Referencing
and Avoiding Plagiarism
Presentation Outline
• Why do we reference?
• How do we reference?
• What is the Harvard Style?
• What is Plagiarism?
• How can I avoid Plagiarism?
Why do we Reference?
Reasons
To make clear when a particular piece of information, idea, etc. is
not our own and to tell our readers where it came from. This allows
us to:
•show where we got our facts from
•use other people’s work to support
our own argument (evidence, examples,
findings, etc.)
•discuss what other people or
organisations have said and done and
give our own analysis of it
•to provide useful definitions, explanations, etc.
This is why it
is important to
ensure each
reference is
complete and
accurate.
To allow other people to find the material we used to support our
claims.
How do we Reference?
Citation
Reference List
You make a short
reference (author’s last
name and year of
publication) in the text of
your essay every time you
refer to someone else’s
work.
You make a list at the end
of your essay of all the
sources you have referred
to in you work – you give
complete details here
including publisher, etc.
The citation acts as a key
so that your reader can find
the full reference easily on
the list of references at the
end of your essay.
Quotations
Using the exact words of the author(s) in quotation marks ‘…’. You must
include the author’s last name, the year of publication and the page number.
For example:
Generally, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) covers ‘those educational
activities in higher education, the purpose of which is the teaching and
learning of the English language required by undergraduates,
post-graduates and/ or staff’ (Kennedy, 2001, p. 25).
When should you quote?
• When you are using someone’s definition which is key
• When you want to discuss exactly what someone said
• When the precise detail of what someone says is important – e.g. a law,
policy document, etc.
• When someone has phrased something effectively and succinctly
Paraphrasing
You paraphrase when you change the information read into your own words
without changing the original meaning.
Why paraphrase?
•It shows that you understand what the writer is saying
•It makes it easier to build you own argument. For example, you can use what
someone else says as evidence or an example to support what you want to
say
•It fits more easily with your own writing style
Example:
Original: Employers who provide childcare at the workplace have found that
lateness declines and levels of stress experienced by employees also decline.
Paraphrased reference: There is evidence to suggest that on-site day care is
beneficial to employers because employees are more punctual and appear to
suffer less from stress (Smith, 2018).
Paraphrasing Exercise
‘Employers who provide childcare at the workplace have found that
lateness declines and levels of stress decrease’ (Smith, 2012, p.52).
1.
According to Smith (2012), those employees who are provided with
childcare at the workplace have a tendency to be more punctual
and less stressed.
2.
Smith (2012) has held the view that when employers offer day care
facilities, their employees tend to arrive on time more and seem to
be less stressed.
3.
There is evidence to suggest that on-site day care is beneficial to
employers because employees are more punctual and appear to
suffer less from stress (Smith, 2012).
Things to note
Why are these different?
1)It is necessary to read research papers critically. In this
regard, Walker (2019) emphasises the importance of
understanding the methodology employed by researchers in
their studies.
2)It is important to understand the methodology
researchers use in their studies (Walker, 2019).
that
When the author’s name is part of the sentence, it does NOT
go inside the brackets because it becomes the subject of your
sentence.
More than one author
• Up to three authors: include all the names, in the order they are listed. For example:
A sound business plan is essential to the success of every business (Morson and Child,
2010).
Morson, Child and Smith (2010) state that most single pets live in privileged circumstances.
• More than three authors: give only the first author followed by et al. For example:
Worth et al. (2013) suggest that top CEOs agree income could be raised to 50% on earnings
over £100,000.
Despite technological advances, radio production is less sophisticated than in the past
(Howard et al., 2015).
N.B. Give ALL the names in your reference list:
Howard, C., Smith, T., Jones, L. and Brown, N. (2015) Enemies and Friends. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Secondary Referencing
This is a sentence in a book by Grey (2016, p.9):
‘According to Brown’s (2015) study, middle managers feel more stressed than
those in higher positions’.
You want to use Brown’s information but you have only read Grey’s book:
• In your essay:
There is evidence that stress is a greater problem for middle managers than for
senior managers (Brown, 2015, cited in Grey, 2016, p.9).
• In your list of references:
You cannot include Brown because you have not read this author – you can only
have Grey in your list.
Exercise
According to (Rose Waters and Barry Monk), children love to be
scared by their television viewing provided that, in reality, they know
they are perfectly safe. Certainly, the image of children hiding behind
sofas in the security of their living rooms while watching Dr Who has
almost become part of the cultural identity of British childhood
(http://www.kidwatch.org/scifi/falseurl.html, 2011). However, there
are programmes aimed at children which cause concern to parents
because they may be too frightening. A recent study by Mabel
Bentley, for example, reported in Amanda Baxter’s book ‘Kids and
Monsters’ found that ‘the vast majority of parents interviewed had
expressed reservations about at least one of the programmes their
children watched on the grounds that they felt the child had been
genuinely scared while watching or had exhibited a subsequent
reaction, such as a nightmare’. Holmes and other researchers
reported similar findings.
Exercise
According to Waters and Monk (2013), children love to be scared
by their television viewing provided that, in reality, they know they
are perfectly safe. Certainly, the image of children hiding behind
sofas in the security of their living rooms while watching Dr Who
has almost become part of the cultural identity of British childhood
(Kidwatch, 2011). However, there are programmes aimed at
children which cause concern to parents because they may be too
frightening. A recent study by Bentley (2014, cited in Baxter, 2015,
p. 69), for example, found that ‘the vast majority of parents
interviewed had expressed reservations about at least one of the
programmes their children watched on the grounds that they felt
the child had been genuinely scared while watching or had
exhibited a subsequent reaction, such as a nightmare’. Holmes et
al. (2017) reported similar findings.
What is the Harvard Style?
Harvard Style: list of references
• This should list all (and only) the sources you have
used in your assignment
• The list should be in alphabetical order
• Don’t separate different kinds of sources unless you
are specifically told to
• Each reference should follow the format for that kind of
text
The Harvard Style
The way we reference is different for different types of sources
(e.g.: books, e-journals etc.).
• Use Cite Them Right
Available by clicking the ‘Referencing’ tab at the top of
the Blackboard home page. It is also available in the
library and the CCCU bookshop.
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the
essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. 10th
edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
Reference list - example
Abber, C. and Smith, T. (2016)
Research study methodology.
Dover: Dover University Press.
Wharton, C., Pail, R. and Crumb,
F. (2018) ‘Why businesses fail’,
Business Review, 7 (10), pp.
160-172.
National Health Service (2019)
Symptoms. Available at:
www.nhs.uk/livewell/symptoms.a
spx (Accessed: 02 July 2017).
Book, two authors
Print or electronic
journal
Website
Reference list - exercise
Look carefully at the information given about each item in this list of
references. Can you identify what kind of source each one is?
Barton, K. (2012) People in paintings. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Baxter, F. (2015) ‘Consumer chemistry’, Journal of Chemistry Education, 65
(3), pp. 206-219.
Ellis, P. (2017) ‘The ability to think critically’, in Barlow, G. and Freid, R.
(eds.) Thinking skills: How can we teach them? New York: W. H. Freeman,
pp. 197-211.
Hopper, C. (2014) ‘Legal Lingo’, The Times, 24 August, p. 25.
Journal
Chapter
Newspaper
Oxfam (2018) E.ON shelves Kingsnorth. Available at:
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/get_involved/campaign/impact/kingsnorth.html
(Accessed: 15 October 2018).
Website Journal Newspaper article Chapter in a book
Book
Book
Website
What is Plagiarism?
Definition
What is Plagiarism?
Choose as many as you like.
a.
Copying another student’s work
b.
Using a paragraph from your own essay submitted previously
c.
Using an idea/ information from someone else in your essay
without saying so
d.
Copying something directly from a book, journal or website
without quotation marks or saying where you found it
e.
Citing someone else’s idea and discussing it
f.
Using a graph from the Internet without citing it
Definition
What is Plagiarism?
Choose as many as you like.
a.
Copying another student’s work
b.
Using a paragraph from your own essay submitted
previously
c.
Using an idea/ information from someone else in your
essay without saying so
d.
Copying something directly from a book, journal or website
without quotation marks or saying where you found it
e.
Citing someone else’s idea and discussing it (NOT
PLAGIARSM)
f.
Using a graph from the Internet without citing it
To sum up
If you have included something in your
essay and you do not make it clear that it is
someone else’s idea, then readers assume
it’s YOUR idea simply because it’s in YOUR
essay.
That’s the convention in academic writing.
Therefore, we reference everything that is
not our own original work.
How can I avoid Plagiarism?
How to avoid plagiarism
• Avoid poor paraphrasing: make sure that you change the words and the way the
sentence is put together. You can also be accused of plagiarism if you only
change someone's words very slightly
• Make sure you understand the sentence(s) you want to paraphrase to ensure you
do not change the meaning.
• Don’t forget to use quotation marks when you borrow somebody else’s words
• Make clear which arguments of your essay are based on other people’s work and
whose work you have used
• List every source you have used and double check your reference list against the
citations in you essay
References
• http://wwww.lse.ac.uk/gender/assets/document
s/Citing-and-Referencing-Powerpoint.pdf
• https://www.slideshare.net/keemanxp/introducti
on-to-citations-and-referencing