A PROJECT REPORT ON
SMART AGRICULTURE FIELD
SUBMITTED BY
KRISHAN YADAV
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR. PUSHPERDRA SINGH
SCIENTIST ‘D’, DIPR, Delhi
DEFENCE INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION
LUCKNOW ROAD, TIMARPUR, DELHI - 110054
1
Declaration
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and others’
ideas and words have been included, I have adequately cited the original sources. I also
declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have
not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I
understand that any violation will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and also
evoke penal action from the source which have thus not been properly cited or from whom
proper permission has not been taken when needed.
Signature
Krishan Yadav
Date:
2
Acknowledgement
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my mentor, Mr. Pushperdra
Singh, who offered his time, expertise, wisdom and continuous encouragement in guiding
me and mentoring me throughout the whole process. His instructions not merely helped
me in shaping this project but also provided abundant suggestions for future projects.
Without his guidance this project would not have come into being. I would also like to
give regards and gratitude to Dr K. Ramachandran, Director DIPR, for providing me the
opportunity to undergo my training at their prestigious organization.
I am also indebted to a number of friends and well-wishers who have extended
their co-operation and help in the preparation of the project.
Date: July 22, 2019
Place: Delhi
Krishan yadav
3
Certificate
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Summer Internship,
project entitled Smart Agriculture Field, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the Certificate for summer internship at DIPR, Delhi and submitted to the
Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR), Delhi, which is an authentic record
of my own work carried out during a period from 22nd May 2019 to 22nd July 2019 under
the supervision of Mr. Pushperdra Singh, Scientist “D”, DIPR Delhi.
The work presented in this report has not been submitted by me for the award of
any other degree elsewhere.
Krishan Yadav
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my knowledge.
Date: ……………..
Mr. Pushperdra Singh
Scientist ‘D’
DIPR, Delhi-11054
(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)
4
Abstract
A “Smart Agriculture Field” Using Arduino Microcontroller proposes an automated irrigation using
Arduino microcontroller system which is cost effective and can be used farm field or average home
garden. The proposed system is developed to automatically water the plants when the soil moisture
sensor has detected the soil is insufficient of water by using the Arduino as the center core. The
automated irrigation system is a fully functional prototype which consists of a soil moisture sensor;
a radar system to ward off animals from field; a relay module which used to control the on and off
switch of the water pump; and a water pump. When the soil moisture sensor sense the dry soil, it
will send signal to the relay, and the relay module will switch on the water pump automatically to
start the watering process, or vice versa. This system will continue to take the inputs from the
sensors until there is sufficient amount of moisture in the soil and then it will automatically turn the
pump off. This irrigation system will reduce the hardship of farmers, save the time and enhance
accuracy and effectiveness in relatively minimal cost.
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Table of Contents
Declaration
2
Acknowledgement
3
Certificate
4
Abstract
5
Chapter 1.. ........................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Introduction…………. ..................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Purpose of the project ..................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................................... 10
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Smart Irrigation System ................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Farm Radar System….. ..................................................................... ……………………10
Chapter 3… ....................................................................................................................... 11
Proposed Work.................................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Hardware Working…11
3.2 Components used…….12
3.3 Hardware Specifications12
Chapter 4.. ................................................................................................................ …….20
6
Circuit Diagram and Code ............................................................................................... 20
4.1 Irrigation part
20
4.2 Radar system part
21
4.2.3 Code
22
4.3 Overall code
23
Chapter 5.. ......................................................................................................................... 25
Result Analysis .................................................................................................................. 25
Chapter 6.. ......................................................................................................................... 26
Novelty…… ....................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 7…. ...................................................................................................................... 27
Conclusion and Future Scope .......................................................................................... 27
7.1 Conclusion
27
7.2 Future Scope
27
Chapter 7.. ......................................................................................................................... 28
References .......................................................................................................................... 28
7
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
In developing countries the economy is highly based on agriculture but we lack in proper
utilization of resources available to us. This is mainly because of the unplanned use of
water for irrigation. Although there are many modern irrigation techniques like drip
irrigation and sprinkler irrigation farmers have to visit the farms in person regularly in
order to water their crops. i.e. it is manually controlled. All these problems results in
wastage of human and agricultural resources as well as time. Hence, there is a need for
making an automatic irrigation system. Literature reports different techniques
implemented for automatic irrigation systems.
As man is cutting down forest with a very high rate due to which the habitat of animals is
reducing day by day, as the population is growing and with increasing population the
demand for food is also increasing. The size of agriculture land is decreasing, which lead
to moving of farms towards forest, which leads to conflict between man and animals.
Animals destroy the agriculture field and sometimes loss of human and animal life also
occurs. There is an urgent need of solution for this problem. Farm Radar system can act as
a solution to this problem. Life of both human and animals is equally important. The only
way to deal with this situation is to prevent animal and human confrontation. There is a
need of system which will make the wild animals run towards the forest as soon as they
approach the agriculture field.
Therefore to improve the life of farmers and to implement ease of living formula of current
government, I thought that India needs not only smart cities but smarts farms as well.
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1.2 Purpose of the project
The automatic irrigation system shows a well-established combination of Arduino Uno,
Soil Moisture Sensor, Water Pump, Servo motor, Ultraviolet Sensor and their
interconnection. This system has been designed to achieve the following properties:

To increase the production by using better irrigation system.

To manage the water supply for proper cultivation of plants.

To reduce man power.

To take proper action regarding the condition of the soil through the proposed
system.

To reduce annual crop damage by wild animals.

To reduce the loss of animal and human life.

To increase ease of living of farmers and to achieve the goal of government of
doubling the income of farmers by 2022.
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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Smart Irrigation System
In this project of automatic water irrigation system, we have used one moisture sensor which
will read the moisture value of the soil with the two electrodes connected to it. We have used
the sensors in analogue mode so it will read the values from 0-1024. The value read by the
sensor will be then compared to the threshold value. Arduino will turn on the pump high and
low according to the value received. If the value read by the sensors satisfies the condition for
dryness, the relay will turn on water pump. If the value read by the sensor satisfies the
condition for wetness, the relay will turn off the water pump.
2.2 Farm Radar System
In case of farm radar system the ultrasonic sensor has two parts ultrasonic transmitter and
ultrasonic receiver. Ultrasonic sensors emit short, high-frequency sound pulses at regular
intervals. These propagate in the air at the velocity of sound. If they strike an object, then
they are reflected back as echo signals to the sensor, which itself computes the distance to the
target based on the time-span between emitting the signal and receiving the echo.
The Arduino will calculate the distance using these waves using the formula between speed,
distance and time. Accordingly the buzzer would be set to high and low. Servo motor is
programmed to rotate from 0 to 180 degree with 30 degree one time shift.
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Chapter 3
Proposed Work
3.1 Hardware Working
3.1.1 Smart irrigation System
Soil moisture sensor is put inside the soil near the plant, to prevent it from damage to
electrodes are connected to it. Water pump is put inside a water container. After turning on
the system and connecting 5 volt water pump the soil moisture sensor will send the reading to
the Arduino. If the soil is dry Arduino will set high the pin of relay, which is directly
connected to the water pump. Water pump will turn on when relay is high and water will flow
in the field. Water pump will turn off when relay is low and water will stop flowing in the
field.
3.1.2 Smart radar system
When the circuit is powered on the servo motor starts to rotate. The ultrasonic sensor has
Ultrasonic transmitter and Ultrasonic receiver.
Ultrasonic transmitter uses a piezoceramic crystal attached with a conical metal sheet. When
an electrical voltage is applied to the piezoceramic, it vibrates with continuous expansion and
contraction. Resultantly, as per the property of piezoelectric material, ultrasonic waves are
generated which propagates straight because of the conical shape of the resonator.
Ultrasonic receiver works on the just reverse concept. When ultrasonic waves strike with the
resonator, the attached vibrator (metal plate) vibrates. With the vibration of the piezoceramic
disc pasted on the vibrator, an electric current is produced as per the property of piezoceramic
material. This electric current is further taken out from the two external leads.
If anyone comes near the radar than a specified distance the buzzer will start beeping. As the
ultraviolet sensor is mounted on the servo motor, the ultraviolet sensor will cover 180 degree
field view. The servo motor will along with Ultraviolet Sensor and Buzzer will act as a radar
system for the field.
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3.2 Components used

Arduino UNO

Relay

Breadboard

Soil moisture sensor

Water pump

9V Battery

Servo motor

Ultrasonic Sensor

Jumper wires

Voltage regulator (7805)
3.3 Hardware Specifications
3.3.1 Arduino UNO
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The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller which is based on the ATmega328 datasheet. It has
14 digital inputs /output pins. It is an open source microcontroller which is used to control
relay, simply connect to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter
or battery to get started. It is large assortment of included libraries for interfacing to wide
range of hardware. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip.
General pin function

LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it's off.

VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.

3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.

GND: Ground pins.

IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF
pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on
the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.

Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the
board.
Special pin functions
Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Serial :
pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins
are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL serial chip.
External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
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PWM (pulse-width modulation): 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite() function.
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins
support SPI communication using the SPI library.
TWI (two-wire interface) : A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.
AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
3.3.2 Relay
One-channel relay board which operates on 5-6V is used here. The relay board consists of
three pins which are normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (C). The
common pin is connected to NC pin when the relay is off and to the NO pin when the relay is
on. The input pin receives logic high from Arduino Uno and in turn switches on the relay,
thus common are connected to NO which turns the device on till the relay is on. The “VCC”
and “GND” pins of the relay are connected to 5V supply and ground respectively.
3.3.3 Breadboard
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit
designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting
their leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where
appropriate.
14
3.3.4 Soil moisture sensor
The soil Moisture sensor FC-28 has four pins
VCC: For power
A0: Analog output
D0: Digital output
GND: Ground
The Module also contains a potentiometer which will set the threshold value and then this
threshold value will be compared by the LM393 comparator. The output LED will light up
and down according to this threshold value.
A soil moisture sensor measures the water content in soil by measuring the dielectric
permittivity of the soil as a function of water content. The volumetric water content is
measured by the soil moisture sensor indirectly by properties like electrical resistance and
dielectric constant. Using this we can reduce manpower, save water to improve production
and gravimetric method
FLOW CHART AND WORKING
The Figure depicts the flow chart of automatic water irrigation system. The Arduino Uno
is a link between the soil moisture sensor and pumping motor. Arduino is supplied with a
power of 7V to 12V. The pump motor is given a separate supply of 9V. The soil moisture
sensor is used in this project because it has to check soil moisture to measure the electrical
conductivity of soil. The moisture sensor provides an analogue output which can be easily
interfaced with Arduino. The system receives a signal from the soil moisture sensor and
compares with the preset threshold value. If the value detected by the sensor is below the
threshold value, the Arduino sends a message signal to the motor to fetch water. But when
the value detected by the sensor is above the pre set value, the motor doesn’t rotate. The
Arduino always accepts the signal from the sensor and keeps updating its data.
15
Fig: Flow chart of the working of irrigation system.
Fig: Block diagram of the irrigation system.
16
3.3.5 Servo Motor
A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great precision.
If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use servo motor.
It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism. If motor is used is
DC powered then it is called DC servo motor, and if it is AC powered motor then it is called
AC servo motor. We can get a very high torque servo motor in a small and light weight
packages. Dur to these features they are being used in many applications like toy car, RC
helicopters and planes, Robotics, Machine etc.
Working principle of Servo Motors
A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly and a controlling
circuit. First of all we use gear assembly to reduce RPM and to increase torque of motor. Say
at initial position of servo motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer knob is such that
there is no electrical signal generated at the output port of the potentiometer. Now an
electrical signal is given to another input terminal of the error detector amplifier. Now
difference between these two signals, one comes from potentiometer and another comes from
other source, will be processed in feedback mechanism and output will be provided in term of
error signal. This error signal acts as the input for motor and motor starts rotating. Now motor
shaft is connected with potentiometer and as motor rotates so the potentiometer and it will
generate a signal. So as the potentiometer’s angular position changes, its output feedback
signal changes. After sometime the position of potentiometer reaches at a position that the
output of potentiometer is same as external signal provided. At this condition, there will be
no output signal from the amplifier to the motor input as there is no difference between
external applied signal and the signal generated at potentiometer, and in this situation motor
stops rotating.
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3.3.6 Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use electrical–mechanical energy transformation to
measure distance from the sensor to the target object. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal
mechanical waves which travel as a sequence of compressions and rarefactions along the
direction of wave propagation through the medium. Apart from distance measurement, they
are also used in ultrasonic material testing (to detect cracks, air bubbles, and other flaws in
the products), Object detection, position detection, ultrasonic mouse, etc.
Ultrasonic principle:
Ultrasonic sensors emit short, high-frequency sound pulses at regular intervals. These
propagate in the air at the velocity of sound. If they strike an object, then they are reflected
back as echo signals to the sensor, which itself computes the distance to the target based on
the time-span between emitting the signal and receiving the echo.
18
As the distance to an object is determined by measuring the time of flight and not by the
intensity of the sound, ultrasonic sensors are excellent at suppressing background
interference.
Virtually all materials which reflect sound can be detected, regardless of their colour. Even
transparent materials or thin foils represent no problem for an ultrasonic sensor.
microsonic ultrasonic sensors are suitable for target distances from 20 mm to 10 m and as
they measure the time of flight they can ascertain a measurement with pinpoint accuracy.
Some of our sensors can even resolve the signal to an accuracy of 0.025 mm.
Ultrasonic sensors can see through dust-laden air and ink mists. Even thin deposits on the
sensor membrane do not impair its function.
Sensors with a blind zone of only 20 mm and an extremely thin beam spread are making
entirely new applications possible today: Fill level measurement in wells of microtiter plates
and test tubes, as well as the detection of small bottles in the packaging industry, can be
implemented with ease. Even thin wires are reliably detected.
3.3.7 Voltage regulator IC (7805)
Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed voltage
outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a
member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is
a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx indicates the output
voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power supply with provisions to add
a heat sink.
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Chapter 4
Circuit Diagram and Code
Smart field is a combination of two circuits
1. Smart irrigation system
2. Smart radar system
4.1 Irrigation part
4.1.1 Circuit Diagram
Fig: Circuit diagram for Smart irrigation system using Arduino UNO
4.1.2 Connections
1. Connect VCC and GND of Both Relay and soil moisture sensor with Arduino UNO.
2. Connect DO with 8 pin of Arduino UNO.
3. Connect C1 pin of relay with 5 pin of Arduino UNO.
20
4. Connect the 5 volt water pump with the relay and 9 volt battery.
5. To get 5 volt supply from the battery voltage regulator IC 7805 is used.
6. Switch on the power supply.
4.1.3 Code
Irrigation function of code
void irrigation(){
val = digitalRead(8); //Read data from soil moisture sensor
if(val == LOW){
digitalWrite(5,HIGH); //if soil moisture sensor provides HIGH value send HIGHvalue to
relay
}
else {
digitalWrite(5,LOW); //if soil moisture sensor provides LOW value send LOW value to
relay
}
delay(400); //Wait for few second and then continue the loop.
}
4.2 Radar system part
4.2.1 Circuit Diagram
21
4.2.2 Connections
1. Connect the VCC and GND of both servo motor and Ultrasonic sensor to the arduino.
2. Connect the control pin of servo motor with pin 6.
3. Connect the trig pin and echo pin with pin 9 and 10 respectively.
4. Place the ultrasonic sensor on servo motor so that they work together.
5. Connect negative pin of buzzer with GND and Positive with PIN 11.
6. Power on the system.
4.2.3 Code
Radar function of the code
void calculatedistance(){
// Clears the trigPin
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance= duration*0.034/2;
safetyDistance = distance;
if (safetyDistance <= 30 and safetyDistance!=0){
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
}
else{
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
}
22
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}
4.3 Overall code
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;
const int buzzer = 11;
int ACWATERPUMP = 13;
int sensor = 8;
int val;
long duration;
int distance;
int safetyDistance;
int pos = 0;
void setup() {
myservo.attach(6);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(8,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication
}
void loop() {
for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 30) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
irrigation();
calculatedistance();
}
23
for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 30) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
irrigation();
calculatedistance();
}
}
void calculatedistance(){
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance= duration*0.034/2;
safetyDistance = distance;
if (safetyDistance <= 30 and safetyDistance!=0){
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
}
else{
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
}
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}
void irrigation(){
val = digitalRead(8);
if(val == LOW) {
digitalWrite(5,HIGH); }
else{
digitalWrite(5,LOW }
delay(400);
}
24
Chapter 5
Result Analysis
The project is successfully made and all the parts are properly functioning. Both irrigation
system and radar system are performing working well.
The system was tested for black and red soil under the dry and wet conditions. Using these
results a maximum value for the dryness of the soil is set that is 1023 and minimum value is
300.
Maximum value is taken as 1023 since the soil moisture sensor can measure value up to this.
So, if the measured value by the sensor is between 1023 to 300 the motor will turn on
automatically and initiates supply of water to the crops. However, if the measured value is
less than 300 it implies that the soil is wet and hence the motor remains off and no water is
supplied to the crops.
The field radar system is tested for different angles. The radar system covers approx. angle of
160 to 170 degree. The range of radar system 30 cm. The servo motor rotates by 30 degrees
in one go and after 180 degrees retraces its path. It works with even very thin objects
properly.
25
Chapter 6
Novelty
This combination of irrigation and safety for the fields is entirely new. The application of
radar at low level is a new concept which makes this project unique in nature. Today the
condition of Indian farmers is worst in the country, this project is a small step to protect the
interests of our farmers. The country is facing with huge problem of water crises, irrigation
being one of the major sources of water wastage and the smart irrigation system can truly
tackle this problem as this is very cheap and can be purchased even by marginal farmers of
the country. Bringing security and wellbeing of farmer is the main idea behind the working of
this project. This project will help in increasing the ease of living index of farmers and
thereby increasing the overall happiness index of the country.
26
Chapter 7
Conclusion and Future Scope
7.1 Conclusion
The proposed model is easy to use and doesn’t require any special training. Due to its low
price, every section of farmer can afford it. The Arduino based automatic irrigation system
is simple and precise way of irrigation. Hence, this system is very useful as it reduces
manual work of the farmers and also helps in the proper utilization of resources. It
eliminates the manual switching mechanism used by the farmers to ON/OFF the irrigation
system and also ensures there security.
7.2 Future Scope
This project can be extended to greenhouses where manual supervision is less. Fully
automated gardens and farm lands can be created using this principle in the right manner on
large scale.
Automatic Sprinkler irrigation system can also be developed using it and the radar system
can be enhanced by combing it with obstacle avoiding robot. There is lot of requirement of
improvement in agriculture sector and such small technologies can help farmers a lot.
27
Chapter 7
References
1. G. Dearib, Cooperative Automatic Irrigation System using Arduino. International
Journal of Science and Research 6(3) 2017, 1781-1787.
2. S. Rakshak , Prof. R. W. Deshpande, Automated Irrigation System Based on Arduino
Controller Using Sensors. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering 5(7), 2017, 13394-13400.
3. H.T Ingale, N. Kasat, Automated Irrigation System”, Proceedings of the International
Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 4(11), 2012.
4. www.circuitdigest.com
5. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Docs
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