PROSECUTORS CRITICAL THINKING PROVISIONAL RESULTS COUNSELS CRITICAL THINKING PROVISIONAL RESULTS CIJ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Critical Incidence Journal Grading Okay 1, Medium 2, High 3 Highest 4 Step Mark Real-life description 4 Relationship with unit 4 Cross-checking (validation) 4 Reflection 4 Auto evaluation 0 Total out of 20 16 RESEARCH = VALIDATION Quotations “watch your thoughts” Paraphrasing be attentive to what you say Citations in text, in line “Watch your thoughts” (Ghandi, 1913, p.2) References Ghandi, 2002, M. The Essential Gandhi, New York, Vintage. Re-collection = Re call Anthropos Andros Gynae Levels of Knowledge Evidence types Science types based on evidence Degrees of certainty and knowledge Human different experiences Sex, place, age, profession, culture Different types of Anthropologies 02 Knowing through our senses 1.What is to know 2.Animals need to know 3.How animals know 4.External Senses 5.Internal Senses 6.Differences between sensations and perceptions 7.Characteristics of the sensitive knowledge 8.Link between the degrees of life and degrees of knowledge What each level adds to the previous one? WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MOVEMENT? WHAT IS NEEDED FOR ACHIEVING THE PURPOSE OF MOVEMENT? WHAT IS TO KNOW MIND EXISTS WITHIN ME RELATIVE SUBJECTIVE subject CONFORMS REALITY KNOWLEDGE EXISTS WITHOUT ME INDEPENDENT OBJECTIVE action object https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/amaze.html But how actually animals see reality? ICIPE - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology tse tse fly tse tse trap Anthromorphism Anthromorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to animals or nonliving things, phenomena, material states and objects or abstract concepts. Example: We say that the roots go towards the water Anthromorphism Anthromorphism Anthromorphism has two versions Gyne-morphism Andro-morphism Success depends on bridging what psychologists from Walter Mischel to Nira Liberman and Yaacov Trope have labeled psychological distance—that is, gaps between yourself and other people (social distance), the present and the future (temporal distance), your physical location and faraway places (spatial distance), or imagining something and experiencing it (experiential distance). https://hbr.org/2015/03/bridging-psychological-distance TAKE AWAY ? We have to be cautious when we attribute feelings and thinking to non human or superhuman realities General Properties of Sensory Systems Receptors Stimulus Transmission Decoding Sensation Sensory Receptor Types Receptors –Sense organs –For specific stimuli React to chemicals React to pressure React to heat React to light React to contact Stimulus –External –Internal Types Key: By location Well located Diffuse By Specific Organ By Transmission HOW MANY TYPES OF SENSATIONS DO WE HAVE? Types Key: By organ touch cold heat pressure pain expanded balance proprioceptors sugar levels specific hormones Specific Stimuli Depend on the organ Distinguish sensation from its object The object of a sensation is the primary knowledge that the sense gives Common objects given by all senses Shape Size Pattern Intensity Number Unity Quantity Monotone Motion Rest Variation Monotone Aristotle: motion, rest, shape, magnitude, number, and unity (De Anima III.1 425a16) QUESTIONNAIRE FILL IN Direct Senses Questionnaire https://forms.gle/UJ2wjSWrzrj2daYM9 1 Attention 2 Threshold 3 Adaptation Attention = CONENTRATION Definition of attention the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information, whether deemed subjective or objective, while ignoring other perceivable information. Focusing = stopping all other activities 2. Threshold 1.1. A strip of wood, metal, or stone forming the bottom of a doorway and crossed in entering a house or room 1.2 A point of entry or beginning. "she was on the threshold of a dazzling career" threshold 2.2. the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction, phenomenon, result, or condition to occur or be manifested. BELOW THESHOLD NO SENSATION MINIMUM OR ABSOLUTE THESHOLD MAXIMUM THESHOLD MINIMUM SENSATION LAST SENSATION Threshold differences Differential Threshold Minimum increase in stimulus that needs to feel a change in sensation just noticeable difference Weber‘s Law Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795 – 1878) Explanation at Khan Academy Threshold Which one corresponds to the figure? Maximum Differential Absolute Initial 3. Sensory Adaptation CHANGING ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS To Reduce Sensory Adaption Sensory adaptation is a problem that concerns many advertisers, which is why they try to change their advertising campaigns regularly Changing Advertising Campaigns To Reduce Sensory Adaption based on synergy Which of the rules applies Which of the rules applies Which of the rules applies So far we have seen…. Specific stimuli of each sense Specific Receptor Initial Threshold Differential Threshold Final Threshold Adaptation Synergy EXTERNAL SENSES ONE BY ONE Organs • Eyes • Ears • Nose • Tongue • Skin and flesh Function = Sensation • Seeing • Hearing • Smelling • Taste • Touching Which is the most important of the 5 traditional senses? 10 minutes group discussion Which is the most important of the 5 traditional senses? 10 minutes group discussion Sense Distance Survival Diversity Knowledge Touching No distance 1 Fewer differences Lower Taste No distance 2 More difference A bit more knowledge Smell Greater distance 3 More differences A bit more knowledge Hearing Much greater distance 4 More differences Much more knowledge, communicate Sigth Greatest distance 5 Greatest Great for communicati on and development TOUCH TOUCH Seals have the most sensitive whiskers they can feel fish movements 180 m away Touch, what are they perceiving and with which sensors Touch different sensasions • Touch • Temperature • Pain • Itch • Proprioception • Pathway explains ? why ? Taste Cows have 25,000-35,000 taste buds Humans have 9,000 Taste buds Women have more taste buds Taste Buds Figure 16.1a, b Taste buds < 15 Non taster 15 - 35 Average taster > 35 Super taster SUPER TASTER TEST About 35% of women (and only 15% of men) can call themselves "supertasters," https://www.health.com/mind-body/5-surprisingways-men-and-women-sense-things-differently man the clumsiest animal Touch star-nosed moles have 100,000 nerve fibres. This is almost six times more than the touch receptors in the human hand. smell Grisly bears can smell their pray from 18 miles man the clumsiest animal A dog has around 200 million sensitive cells in its nose compared to a human’s five million, so its sense of smell is around 40 times better than ours. How do we smell Pheromones It is known that female sensitivity to male pheromones (scented sex hormones), for example, is 10,000 times stronger during ovulation than during menstruation. http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_diffs.html Female babies show more interest in olfactory cues Female brains had, on average, 43% more cells and almost 50% more neurons in their olfactory centers In one wellknown experiment, women and men were able to distinguish Tshirts worn by their spouses, from among dozens of others, by scent alone. http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_diffs.html Distinguish taste from Flavour Flavour is a combination of taste, smell, texture (touch sensation) and other physical features (eg. temperature) Odour Camphoric Musky Floral Pepperminty Etheral Pungent Putrid Example Mothballs Perfume/Aftershave Roses Mint Gum Dry Cleaning Fluid Vinegar Rotten Eggs Disorders of the Chemical Senses Sickness Ano smia Hypo smia Phant osmia Dys osmia Hyper osmia Smell characteristics lack of ability to smell decreased ability to smell hallucinated smell things smell differently than they should an abnormally acute sense of smell Hearing A dog is capable of perceiving sounds up to 30 kilometers away, while the average human hearing ability reaches less than 10 kilometers. man the clumsiest animal Bats can hear Can hear frequencies between 3 Khz and 120 Khz while we are limited to 16 hz to 20 Khz. dB Sound 20 40 60 80 whispered voice. refrigerator humming. normal conversation. city traffic. subway trains, lawn mower, motorcycle; prolonged exposure to any noise above 90 decibels can cause gradual hearing loss. woodworking shop; recommend avoiding more than 15 minutes of unprotected exposure. chainsaw; regular exposure of more than one minute risks permanent hearing loss. snowmobile. rock concert, firecracker. 90 100 110 120 140 Different styles of listening & communication While listening, men tend to focus primarily on the information required to successfully complete a task or solve a problem https://www.starkey.com/ blog/articles/2018/01/Wom en-listen-differently-frommen Women connect more to the emotional tone https://www.starkey.com/blog/articles/2018/0 1/Women-listen-differently-from-men Men are less likely to understand consonants Women are less likely to understand vowels When it comes to hearing loss, men tend to lose their ‘hearing’ in the higher frequency levels first. For women, hearing loss generally occurs in the lower level frequencies. “The female voice is actually more complex than the male voice, due to differences in the size and shape of the vocal cords and larynx between men and women, and also due to women having greater natural ‘melody’ in their voices.” https://arlenetaylor.org/sensory-preference-pas/7444-gender-hearing-differences The female voice is more difficult for males to listen to https://arlenetaylor.org/sensory-preference-pas/7444-gender-hearing-differences organ of hearing and balance – mechanoreceptors called hair cells – bend in response to vibrations balance SIGHT Normal vision for people is 20/20. A hawk's vision is equivalent to 20/5. This means that the hawk can see from 20 feet what most people can see from 5 feet (Scientific American, April 2001, page 24) man the clumsiest animal The birds in general have more powerful eyes both for long and short distances and for colours (pigeons have five types of cones to distinguish colours, while we have only three) Receptor determines the stimulus The eye contributes to vision. • Photoreceptors sense light. • Two photoreceptors work together: rod cells and cone cells. By studying the receptor we determine the stimulus - Rods: receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light, but not to color. These are helpful in night vision. 75-150 million per eye. - Cones: receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to color. These are useful in daytime vision. 6-7 million per eye. Blind sight the receptor is working, the stimulus, the transmission and even the decoding but not the conscience of the sensation This not yellow the genes involved in colour vision are on the X-chromosome, men are more likely to experience colour blindness than women. 8% of men and 0.2% of women are colour blind Good site to test your siblings colour accuracy https://www.color-blindness.com/ no colour no stimulus Why this ? Tunnel vision peripheral vision Man or woman desk? The stimulus is colour We are built differently We look at different realities differently We have different priorities REFERENCES. Physical/Biological Anthropology. (2020). Retrieved 3 August 2020, from https://anthro.ucsc.edu/about/sub-fields/physicalanthro.html What is Biological Anthropology? (2020). Retrieved 3 August 2020, from https://physanth.org/career/career-biologicalanthropology/ The Difference Between Humans and Animals | Visual.ly. (2020). Retrieved 3 August 2020, from https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/science/differencebetween-humans-and-animals 5 Surprising Ways Men and Women Sense Things Differently. (2020). Retrieved 3 August 2020, from https://www.health.com/mind-body/5-surprising-ways-menand-women-sense-things-differently
