EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 11
E
Emerging Technologies
• Describe emerging technologies and their possible uses in
different fields including: medicine, manufacturing, space
exploration
• Evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on individuals
and their lifestyles
• Evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on
organisations
• Evaluate the impact of emerging technologies on medicine • Evaluate
the impact of emerging technologies on the
environment
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of storing data in
the cloud
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3D printing3D printing
• Is the process of making
a physical object from a
three-dimensional digital
model, using modelling
software.
• It is created by laying down
successive layers of
material, such as heated
plastic to print a single
layer at a time.
• It is a time consuming
process to produce the
final object.
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I p3D
printing on medicine
Impact of 3D Printing on Medicine
• Development of prosthetics and medical products. Create
more flexible casts for broken bones.
• Aids for replacement limbs using prosthetics or with the use
of tissue engineering, using stem cell technologies to grow
new body parts and organs.
• Print artificial blood vessels for replacing damaged ones.
• Design of medical tools and equipment.
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3D
3D printing in manufacturing goodsp
Advantages
• Easier to customise products to users
specific requirements
• Printing is done remotely, no need to
transfer product
• Prototypes can be produced more
rapidly for testing, speed up
production
• Product may be available sooner
compared to traditional methods
• Costs may be reduced - less
specialised machinery
• Warehouse costs reduced - no
excess inventory
Disadvantages
•
•
•
•
•
•
Limited materials available for
printing – restricted product range
Copyright issues as it is easier to
everyone to print the product
Dangerous items can be created
more easily
Useless items produced and
thrown away – environmental
impact
Limited size of products due to size
restrictions
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4G and 5G cellular
communications
5
 The letter G refers to the generation of
Wireless communication.
•The signal is passed from each

cellular
mast.The phone
• connects
The signaltois the
passed
from each
nearest
mobile
cellular
mastchange
or phone
mast
and may
if tower.
Thephoneconnectstothe
another
is closer.
nearest
mobile
may
 This
affects
the mast
signaland
strength
change
if another
is closer.
according
to proximity
of the
mobile mast.
5
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Comparison of 1G to 5G
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Comparison of 1G to 5G
Technology
1G
2G
3G
4G
5G
Start
1970
1980
1990
2000
2014
Development
1984
1999
2002
2010
2020
Data
Bandwidth
2 Kbps
14-64 Kbps
2 Mbps
200 Mbps
>= 1 Gbps
Technology
Analog
cellular
Digital cellular
Broadband/
CDMA / IP
Unidentified
IP/
LAN/WAN/WL
AN
4G+WWWW
Core network
PSTN
PSTN
Packet
network
Internet
Internet
Mobile
telephony
Digital voice
short
message
Integrated
high quality
audio, video &
data
Service
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Dynamic
information
access,
variable
devices
Dynamic
information
access,
variable
devices
AI capabilities
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Comparison of 1G to 5G
1G: only used for voice calls
2G: included slow access to the Internet, could notassist
growing number of users
3G: high broadband speeds using audio, video & dataon
mobile devices
4G: enhancement of 3G, 5 times faster uploading and
downloading data. Reduction in latency allows streaming of
online videos and playing online games.
5G: data transmission more than10 times faster than ,
enabling extremely high internet access, real-time
communication and HD video streaming.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• AI is when a computer is able to make decisions based on
heuristic knowledge (through experience), like humans.
• AI systems are created by programming a set of rules that
must be obeyed.
• In reality AI’s can also learn from their actions and by
modifying their behavior, giving us the impression that they can
think,
despite
the
fact
they
are
still
following
programmedinstructions.
• AI is embedded in lots of new
technologies, such as building Deep
Blue gaming system, self-driving cars,
Siri
Siri and Google Now.
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AI self driving cars
• Driving will be a safer tasks, by removing human error
• Will allow people with disabilities to travel independently• Problems
could occur, such as programming errors will lead
to wrong operation
• Requires improvements on voice activation commands
Google
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Telsa
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Augmented Reality
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Augmented Reality (AR)
• It’s the use of computer technology that overlays computergenerated images onto the real-world environment.
• In areal-world environment whose elements are "augmented" by
computer-generated or extracted real-world sensory input such as
sound, video, graphics or GPS data.
Google Glass
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Augmented Reality (AR)
• Benefits of Augmented Reality:
– Interactive and digital manipulated environment
– Builds a 3D model character or object in the real environment– Makes
games more interesting and ‘real’
– Can discover information about world, such as street names,
shops, people
• Drawbacks of Augmented Reality:
– Could lead to vision being blocked or distraction
– Issues with object recognition due to lighting or camera angle–
Concerns of security breach or issues when streaming live data
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Biometrics
Iris scanning
Voice recognition
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Fingerprint scanning
Security System
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Biometrics
• It refers to metrics related to human characteristics. Biometrics
authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science
as a form of identification and access control.
• Biometric values measured: heartrate, fingerprint, voice
recognition, iris recognition and even DNA patterns.
• It is commonly used for passport control where a passenger must enter
a scanner which scans their facial features and compares them with ones
stored on passport chip.
• Additionally, it is used on mobile phones or laptops, where the user must
scan their fingerprint before they can access the system.
Iris scanners are mostly seen of spy movies where high security
• buildings or rooms are locked using this technique.
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Biometrics
• Advantages of biometrics:
– Unique identification of a person’s physical characteristics–
Greater sense of security and locking personal data on
mobile devices
• Disadvantages of biometrics:
– Lack of data privacy, since an individuals personal details
are kept and stored.
– Concerns about the security of personal information in
terms of being hacked.
– Forged fingerprint or voice recognition might not be
identified and unauthorised people could gain access
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Cloud Computing
• Includes a collection of servers used to store or process data.
• Enables access to share pools of resources (such as
computer networks, servers, storage, applications and
services).
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Storing data in the Cloud
Benefits of cloud computing:
• Companies or individuals will not need to bare the costs of this IT infrastructure.
(Reduced IT support requirements/staff and reduced requirements for storage devices)
• Backups are managed by the cloud company, so reduced media cost
•
Can access resources from anywhere as long there’s an Internet connection
• • Collaboration on documents, allows users to access work from home
•
•
Drawbacks of cloud computing:
• Requires consistent and reliable Internet connectivity
• Files might not be synchronised leading to invalid versions of data
• Security concern in terms of personal data being accessed by unauthorized users
•
•
•
•
Cloud service suppliers might go out of business so data is lost
Data storage might be in different country which is subject to different laws.
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Computer-assisted translation
• It is software which is given a string of text or a document for
translation in a language of user’s choice. It removes extra elements
such as pictures, tables and anything that is not text.
• Benefits of computer-assisted translation:
– Easy and quick translation of words or phrases via mobile
phone when in a different country as long as there is Internet
connectivity
– Can translate whole documents and websites making it
possible read them.
• Drawbacks of computer-assisted translation:
– Most sites give direct translations instead of meaning
behind sentences
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Holographic Data Storage
 Holographic storage uses light to create tiny holograms
inside a crystal, each holding hundreds of kilobytes of data.
It is a data storage medium for high capacity of data,
which saves bits in parallel way (data stored layer upon
layer).
• Benefits companies to archive vast amount of data
over a long period of time.
• These devices degrade less than others
• Major concern is the high costs for holographic
Storage.
4th generation optical data storage
• Refers to the next generation of optical storage.
• The third generation allowed HD video and had the ability to
store up to 400GB.
• The 4th generation will have the potential to store up to 1TB
on optical media, using smaller lands and pits.
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Holographic imaging
• Common name is holography, which is the creation of a 3D
image produced by photographic projections.
• It allows users to see object around
• Hologram is transmitted electronically to special devices at
home or workplace.
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Quantum Cryptography
• Allows the transmission of data over a fiber optic cable.• It is one
of the safest methods for encrypting data not using
mathematical algorithms, but physics.
• Key is generated with photons, which are tiny packets of
light. It is made of a stream of light particles that individually vibrate
in different directions. These different vibrations is called polarising.
• This key securely scrabbles the data and it is very difficult to
crack it.
• Once transmitted the light particles will pass through a filter
which reserves the polarisation and unscrambles the data.
• It is very successful over short distances of around 200km,
without error.
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Quantum Cryptography
Watch video!
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Robotics
• Robotics is the creation of computers that perform specific
tasks that humans are unable or are less efficient in performing.
• A robot contains a processor, which is responsible to controls it’s
movement. Additionally, it requires sensors to be
attached, so they
can feed data back to the processor. The CPU is responsible for
making the decisions.
• A popular example of a humanoid robot is ASIMO.
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Robotics
• Benefits of Robotics:
– Can perform repetitive tasks without getting bored
– Possibility to work in dangerous environments, such as
chemical factories.
– Can provide great entertainment value and support in everyday
tasks/chores.
• Drawbacks of Robotics:
– Increased unemployment as they have replaced humans in
factories.
– Have no emotions and are programmed complete only specific
tasks.
– Cause of concern with the use of AI that they will overpower
humans.
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QR codes
• Quick Response (QR) codes is an example of a barcode,
which is represented with black and white squares.
• Enables to store extra information about an object that might
not be enough space on the packet.
• It is scanned using a camera (acts as a reader) which
forwards users to the relevant page of information.
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How QR codes store information
• Information is stored digitally as blocks of black/white squares•
Small dots throughout code converted to binary numbers
when scanned
• Error correction algorithm used for validation
• Variety of encoding methods available which can be mixed• Three
larger squares store alignment data
• Smaller squares store angle/size data
• Scanned with narrow beam of light
• Reflection from white areas read by light sensor/camera• May take
up less space on packing.
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QR codes
• Examples of where QR codes are used include:
– Gym equipment that provide details on how to operate them
and which muscles are used.
– Food or products that share company information and
additional details about item.
– Printed posters or magazines, which allow user to see more
details about marketing material.
• Concerns with using QR codes:
– Require adequate light for code to be recognised.
– Codes might be distorted when they are resized to fit product or
might not even fit on package due to space.
– Requires internet connection to access the information.
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QR codes
•
Benefits to advertisers of using QR codes on their products:–
Information is instantly available to consumers
– Advertiser can decide the action the consumer takes when code is
Scanned
– QR codes are a proven (ISO) standard to be accessible to all
– Available information can be updated more easily
– Use of QR codes is measurable so can be analysed
• – Reprinting of advertising material is reduced.
• QR codes risk from malicious code
– Code may contain URL link; Web link followed
– URL contains a Trojan that infects the device. Trojan is JavaScript which
contacts servers that transmit malware to device
– Use cross-site scripting vulnerability on a legitimate website to insert a
malicious QR code in place of code when a web browser opens the
legitimate site, the QR code references the hacker’s site
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Wearable Computing
• Wearable computing is the use of wearable technology that
can be either clothing or accessories which include a computerbased component.
• Fitness devices normally are worn on wrist to keep
measurement of activity, such as steps taken, calories burnt,
sleeping activity etc.
• Smart watches allow pairing with
smartphone, where user can receive
calls, read messages, surf the
Internet etc.
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Wearable Computing
• Smart T-shirts display a message or a gif
image and makes them look more stylish and
modern. Additionally, they have the
capability of producing music.
Watch Video!
• Issues with wearable technology:
– Easily subject to moisture which could affect the operation of
the technology
– Devices might break if they are not protected
– More expensive to purchase due to embedded technology or
protection included.
– Some devices use wireless transmission of data, which could
be subject to fraud and accessed by unauthorised people.
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Police wearable computing
Benefits:
• Body worn video cameras used to record incidents for later
use in court/enquiry
• Optical head mounted technology to display information is in
a similar format to a smartphone/act as a smartphone so is
familiar
• Operated hands-free via voice activation
• Wrist-worn computer/smartphones for access to
communication systems
• Wi-Fi enabled/wireless connected clothing to track
movements in real-time/connected peripherals, such as monitor
vital signs of office and maintaining constant
communications with other
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Police wearable computing
Drawbacks
• Reliance on computer can remove elements of human
judgment
• Implementation can be expensive since this is an emerging
technology
• Can lead to invasions of privacy for user and third parties
location and other details can be used to track the user.
• Possibility of wearable computers being hacked and data
stolen/computers manipulated
• Breakdown in communications systems can lead to system
failure
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UHD Television
• Ultra-High Definition television, refers to the measurement of
horizontal number of pixels on the screen, such as 2560 x1080.
• Both 4K and 8K are still very expensive technologies.
• Additionally, they are not supported by most television channels or
video games, as they are made in high resolution.
• It is difficult to stream the content
in UHD because of the amount of
bandwidth required.
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Vision Enhancement
• Gives the ability to restore or enhance vision of people, so
they are aware of their surroundings.
• It allows fully or partially impaired individuals including colour
blind people to view the same way as others.
• With the use of customised glasses or lenses they help to
stimulus the eyes and filters/enhances the vision.
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Virtual Reality
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Virtual Reality
• VR is a computer generated 3D space, where humans can
interact within it’s environment using specialised equipment.
• Wearable technology such as headsets, glovers with sensors
that can consistently monitor and calibrate mimicking the real
environment.
• Applications where VR is used in:
– Military to train soldiers in shooting enemies. Flight simulation
helps pilots to learn how to flying planes. Also soldiers can train on
how to jump out of planes.
– Medical procedures allow doctors to practise surgeries and gain
confidence and experience.
– Car simulation allows people to learn how to drive so they are
more confident before attempting in real life.
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Virtual Reality
• Drawbacks of Virtual Reality:
– Achieving calibration between camera and user is not 100%
accurate matching real-time. In some cases users had motion
sickness because of these time difference.
– Injury caused by hitting on objects in a small room and hurting
themselves. Since their vision is partially or fully blocked from
glasses/helmets.
– In some cases users
experienced seizures due
to epileptic condition.
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Impact on individuals and their lifestyles
• Smartphones can perform many tasks, which could alternatively
use PCs or laptops. So even when your on the go, work can be done.
Causes concerns for employees, as they could still be out the office and
get work send to them.
• Smart watches and wearable fitness devices allows
continuous monitoring of an individual’s physical activities.
• Users have 24/7 access to online banking and online
shopping without travelling and waiting in long queues.
• AI and robotics have made daily tasks automated and easy
to perform. Despite these benefits some employees have been
replaced or lost their jobs due to robots.
• Augmented reality and virtual reality have made games and
training more interactive and enjoyable.
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Impact on organizations
• 4G & 5G technologies enables use of applications, such as
video conferencing for meetings; use of mobile devices for
navigation when travelling. They can forward list of tasks to their
staff, even when they are not in work.
• Biometrics have enable organizations to secure their workplace and
access to data. They use fingerprint, retina and facial recognition
scanners to identify employees.
• Cloud storage allows companies to save their data online or
even operate specific application software for a small monthly fee.
Saving them lots of money on backup devices and purchasing
software.
• 4th generation optical storage enables faster transfer of
large quantities of data.
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Impact on medicine
• The use of 4G & 5G has also affected medicine as doctors
around the world can watch and advise an operation on a patient who
is located in a different area. Since no travelling is required they will
be better prepared and more rested.
• 3D printing has benefited in many areas such as:
– development of prosthetics
– medical products
– tissue engineering
– artificial blood vessels
– the design of medical tools
and equipment
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IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
• Bitcoin is something that emerged in a couple of years very quickly and suddenly is
consuming 0.2–0.3 percent of global electricity use. New technologies, such
blockchain, have high electricity demand and environmental impact. Bitcoin mining
consumes a lot of electricity which in turn emit a lot of CO2 into the atmosphere.
• New technologies is causing an ever-increasing global demand for electricity as industry
and society become increasingly dependent on electricity for production, exchange and
consumption, and their manufaturing also leads to rising carbon emissions too.
•5G base stations has power needs of over 11.5 kilowatts i.e. 5G base stations use a
lot more energy than 4G base stations.
• Uncertainty over the health impact of new 5G networks have led to serious concerns
among some scientists, especially with the higher frequency wavelengths being used in
the 5G.
•Waste - Manufacturing of technology creates large amounts of waste, and used
computers and electronics get thrown out when they break or become outdated. These
electronics contain all sorts of hazardous materials that are very unsafe for the
environment. They need to be disposed of using special methods.
•Safer working environments: Robots can safely carry out tasks that are too dangerous
for humans. For example: spraying cars with toxic paint, defusing bombs on battlefields
and search and rescue operations in buildings destroyed by earthquakes.
ASSIGNMENTIHomework
1. Discuss the impact 3D printing has on medicine. [5]
2. Evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence being used to
create self-driving cars. [5]
3. Discuss the impact of emerging technologies on our
personal entertainment. [5]
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