ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCINCE AND HUMANITY
DEPERTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
ASSESSING THE ISSUES AFFECTING WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN SMALL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES THE CASE
OF ASSOSA TOWN 04 KEBLE
A SENIOR EASEY PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES ASSOSA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
BACHELOR OF ART DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY
BY: HABTAMU SEMENEH ID 1800/11
Advisor: MELESA A.
MARCH, 2013 E C.
ASSOSA ETHIOPIA
Content of table
page
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study……………………………………………………….………………4
1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………….4
1.3 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………….………………….5
1.3.1 General Objective………………………………………………………………..…………..5
1.3.2 Specific Objectives………………………………………………………………….………..5
1.5 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………….………..5
1.6. Scope of the study…………………………………………………………………………….6
1.7 Limitation of the Study…………………………………………………………………………6
1.8. Ethical consideration……………………………………………………….…………………6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………….…………………6
2.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..…….6
2.2 Overview of Small Scale Businesses……………………………………….………….….7
2.3 Characteristics of Women in Small scale business……………..…………….…..7
2.4 Advantages of SSBs…………………………………………………………………………….…9
2.4.1. Large Scope for Employment……………………………………………..………….….9
2.4.2. Large Production …………………………………………………………..……………….…9
2.4.3. Promoting Welfare………………………………………………………..……………….….9
2.4.4 Social and Economic Responsibilities……………………………….…………….…..9
2.5 Factors that Enforce Women to Join the Informal Sector…………….………..9
2.6.1. Tied Shop Businesses:……………………………………………………….……………..10
2.6.2. Street Retailing……………………………………………………..………………………..10
2.6.3. Hawking…………………………………………………………………..………………………10
2.6.4. Market Place Businesses……………………………………………..……………………10
2.7. CHALLENGES FACING WOMEN OWNED SSBs…………………..……………………10
2.7.1 Inadequate Access to Finance……………………………………….…………………….10
2.7.2. Discrimination…………………………………………………………….……………………..11
2.7.3. Multiple Responsibilities……………………………………………………………………11
2.7.4 Lack of Education…………………………………………………………………………………11
2.7.5 Competition………………………………………………………………………………………….11
2.8. Factors that Hinder the Expansion of Women Owned SSBs……………………..11
2.8.1. Financial Constraints and Lack of Credit Accessibility…………………………….11
2.8.2. Technical and Management Inadequacies………………………………………………12
2.8.3 Lack of Facilities……………………………………………………………………………………….12
Chapter three: Research Methodology……………………………………………………………..12
3.1 study of area………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
3.2 study of approach and desig………………………………………………………………………….12
3.3 sampling technique ………………………………………………………………………………………..12
3.4 sampling size……………………………………………………………………………………………………12
3.5 Data collection………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
3.6 Data analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………..13
3.7 work plan……………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
3.8 budget brake down …………………………………………………………………………………………….16
3.9 reference………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The small scale business sector is recognized as an integral component of economic development and a
crucial element in the effort to lift countries out of poverty (Wolfenson, 2001).They have been the
means through which accelerated economic growth and rapid development can be achieved, especially
in developing countries. In addition, small scale businesses have been identified as driving force for
economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction in developing countries (Harris et al, 2006; Saucer
2005). Faboy succinctly stated in developing countries, small scale businesses are the feeder services to
large-scale industries, a major employer and an essential contributor to community civil environments.
Small scale business success has social as well as economic consequences for communities and
geographic-regions (Miller and Baser, 2007)
The small scale business sectors have been generally acknowledged as the bedrock of the industrial
development of any country. Women play a pivotal role in alleviating poverty through productive work
that they are engaged in outside their home. Women's participation in small scale businesses targets
developmental goals, reduction of poverty, improving family health and empower women's economic
status (ILO, 1998).
Women constitute around half of the total world population. So is the same in Africa and Ethiopia also
.Ethiopia is one of the fastest development economic in the world. Small enterprise is major players in
the economic resurgence. They are instrument of change and vehicles of growth and diversification. The
role of small scale enterprise in Ethiopia’s economy was realized long back. These enterprises are
particularly suited for the better utilization of local resources and for achievement of local self-sufficient
in respect of certain types of essential consumer goods. In traditional societies they were confined to
the four walls of house performing house hold activities.
In modern society women have come out of the four walls to participate in all sorts of activities. They
are also enjoying the fruit of globalization making an influence on the domestic and international sphere
by expansion in small scale business. (Mommsen H.J, (1996)
1.2 Statement of the Problem
As we know in most of the African countries women’s are engaged in household role like fetching water,
child care, cooking and sewing, searching of fire wood; as a responsibility of fulfilling their family need,
which can be categorized as unpaid household work in relation to their small scale businesses. As
mentioned in the introduction above, there are a large number of women in Africa. But, the region do
not benefited as expected from them very well in contribution to economic development. One of the
reasons for this might be influence of household work on women's participation in small scale business
(Grace Ongile, 1997:).
This shows that as they were not enjoying their right being dominated by the capitalist as well as the
patriarchal domination, so this should have to be given more attention since women’s are an engine to
one’s economic advancement.
Many of the business established and run by women can be expressed as “Hand to Mouth”, intended to
show that women facilitate their business with little profit. Their stocks often dwindle as the working
capital is consumed instead of being re-invested for further expansion of their businesses (Rutashobiya
(Dec-1995).
In present day Ethiopian context where growing urban and rural poverty are evident, small scale
enterprises play major role in employment creation for women. However, they face serious challenges
such as lack of finance, discrimination, problems with the city council, multiple duties, poor access to
justice, lack of education and health problems (Sebastian, 1994).
These problem was done by other researcher’s However the above mentioned point is evident but, the
problem is not yet eradicated and it is one of the Cause for divorce, because of not having related
income with male as a result women’s are becoming burden of their parents as well as government this
is not given more attention and it should have to be studied.
Women expansion is creating an adverse effect on the well- being of citizens and also member’s
economic improvement members. Economic expansion is very limited because encountered as one of
obstacle for the development of nations as well as economic improvement of the society. Members of
small scale business group in the study area do not play the rule where is expected from them. As a
result women expansion is not developing yet needed in that area.
The fund available for small scale business purpose would be collected from different source of
economic level of the society are suffering with the following problem such as shortage of income, for
expand small scale business, lack of education and training man power. In addition to the above
problem lack of awareness of the people about small scale business and there is no study conducted
more on the small scale business of the study on this topic. In Assosa town 04 Keble
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of the study will be to assess the factors that affect the participation of women in
small scale businesses in the case of Assosa Town 04 Keble.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
The study will be addressing the following specific objective.
1. To examine the key factors that affects the performance of women in small business activities.
2. To assess the role of women’s small business activities in socio-economic aspect of a household.
3. To assess government intervention to support the small business activities which are owned by
women.
1.3.3 Research questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study will have great importance, some of which are mentioned below;
 The government can use the finding of this study to assist in policy formulation and
development for a frame work in term of personal and organizational related challenges,
economic, social/cultural, and legal/administrative and other factors that affect the
performance of women participation in SSBs.
 This study will be help the policy maker and other institutions how to encourage
establishing or expanding women participation in SSBs.
 To this end the study will be serve as spring-board for other studies which focus on similar
topic and issue related to factor that affect women participation in small business activities.
1.6. Scope of the study
The researcher will be conduct to assess the factor that affects women participation in small business
activity of Assosa town 04 Keble towards the participants in the small business of women’s. This study is
does not refer to other town or city, Ruther it is only in Assosa town 04 Keble.
1.7 Limitation of the Study
During the study encounter to different challenges that can be listed as limitation of the study. The
following are some of them:
-Lack of time for collecting data. Because of limited time, lack of resources, and access to information,
the study is limited to the Assosa town 04 Keble. This means that the research will not benefit much
from primary information from other Keble.
1.8. Ethical consideration
Ethical issue is considering in all stage of researchers’ process some of the most important are:
•
To conduct this research proposal, the researcher will be permission letter from the department
of sociology.
•
The researcher will be ask the willingness of the Keble administrator, and the community for the
require information.
•
Confidentiality is emphasizing.
•
The consent of respondents will be gained.
•
The researcher will never entertain any bias.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter revises: the different literatures written in the area of small scale businesses, about women
entrepreneurs in small scale businesses, advantages, factors that enforce women to join, nature and
characteristics of small scale businesses. Finally, challenges facing women owned small scale businesses
and factors that hinder expansion of women owned small scale businesses assessed.
2.2 Overview of Small Scale Businesses
The small scale business refers to small and micro enterprises that lack sufficient collateral to cover the
particularly high risks involved yet they operate with high transaction costs. Small and micro sometimes
operate in the informal sector since many micro entrepreneurs are less educated and have limited
access to information, they are vulnerable and neglected group commonly composed of home working
women (De Gobi, 2003).
International organizations such as the World Bank and International Finance Corporations (2002),
define small scale businesses (SSBs) as those that require small amount of capital to establish, small
number of employees or in most cases personally handled by the owner, and referred to as micro level.
The European Union (EU) definition on small scale businesses based on the parameters of development,
turnover and asset size and Organization for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD), on
employment and sales turnover. This implies that SSBs play a vital role in alleviating poverty and
increasing employment attributed to their promotion of competition and dynamism, since they
augment government efforts in rural and urban areas thereby improving the house hold incomes which
enables them to assess various items for daily use at affordable costs. It is from this perspective that
small scale businesses are dubbed as the small scale establishments since they operate at the least
levels investment.
In Latin America, SSBs are characterized by their dependence on family labor and limited technical and
managerial skills. They are commonly not registered, maintain no business records and do not have
access to credit from formal credit institutions. They are relatively small, flexible, require low capital
needs, modest educational requirements with informal structures that are high labor intensive and do
depend on local raw materials (Susanjoekes, 1995).
In Uganda, Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS 2006) defines SSBs as components of the informal sector
that make up the National Economy since they operate with low levels of organization, low capita, low
technology and often temporary premises. They are not registered with the government and not
supported by formal financial institutions. Further, these are classified as household enterprises which
are economic units owned by the households but without an identifiable location. Ethiopian
government, Central Statistical Agency (CSA) define SSBs as micro enterprises that found in all sectors of
Ethiopian economy with a paid up capital of not more than Birr 20,000, but excluding high tech
consultancy firms and other high technology establishments. So the Uganda definition will be used in
this study, because it gives as more the details of the targeted points the study.
2.3 Characteristics of Women in Small scale business
Literature on SSBs in Ethiopia is scarce, particularly on the subject of women entrepreneurs. However,
the crucial economic and social contribution played by this sector has been recognized by the Ethiopian
government, as evidenced by the introduction of a policy strategy on women in SSB sector. In line with
other African countries, the majority of SSBs in Ethiopia are dominated by one person operations
(Zewde, 2002).
As is the case elsewhere, the individual characteristics of an entrepreneur, such as sex, ethnicity, or
religion often influence the opportunities of Ethiopian women entrepreneurs. Of these characteristics,
sex differences are the most widely relevant factor. Women and men generally have different degree of
access to opportunities that affect their individual abilities to participate in economic activities.
Following from this, gender is in many cases a major determinant of once additional household
obligations, which limit the amount of time one can allocate to economic and other private activities.
Women carry a disproportionate burden of household obligations. Women in comparison to men often
differentially experience access to and control over resources (Zewde , 2002).
For many of other reasons stated above, experience shows that in Ethiopia there is a link between
complex gender-specific constraints and the types of economic which urban and rural women tend to be
engaged in. This in turn appears to have a number of implications for the distributions of credit and
other supportive services. Some of the constraints include the limit market related skills of women; the
limited access to and control over productive resources; the limited time owing to the demands
associated with the reproductive roles of women (Zewde and Associates, 2002).
These constraints which are further affected by the traditional, gender based reproductive roles and
responsibilities generally confine poor urban and rural women to economic activities that are less
productive or profitable than those of the male counter parts. This is partly related to the fact that selfemployed women tend to focus on economic activities that are perceived to be more flexible (such as
petty trade which involves less risk), and on activities can be either home based or carried out in vicinity
of the household, thus enabling them to fulfill the demands associated with their reproductive role.
Evidences suggest that even relatively better off women in Ethiopia tend to focus on areas which they
have traditional, gender based skills and know how, such as food processing, clothing and hair dressing
(Analysis of Women's Income Generating Activity (AWIIGA, 1999, A.A).
The CSA estimates that the low representation of women entrepreneurs in small scale manufacturing
sector could be attributed to a number of factors such as:
-Low levels of education and lack of opportunities for training of the women;
-Heavy household chores that leave women less time to devote their businesses;
-Lack of contacts with and exposure to the business world;
-Meagre financial and human capital at the disposal of the women concerned;
Issue relating to ownership rights, which deprive women of property ownership in general and
consequently, of the ability to offer the type of collateral normally required for access to bank loans.
Much criticism has been voiced in Ethiopia as in other developing countries, with regard to the type of
SSBs which women are engaged in (Analysis of Women's IGA, 1999, A.A). The activities of the Ethiopian
government and other agencies in continuing map out strategies that focus on the use of traditional,
domestic skills rather than on the development of new skills for women, have raised a number of
serious concerns. It appears however, that developing alternative, appropriate strategies to counter this
criticism is a difficult task, mainly because of the diverse socio-economic roles of women, involving
productive and reproductive work, and partly because of limited resources on the part of the
promotional agencies. One of the basic reasons why programs charted out so far could not reverse the
situation of Ethiopian women entrepreneurs could be because the lack of comprehensive empirical
research that might help to pin point the real problems and barriers of women entrepreneurs in the
country.
2.4 Advantages of SSBs
The SSBs contribute a lot to the progress of the economy. In Ethiopia, they have a great potential for
future development through their role towards the economy as discussed below.
2.4.1. Large Scope for Employment
As the SSBs adapt to labor intensive approaches, they employ more labor per unit of capital for a given
out put compared to the large scale industries. This is evident from the fact that the small scale sector
accounts for as much as 70 percent the total employment in the industrial sector thereby scaling down
the extent of unemployment as well as poverty (UBOS, 2007).
2.4.2. Large Production
SSBS to as a quasi-sponge for urban unemployment and provider of inexpensive consumer goods with
little or no imports content that enhances industrial output of the country (Kilby, 1969).To Kilby this also
contributes to long run industrial growth by producing an increasing number of firms that grow up and
out of the small scale sector. The availability of consumer goods plays an important role in stabilizing
and developing the economy.
2.4.3. Promoting Welfare
The SSBs are important for welfare reasons. This in turn increases their income levels and their quality of
life. As such these businesses help in reducing poverty in the country. Further, they promote equitable
distribution of income among vast number of persons throughout the country; it is through that SSBs
help in the reduction of regional economic disparities (Okurut F.Nathan, 2004).
2.4.4 Social and Economic Responsibilities
The SSBs are specialized in the production and sell of consumer goods; this encourages individuals to
increase their participation in the labor market thereby upgrading their lives. The freedom to work, self reliance, self- confidence, enthusiasm to achieve and all such traits of a healthy nation can be built
around the activities performed in these businesses. All these benefits flow from the fact that these
businesses are highly labor intensive and that these can be setup anywhere in the country with small
resources (Balunywa w, 2002).
2.5 Factors that Enforce Women to Join the Informal Sector
The informal sector covers various economic activities including market and street vending shop
retailers, tailors, handcraft and wage labor. The sector constitutes the major sources of employment and
income (Momsen, 1996:120). Rapid growth of population in developing countries increases scarcity of
land for cultivation and migration of people specially women to urban areas. These migrants who are
often with little skill and educational training turn into informal sector activities in order to earn a living.
Such a trend is particularly observable among female rural migrants who are faced with additional
related constraints. In the informal sector, women are concentrated in low skilled repetitive work such
as petty goods trading and certain branches of manufacturing (ibid, p 120).
In developing nation women join the informal sector due to the case of easy entry and exit from the
sector. These sectors enable women to attend their domestic responsibilities. For instance, women can
be looking after her child at the same time engaged in petty trading of goods on the street side and near
houses. Generally, women forced to join the informal sector as a result of unemployment and the SSBs
are easy preference for earning lively income.
2.6. Nature and Characteristics of Women Owned SSBs
In this sub title the nature and characteristics of women owned businesses discussed as the following
2.6.1. Tied Shop Businesses:
These businesses are those that confine whatever they sell in common with what their producers supply
them directly. The manufacturers ensure reliability and consistency in the provision of the products as a
way to support their sales (Sekitoleko Eric 2010). Tied shops in Assosa town sell already manufactured
products as Spices, Flour, Enjera, Anbasha, and Paint.
2.6.2. Street Retailing
It is another category of business where traders display their goods along major streets or urban areas.
These traders are different from Hawkers because they operate from a particular point. Some of these
retailers go as far as raising temporary structures in form of stores to protect themselves and their
goods from Rain and Sun not forgetting thieves and robberies. Their products may range from clothes,
food stuffs, kitchen spare parts and spices (ibid, 2010).
2.6.3. Hawking
It is a rampant form of business where goods are carried from one place to another, either on hands or
by carts. It is the most cheapest and popular means of business trading, because the capital for rent is
used for the purchasing of goods. Here, the products are as clothes, herbal medicines, and simple
edibles as maize, ground nut and peas (ibid, 2010).
2.6.4. Market Place Businesses
Is where traders come together in a common meeting place known as the local market to exchange
goods in form of sales and purchase each trader has his own store or lock up store? The amount of
capital required for this type of business depends mainly up on the type and quantity of goods sold. All
form of goods in this type of market range from food stuffs to hardware (ibid, 2010).
2.7. CHALLENGES FACING WOMEN OWNED SSBs
The experience that women entrepreneurs have faced in running their businesses include such
problems as: lack of enough capita, the perish ability of some commodities and competing demand
related to household chores, and others will be discussed below
2.7.1 Inadequate Access to Finance
The greatest barrier facing women in participating in small scale business is access to finance is an issue
because of requirements of collateral. In developing countries only 1 percent of women own property
and that makes it very difficult for women to provide collateral for banks. Responsibility of women for
dependents limited opportunities to make savings or undertake business expansion and diversification
(Athane, 2011). Formal financial support is seen to be expensive for women and hence they treat this as
a last resort.
2.7.2. Discrimination
Another challenge that women entrepreneurs in developing countries face is discrimination. Gray (1996)
adds that the women's major problem during start up is the credit discrimination. A women are not
allowed to open a bank account or own land without her husbands or fathers cosignatory.
Entrepreneurship always involves some level of risk taking. For women in the rural areas, gender stereo
typed perception of self, lack of confidence and assertiveness to be a major barrier. The status of
women in patriarchal social structure makes women dependent on males in their lives-husbands or
fathers and family resistance is a major disincentive to business startup.
2.7.3. Multiple Responsibilities
One another challenge is the responsibility of providing for the extended family and relatives. Most
small scale enterprise financial resources are not usually isolated from personal finances and hence
these family obligations are met from resources earned in the business. Their demands tend to drain the
saving and income made by the business, since such finances would otherwise have been used in the
enterprise for expansion and growth (Ahmed, et al, 2011).
2.7.4 Lack of Education
Lack of education and training for women is another impediment to SSBs. Culturally, and especially in
the rural setting, the girl child was not given equal opportunity to study like boys; hence they had limited
education and training which tend to affective performance in later life. Namusonge (2006) noted that
entrepreneurial education and training play a key role in stimulating entrepreneurship and self employment.
2.7.5 Competition
Whilst small scale enterprises are very often the source of innovation, they are also specially, vulnerable
to competition from counter parts that introduce new products or services, or improved their
production process, lacking the resources to respond rapidly. Competition and information related
factors, are said to be major challenges. This could be caused by lack of marketing skill (Jaiyeba, 2010).
2.8. Factors that Hinder the Expansion of Women Owned SSBs
There are a number of factors that prevent the growth and expansion of women owned SSBs. The
factors which may be economic, cultural or social in nature are discussed below.
2.8.1. Financial Constraints and Lack of Credit Accessibility
Financial constraint is a major obstacle to the development of women owned SSBs. In developing
countries shortage of capital forces women entrepreneurs to engage in activities that require small
capita, which in turn is most problematic for later expansion? Financial constraints further restrict
women ability to employ effective market strategies in order to promote sell of their product. Women
entrepreneurs cannot advertise their products and cannot offer modern technology for lateral
expansion of their business (Rutrasnobiya, 1995:38).
2.8.2. Technical and Management Inadequacies
Lack of skill and training as well as unaware in business management hinders the expansion of women
business. The problems lead to the product of low quality items which cannot find markets. The United
Nation Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) report of 1996 pointed out that the failure in the
informal sector is due to the fact that women cannot separate between business and domestic finances,
therefore this situation lead women to use business working capital for domestic need which in turn
limits the expansion of the business.
2.8.3 Lack of Facilities
Problem related to finance, marketing and lack of raw material are common among women
entrepreneurs in the informal sector. Additionally, problems like the cost of raw materials, lack of
reliable market for products and competition from other people who sell the same product or item
particularly men prohibit small scale business expansion (UNECA, 1991:9).
Chapter three: Research Methodology
3.1 study of area
The research conducted in Assosa town 01 Keble. Assosa is a town in western Ethiopia and the capital of
the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Assosa Zone, this town has a latitude and
longitude of 10°04′N 34°31′E, with an elevation of 1570 meters.
This town is served by an airport with a 6398 × 152 ft (1950 × 46 m) paved runway. And this town has 5
resident ethnic behaviors like,gumz,senesh,berta,mao and komo.but also,there are numbers of religios
followers like, orthodox Christian ,muslin ,catholic and so on residents.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Asosa has an estimated total population of
20,226, of whom 10,929 are men and 9,297 are women
3.2 study of approach and design
The researcher will use descriptive study design. The researcher will use both qualitative and
quantitative method of research specifically survey research method.
3.3 sampling technique
The researcher will be use probability sampling method specifically, and systematic sampling because in
order to get information by asking women who participant in small scale business activity.
3.4 sampling size
The sample size determination select based on formula adopted from (Toro yemane 1967). n= N
where, e =0.025
N +1(e2) Where n sample from population .N= total activated women population
E=is given 0.025
3.5 Data collection
In this study the data will collect from both primary and secondary data source by using different data
collection instrument (survey questionnaires both close ended and open ended questioner) to find the
relevant data from primary respondent in case of secondary data collection and the will uses recorded
document about women explanation in smell scale business activity in Assosa town 01 Keble.
. This study will use questionnaires, who are women participated or engaging in small scale business
activity.
3.5.1 Questionnaires
The study will use distribute research questionnaire to collect data from people who are engaging or
participated in a SSBs and both open ended and close ended questions included. Close ended
questionnaires are use to gain simple and short answers and open close ended questionnaires are
suitable to gain detail information about the issue.
3.6 Data analysis
This study will be use to analysis the data both quantitative and qualitative methods in cause of
quantity. The data will be collect by using survey questionnaire to the open and close ended. Therefor;
the study will analyze in the form of descriptive statistics like tables, percentage and average to present
the collect data for final interpretation. Quantitative data analysis: - the quantitative data that are
collect through questionnaire will analysis mainly by using descriptive statics, percentage, average
frequencies and ranks.
Qualitative data analysis: the quantitative data that were collect through questionnaire will analysis
mainly by using discus detail the respondent filings.
3.7 work plan
Time schedule
No
Types of
activity
1
Topic
selection
2
Literature
review
3
Data
collection
4
Data
analysis
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday Thursday Friday
Saturday




Sunday

5
Advisor
contact
6
Submission
date
7
Presentation
date



3.8 budget brake down
No
Budget title
Unit /amount
price
1
Flash
1
250 birr
2
Telephone cost
1 cards
10 birr
3
Transportation
1 days
5 birr
4
Pen
1 1/4
2.50 birr
5
Typing cost
-
-
Total cost
267.5 birr
 3.9 Reference
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 Dollinger, M.J. (1999), Entrepreneurship strategies and resources. Upper Saddle river, NJ;
Printice Hall.
 Fabayo, JA (2009) Small and medium enterprises development strategy: a crititcal option for
Sustainable long term economic development in Nigeria.
 Gray(1996), "Small scale manufacturing in Kenya", Journal of small business management, Vol. 1
p.p. 68-72.
 Harris (2006), "Determining the common problems of early growth of small scale Businesses in
Eastern Northern Carolina", SAM advanced management journal,Vol. 71 No. 2 p.p. 39-45.
 ILO (1990), "International Labor Organization patterns ofrural development, impact of
Employment and incomes" Addis Ababa.
 Jaiyeoba, O. (2010), The impact of market orientation on small scale microfinance Enterprises in
developing economies: A case of Bostwana.
 Momsen H.J (1996), Women and development in third world. New York.
 Okurut N. Fransis (2004): The role of informal financial sector in small and medium Scale
industries in Uganda: The case of Kampala district.
 Rutushobya (1995), Women entrepreneurship in Tanzania, entry and performance Barriers:
University of Dar Essalam.
 Subastia Schiwllker (1994) The impact and outreach of microfinance institutions the effect Of
interest rate.
 Sekitoleko Eric (2010), The role of small scale businesses in the provision of employment To the
labor force: A case study of Shauriyako trade center in Kampala District.
 Susanjoekes (1995), Trade related employment for women in industry and services in
Developing countries, United Nation Research Institute for Social Development.
 UBOS (2007), Report on the labor market conditions in Uganda.
 UBOS (2007), Vol. 1, projection demographic trends in Uganda 2007-2017.
 UNECE (1996), "Women's self employment and entrepreneurship in the ECE region" Background
prepared by the secretariat for regional symposium on Mainstreaming gender in the economic
policies, Geneva, 28-30.
 Wolfenson, J.D (2001) "Comparing the performance of men and female controlled Businesses:
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