different. Developers assume that the IBS
method is for high-rise buildings only as it requires repeated construction and large-scale
development. If the same approach was used for terrace houses, it will cost more. More
preference for IBS skilled workers instead of traditional skilled workers. In order to construct
the components, the IBS system relies on machine and software expertise and requires
specific preparation and learning skills to be interested in this system. The transition of
technologies is also an issue for IBS implementation. To introduce this technology in Malaysia,
local developers need guidance from international technology and expertise. To build the IBS
parts, IBS materials and machines are imported. As a result, during the assembly of the
components to become structure, the cost of development of IBS components and skills will
increase.
2.9 BARRIERS TO IBS IMPLEMENTATION
IBS has also not been adopted by the building industry, even though it has advantages
for them. Since it is an existing sector, the building industry consists of several culturally
embedded and deep-seated traditions, so the establishment of something is viewed as new
or separate challenges. There are several challenges to IBS execution. Firstly, from a
conventional construction method to the production process, IBS requires a significant and
drastic transition. Compared to the traditional approach, it can be determined that the methods,
idealism, leadership, and skills of the IBS method are very distinct (Hamid et al. 2008).
Then the design, manufacturer, installation, and other procedures associated with the
conventional approach require a coordinated process management and preparation system
to ensure that mistakes and defects are prevented (Warszawski, 1999; Gibb, 2001). The lack
22
of understanding of the IBS system is a major restriction in the sector. There is no experience
in the marketplace for the execution of the IBS amongst designers and parties interested in
development. Because of a lack of expertise to manage and assemble the elements of the
building from the IBS scheme, the construction methods still adopt the conventional process.
(Blismas, 2006)
After that, IBS is used to overcome the lack of expertise in the building industry, some
argue that after numerous project approaches and tasks have been conducted, a skilled
workforce in a particular skill such as coordination, incorporation, and assembly is more
important to IBS. (Pan et al. 2007; Pan et al. 2008). Implementation of the IBS involves a
modern sector, financial planning, and investment strategy, with an optimal combination of
project selection and cost management that provides an adequate amount to support the
investment (BSRIA, 1998; Pasquire & Connolly, 2002; Malik, 2006; Pan et al. 2008). The
launch of IBS involves improvement in traditional supply chain management and procurement
(Venables et al. 2004). Compared to traditional approaches, it is different to purchase supplies
in advance before the actual site develops (BSRIA, 1998; Whelan, 2008).
The key obstacles to the introduction of IBS by the industry are also not solely
technological. They are linked to the operational challenges and techniques that support the
ability of companies in the construction industry to adopt the IBS process. The basic
fundamental improvement for the sector has to be the introduction of the IBS. IBS modifies
the way people who have contributed to the construction industry work with their brand and
procedure as well. IBS's benefits should be calculated based on an appreciation of the actual
understanding development while respecting the decentralized construction industry's
limitations and risks.
23
2.10 WAYS TO INFLUENCE CONTRACTORS TO IMPLEMENT IBS
IBS is a possible strategy for enhancing overall building efficiency. Over 50 years, IBS
has not been extensively embraced and used in Malaysia. The important considerations for
IBS contractors need to be determined in order to speed up the implementation of IBS.
According to Hamid et al. in 2008 and Pan et al. in 2008, the construction sector has started
to believe IBS as a means of doing better construction in term of productivity, quality,
elimination of workplace safety and health hazards, improvement of skilled worker and issues
related to dependence on manual foreign labour, and accomplishment of the overarching aim
of reducing total building costs. It is important to influence the contractor to implement IBS
method since it will give benefits for them in term of cost, quality and time.
There are some factors that influenced to the implementation of IBS among
contractors. Based on Lu & Liska in 2008, good collaboration in the workplace can address
the issue of complicated interfaces between systems and ensure that successful series of
processes in the production factory and on site. Blismas in 2007 described during the design
processes, the team members such as contractor should be interested in collaborating with
the designers to ensure that the development is not brought to a point where the advantages
that can be accomplished by the use of this process are restricted. It is to avoid design conflict
between contractor and designers. The contractors also need to enhance the knowledge
about the IBS method. Enhancement and learning will help to improve understanding of the
systems and the philosophy underlying them as awareness to practice IBS increases (Neala
et al., 1993).
According to Warszawski in 1999, proper implementation of IBS includes an
experienced workforce and professional expertise in design, planning, organisation and
control with regard to the development, arrangement and assembling of components.
Mohammad Kamar et al. in 2010 stated that Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
is an effective and efficient method for facilitating tendering, developing integration, reliable
24
data, efficient management of project records, scheduling, detection, delivery, logistics, and
cost comparison processes.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
INTRODUCTION
The methodology of the study is the approach used for locating, gathering, evaluating
data, and thus offering results based on observation. In order to act as a reference to achieve
the goals and scope of the project, the proper preparation and thorough study of the flow of
the research methodology is important. Furthermore, this chapter will address in-depth the
analysis methods from how the data is obtained until the processed and evaluated to achieve
the study objectives and scopes. It is including the literature review to obtain the input that is
required. In this study, the primary data is for questionnaire to be done among contractors in
residential projects at Terengganu meanwhile literature review is being used for secondary
data to collect data and information regarding to the objectives and scope of the study.
3.2
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.2.1 Questionnaire
After a comprehensive review of the literature, the questionnaire was planned and
developed. The target respondents are among contractors from residential projects in
Terengganu. It consists of four section. Section A is about demographic respondent. Section
B is for level of readiness of IBS implementation among residential contractors. Section C is
about the challenges of contractors in adopting IBS construction. The last section which is
Section D is for the best ways in implementation of IBS among residential contractors.
25
References
Badir, Y. F., Kadir, M. R. A., & Hashim, A. H. (2002). Industrialized building systems
construction in Malaysia. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 8(1), 19–23.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2002)8:1(19)
Badir, Y., and Razali, A. (1998). ‘‘Theory of classification: its application and Badir-Razali
building systems classification.’’ Journal of Institute of Engineering Malaysia, Oct.
Blismas, N. (2007) Off-site manufacture in Australia: Current state and future directions
Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 137
Blismas, N. and Wakefield, R. (2008) Offsite Manufacture in Australia – Barriers and
Opportunities In Third International Conference of the Cooperative Research Centre
(CRC) for Construction Innovation, Sydney, Australia, 12-14 March 2008
Blismas, N., G., Pasquire, C. & Gibb, A. F. G. (2006) Benefit Evaluation of Offsite Production
in Construction, Construction Management & Economics, 24, 121-30
BRE (2002) Non-Traditional Housing in UK- a brief review (Ed. Ross, K.), Building Research
Establishment (BRE) and The Council of Mortgage Lenders, Watford, United Kingdom,
pp. 1-28, July 2002
BSRIA (1998) Prefabrication and Preassembly - applying the technique to building
engineering services In Advance Construction Technique ACT 1/99 (Ed. Wilson, D. G.,
Smith, M. H. and Deal, J.) Department of Environment Transport Region (DETR) and
the Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA)
BURA (2005) Steering and Development Forum Report: MMC Evolution or Revolution, British
Urban Regeneration Association (BURA), London, United Kingdom
Chung, L. P. & Kadir, A. M. (2007). Implementation Strategy for Industrialized Building System.
PhD thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru.
Chung, L. P. (2006) Implementation Strategy for Industrialised Building System (IBS) In
Unpublished MSc Thesis Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, pp. 1126
26
Chung, L. P. (2006) Implementation Strategy for Industrialised Building System (IBS) In
Unpublished MSc Thesis Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, pp. 1126
CIDB (2003) IBS Roadmap 2003-2010, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB),
Kuala Lumpur
CIDB (2003) IBS Survey 2003 - A Survey on the Usage of Industrialised Building System in
Malaysian Construction Industry, Construction Industry Development Board, Kuala
Lumpur
CIDB (2003) Industrialised Building System (IBS) Roadmap 2003-2010 Construction Industry
Development Board (CIDB), Kuala Lumpur
CIDB (2007), Construction Industry Master Plan (CIMP 2006-2015). Construction Industry
Development Board Malaysia (CIDB). Kuala Lumpur
CIDB (2010) A study on the effectiveness of IBS implementation in public building projects,
(unpublished document), Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB),
November 2010, Kuala Lumpur
CIDB (2010) IBS Roadmap 2011-2015, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB),
Kuala Lumpur
CIDB (2010). IBS Roadmap 2011-2015, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB),
Kuala Lumpur
Din, H., 1984. Industrialised Building and Its Application in Malaysia, Proceeding on Seminar
on Prefabrication Building Construction, Kuala Lumpur.
Dulaimi, M. (1995) ‘‘The challenge of innovation in construction.’’Building Research and
Information, 23(2), 106–109.
Friedman, A., and Cammalleri, V. (1993). ‘‘Prefabricated wall systems and the North American
home-building industry.’’ Building and Research Information, 21(4), 209–215.
27
Gibb, A. (2001) Pre-assembly in construction: A review of recent and current industry and
research initiatives on pre-assembly in construction, CRISP Consultancy Commission
– 00/19, May 2001
Gibb, A. G. F. (2001) Pre-assembly in Construction: A review of recent and current industry
and research initiatives on pre-assembly in construction In Construction Research &
Innovation Strategy Panel CRISP Consultancy Commission 00/19, London May 2001
Gibb, A. G. F. (2001) Standardization and Pre-assembly – Distinguishing Myth from Reality
using Case Study Research, Construction Management and Economics,19, 307–315
Gibb, A. G. F. and Isack, F. (2003) Re-engineering through pre-assembly: client expectations
and drivers, Building Research & Information,31(2), 146–160
Haas, C. T. and Fangerlund, W. R. (2002) Preliminary Research on Prefabrication,
Preassembly, Modularization and Off-site Fabrication in Construction In A Report to
The Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Under the
Guidance of The PPMOF Research Team PT 171 The Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
Hamid, Z. A., Kamar, K. A. M., & Alshawi, M. (2011). Industrialised Building System (IBS):
Strategy,
People
and
Process.
Retrieved
from
https://www.cream.my/main/index.php/research-development-rd/productivity/category/7-industrialised-building-system-ibs?download=50:peoplestrategy-process
Hamid, Z., Foo, C.H., Dzulkarnine, N., (2013) “Research on IBS Adoption in Government &
Private Project in Malaysia”, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), Kuala
Lumpur.
Hamid, Z., Kamar, K.A.M., Zain, M., Ghani, K., Rahim, A.H.A. (2008). “Industrialized Building
System (IBS) in Malaysia: The Current State and R&D Initiatives”, Malaysia
Construction Research Journal (MCRJ), Vol. 2 (1), pp 1-13
28
Integration in Industrialised Building System (IBS) Construction Projects.” Malaysia
Construction Research Journal (MCRJ), 10(1), 44-62.
Kamar, K. A .M, Alshawi, M., Hamid, Z., Abdullah, M. R, Nawi, M. N, and Haron, A. T (2009),
Industrialised Building System (IBS): Revisiting the issues of definition, classification
and degree of industrialisation, paper proceedings in 2nd Construction Industry
Research Achievement International Conference (CIRAIC), 3rd – 4th November 2009,
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
Kassim, U., & Walid, L. (2013). “Awareness of the Industrialized Building System (IBS)
Implementation in Northern Malaysia-A Case Study in Perlis.” Procedia Engineering,
53, 58-63.
Malik, N. A. F. (2006) Supply Chain Management in IBS Industry in Malaysian International
IBS Exhibition (MIIE) 2006 Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur
Malik, N. F. N (2006), Supply Chain Management in IBS Industry, proceedings in Malaysian
International IBS Exhibition, Kuala Lumpur
Mann, W. (2006) Offsite construction: contractors lead the offsite drive (Special report),
Contract Journal,November (1), 20-21
Marsono, A. K., Tap, M. M., Ching, N. S. and Mokhtar, A. M. (2006) Simulation of Industrialised
Building System Components Production In Proceedings of the 6th. Asia-Pacific
Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC 2006), Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, 5 –6 September 2006
Mohamad Kamar, K. A., Abd Hamid, Z., & Alshawi, M. (2010). The critical success factors
(CSFs) to the implementation of industrialized building system (IBS) in Malaysia Track,
18th CIB World Building, 10–13.
Na, L. and Liska, R., W. (2008) Designers and General Contractors Perceptions of Offsite
Construction Techniques in the United State Construction Industry, International
Journal of Construction Education and Research,4 (3), 177 — 188
29
Nawi, M.N.M., Lee, A. and Nor, K.M. (2011) “Barriers to the implementation of Industrialiased
Building System (IBS) in Malaysia.” The Built and Human Environment Review: online
journal, Volume 4, University of Salford, United Kingdom. (ISSN 1759-0574).
Nawi, M.N.M., Lee, A. and Nor, K.M. (2011) “Barriers to the implementation of Industrialiased
Building System (IBS) in Malaysia.” The Built and Human Environment Review: online
journal, Volume 4, University of Salford, United Kingdom. (ISSN 1759-0574).
Nawi, M.N.M., Lee, A., K.A.M. Kamar and Hamid, Z.A. (2012) “Critical Success Factors for
Improving Team
Nawi, M.N.M., Nifa, F.A.A., Abdullah, S. & Yasin, F.M. (2007) A Preliminary Survey of the
Application of IBS in Kedah and Perlis Malaysian Construction Industry, Proceeding in
Conference in Sustainable Building, Malaysia
Neala, R., Price, A. & Suer, W. (1993). Prefabricated modules in construction. Bournemouth:
Bourn Press Limited.
Ogden, R. (2007) Buildoffsite Presentation, BRE, Watford, UK
Othuman Mydin, M. A., & Abd Rahim, N. M. S. (2016). Industrialised Building System. CIDB
Malaysia, 3, 35. Retrieved from www.amginternational.net
Othuman Mydin, M. A., & Abd Rahim, N. M. S. (2016). Industrialised Building System. CIDB
Malaysia, 3, 35. www.amginternational.net
Pan, W., Gibb, A. G. F. and Dainty, A. R. J. (2007) Perspectives of UK housebuilders on the
use of offsite modern methods of construction, Construction Management and
Economics,25 (2), 183-194
Partadinate, D. S. (1988) ‘‘The state-of-the-art and problem related to the adaptation of
industrialized building systems.’’ Regional network in Asia for low-cost building
materials technologies and construction systems, United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO), Manila, Philippines, 222–231.
30
Pasquire, C. and Connolly, G. E. (2002) Leaner Construction Through Off-Site Manufacturing
in Proceedings IGLC-10 (International Group for Lean Construction) International
Group for Lean Construction, Gramado, Brazil, August 2002
Qays, M., Mustapha, K. N., Al-mattarneh, H., & Mohamed, B. S. (2010). The Constraints of
Industrialized Building System from Stakeholders’ Point of View. In ICSE2010
Rahman, A. B., And Omar.W. (2006). Issues and Challenge in the Implementation of IBS in
Malaysia. 6th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference
(ASPEC 2006). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Razak, F., & Awang, H. (2014). The Contractors’ Perception of the Implementation of
Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Malaysia. 3, 3–7.
Sadafi, N., Zain, M. F. M., & Jamil, M. (2011). Adaptable Industrial Building System: A
Construction Industry Perspective. Journal of Architectural Engineering
Sarja, A. (1998).
“Open and Industrialised Building”,International Council for Building
Research, E&FN Spoon, London, 1998.
Susanto, A. B. (2008). “Organizational readiness for change: A case study on change
readiness in a manufacturing company in Indonesia”. WWW. IB-TS. ORG.
Thanoon, W. A., Peng, L. W., Kadir, M. R. A., Jaafar, M. S. and Salit, M. S. (2003) The
Essential Characteristics of Industrialised Building System In International Conference
on Industrialised Building Systems Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 10-11 September 2003
Trikha, D. N. and Ali A. A. A. (2004) Industrialised Building System (Fist ed.), Kuala Lumpur,
Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
Vanables, T., Barlow, J. & Gann, D. (2004) Manufacturing Excellence: UK Capacity in Off-site
Manufacturing, Housing Forum, London
Walinga, J. (2008). “Toward a Theory of Change Readiness The Roles of Appraisal, Focus,
and Perceived Control.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(3), 315-347.
31
Warszawski, A. (1999) Industrialized and Automated Building System, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology, E & FN Spoon
Weiner, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change.Implement Sci, 4(1), 67.
Whelan, K. (2008) The Swedish Way - An Interview with Kate Whelan in Offsite Directory 2008,
MTech Group & Building Magazine, Shrewsbury
Y.F. Badir, M.R. Abdul Kadir, A.H. Hashim, Industrialized Building Systems Construction in
Malaysia, Journal of Architectural Engineering, 8 (1) (2002) 19-23
Z.A. Hamid, K.A.M. Kamar, M.Z.M. Zain, M.K. Ghani and A.H.A. Rahim, Industrialised building
system (IBS) in Malaysia: The current state and R&D initiatives, Malaysian
Construction Research Journal, 2(1), 1–11, (2008).
32